:param prevPts:Vector of 2D points for which the flow needs to be found. The point coordinates must be single-precision floating-point numbers.
:param nextPts:Output vector of 2D points (with single-precision floating-point coordinates) containing the calculated new positions of input features in the second image. When ``OPTFLOW_USE_INITIAL_FLOW`` flag is passed, the vector must have the same size as in the input.
:param status:Output status vector. Each element of the vector is set to 1 if the flow for the corresponding features has been found. Otherwise, it is set to 0.
:param err:Output vector of errors. Each element of the vector is set to a error for the corresponding feature. A type of the error measure can be set in ``flags`` parameter. If the flow wasn't found then the error is not defined (use the ``status`` parameter to find such cases).
:param criteria:Parameter specifying the termination criteria of the iterative search algorithm (after the specified maximum number of iterations ``criteria.maxCount`` or when the search window moves by less than ``criteria.epsilon`` .
***OPTFLOW_USE_INITIAL_FLOW** Use initial estimations stored in ``nextPts`` . If the flag is not set, then ``prevPts`` is copied to ``nextPts`` and is considered as the initial estimate.
***OPTFLOW_LK_GET_MIN_EIGENVALS** Use minimum eigen values as a error measure (see ``minEigThreshold`` description). If the flag is not set, then L1 distance between patches around the original and a moved point divided by number of pixels in a window is used as a error measure.
:param minEigThreshold:The algorithm computes a minimum eigen value of a 2x2 normal matrix of optical flow equations (this matrix is called a spatial gradient matrix in [Bouguet00]_) divided by number of pixels in a window. If this value is less then ``minEigThreshold`` then a corresponding feature is filtered out and its flow is not computed. So it allows to remove bad points earlier and speed up the computation.
The function implements a sparse iterative version of the Lucas-Kanade optical flow in pyramids. See [Bouguet00]_. The function is parallelized with the TBB library.
..ocv:function:: void calcOpticalFlowFarneback( InputArray prevImg, InputArray nextImg, InputOutputArray flow, double pyrScale, int levels, int winsize, int iterations, int polyN, double polySigma, int flags )
:param pyrScale:Parameter specifying the image scale (<1) to build pyramids for each image. ``pyrScale=0.5`` means a classical pyramid, where each next layer is twice smaller than the previous one.
:param levels:Number of pyramid layers including the initial image. ``levels=1`` means that no extra layers are created and only the original images are used.
:param winsize:Averaging window size. Larger values increase the algorithm robustness to image noise and give more chances for fast motion detection, but yield more blurred motion field.
:param polyN:Size of the pixel neighborhood used to find polynomial expansion in each pixel. Larger values mean that the image will be approximated with smoother surfaces, yielding more robust algorithm and more blurred motion field. Typically, ``polyN`` =5 or 7.
:param polySigma:Standard deviation of the Gaussian that is used to smooth derivatives used as a basis for the polynomial expansion. For ``polyN=5`` , you can set ``polySigma=1.1`` . For ``polyN=7`` , a good value would be ``polySigma=1.5`` .
***OPTFLOW_FARNEBACK_GAUSSIAN** Use the Gaussian :math:`\texttt{winsize}\times\texttt{winsize}` filter instead of a box filter of the same size for optical flow estimation. Usually, this option gives z more accurate flow than with a box filter, at the cost of lower speed. Normally, ``winsize`` for a Gaussian window should be set to a larger value to achieve the same level of robustness.
:param fullAffine:If true, the function finds an optimal affine transformation with no additional restrictions (6 degrees of freedom). Otherwise, the class of transformations to choose from is limited to combinations of translation, rotation, and uniform scaling (5 degrees of freedom).
Two raster images. In this case, the function first finds some features in the ``src`` image and finds the corresponding features in ``dst`` image. After that, the problem is reduced to the first case.
That is, MHI pixels where the motion occurs are set to the current ``timestamp`` , while the pixels where the motion happened last time a long time ago are cleared.
:param mask:Output mask image that has the type ``CV_8UC1`` and the same size as ``mhi`` . Its non-zero elements mark pixels where the motion gradient data is correct.
:param orientation:Output motion gradient orientation image that has the same type and the same size as ``mhi`` . Each pixel of the image is a motion orientation, from 0 to 360 degrees.
:param delta2:Maximal (or minimal) allowed difference between ``mhi`` values within a pixel neighborhood. That is, the function finds the minimum ( :math:`m(x,y)` ) and maximum ( :math:`M(x,y)` ) ``mhi`` values over :math:`3 \times 3` neighborhood of each pixel and marks the motion orientation at :math:`(x, y)` as valid only if
:ocv:func:`phase` are used so that the computed angle is measured in degrees and covers the full range 0..360. Also, the ``mask`` is filled to indicate pixels where the computed angle is valid.
:param mask:Mask image. It may be a conjunction of a valid gradient mask, also calculated by :ocv:func:`calcMotionGradient` , and the mask of a region whose direction needs to be calculated.
The function finds all of the motion segments and marks them in ``segmask`` with individual values (1,2,...). It also computes a vector with ROIs of motion connected components. After that the motion direction for every component can be calculated with :ocv:func:`calcGlobalOrientation` using the extracted mask of the particular component.
:ocv:func:`meanShift` and then adjusts the window size and finds the optimal rotation. The function returns the rotated rectangle structure that includes the object position, size, and orientation. The next position of the search window can be obtained with ``RotatedRect::boundingRect()`` .
The function implements the iterative object search algorithm. It takes the input back projection of an object and the initial position. The mass center in ``window`` of the back projection image is computed and the search window center shifts to the mass center. The procedure is repeated until the specified number of iterations ``criteria.maxCount`` is done or until the window center shifts by less than ``criteria.epsilon`` . The algorithm is used inside
:ocv:func:`calcBackProject` to this function. But better results can be obtained if you pre-filter the back projection and remove the noise. For example, you can do this by retrieving connected components with
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalman_filter, [Welch95]_. However, you can modify ``transitionMatrix``, ``controlMatrix``, and ``measurementMatrix`` to get an extended Kalman filter functionality. See the OpenCV sample ``kalman.cpp`` .
The class implements the algorithm described in P. KadewTraKuPong and R. Bowden, *An improved adaptive background mixture model for real-time tracking with shadow detection*, Proc. 2nd European Workshop on Advanced Video-Based Surveillance Systems, 2001: http://personal.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Bowden/publications/avbs01/avbs01.pdf
Threshold defining whether the component is significant enough to be included into the background model ( corresponds to ``TB=1-cf`` from the paper??which paper??). ``cf=0.1 => TB=0.9`` is default. For ``alpha=0.001``, it means that the mode should exist for approximately 105 frames before it is considered foreground.
Threshold for the squared Mahalanobis distance that helps decide when a sample is close to the existing components (corresponds to ``Tg``). If it is not close to any component, a new component is generated. ``3 sigma => Tg=3*3=9`` is default. A smaller ``Tg`` value generates more components. A higher ``Tg`` value may result in a small number of components but they can grow too large.
Initial variance for the newly generated components. It affects the speed of adaptation. The parameter value is based on your estimate of the typical standard deviation from the images. OpenCV uses 15 as a reasonable value.
Complexity reduction parameter. This parameter defines the number of samples needed to accept to prove the component exists. ``CT=0.05`` is a default value for all the samples. By setting ``CT=0`` you get an algorithm very similar to the standard Stauffer&Grimson algorithm.
Shadow threshold. The shadow is detected if the pixel is a darker version of the background. ``Tau`` is a threshold defining how much darker the shadow can be. ``Tau= 0.5`` means that if a pixel is more than twice darker then it is not shadow. See Prati,Mikic,Trivedi,Cucchiarra, *Detecting Moving Shadows...*, IEEE PAMI,2003.
* Z.Zivkovic, *Improved adaptive Gausian mixture model for background subtraction*, International Conference Pattern Recognition, UK, August, 2004, http://www.zoranz.net/Publications/zivkovic2004ICPR.pdf. The code is very fast and performs also shadow detection. Number of Gausssian components is adapted per pixel.
* Z.Zivkovic, F. van der Heijden, *Efficient Adaptive Density Estimapion per Image Pixel for the Task of Background Subtraction*, Pattern Recognition Letters, vol. 27, no. 7, pages 773-780, 2006. The algorithm similar to the standard Stauffer&Grimson algorithm with additional selection of the number of the Gaussian components based on: Z.Zivkovic, F.van der Heijden, Recursive unsupervised learning of finite mixture models, IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.26, no.5, pages 651-656, 2004.
:param varThreshold:Threshold on the squared Mahalanobis distance to decide whether it is well described by the background model (see Cthr??). This parameter does not affect the background update. A typical value could be 4 sigma, that is, ``varThreshold=4*4=16;`` (see Tb??).
..[Farneback2003] Gunnar Farneback, Two-frame motion estimation based on polynomial expansion, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2003, (2749), , 363-370.
..[Lucas81] Lucas, B., and Kanade, T. An Iterative Image Registration Technique with an Application to Stereo Vision, Proc. of 7th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), pp. 674-679.
