Implement option explicit for dynamic objects.

Closes #218

.decent_ci-Linux.yaml

@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ compilers:
     cmake_extra_flags: -DUSE_LIBCXX:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_SAMPLES:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_PACKAGE:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_TESTING:BOOL=ON
   - name: "clang"
     build_tag: AddressSanitizer
-    version: "3.5"
+    version: "3.6"
     skip_packaging: true
     cmake_extra_flags: -DUSE_LIBCXX:BOOL=OFF -DBUILD_SAMPLES:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_PACKAGE:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_TESTING:BOOL=ON -DENABLE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER:BOOL=ON
   - name: "clang"
     build_tag: ThreadSanitizer
-    version: "3.5"
+    version: "3.6"
     skip_packaging: true
     cmake_extra_flags: -DUSE_LIBCXX:BOOL=OFF -DBUILD_SAMPLES:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_PACKAGE:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_TESTING:BOOL=ON -DENABLE_THREAD_SANITIZER:BOOL=ON
   - name: "gcc"

.travis.yml

@@ -2,24 +2,34 @@ language: cpp
 compiler:
   - gcc
 env:
-  - GCC_VER=4.6
-  - GCC_VER=4.8
+  matrix:
+    - GCC_VER="4.6"
+    - GCC_VER="4.8"
+
+  global:
+    - secure: eiaR6pXiiEpyB8+LLQ1NvZdl0Yylru1BLy9lMoHl+IpUNGGQGywmW/2WAn77rFfmR1OPA2qWQLfgPwgK0HxUA9HHlot9tre5QhiN2Lw8NOT8tCZ6tTm2+QntDBjBGJyal/knRvQkn/6qs6GxlXRerz4ArnnuPL1vESt3zwB0YtU=
+    # The next declaration is the encrypted COVERITY_SCAN_TOKEN, created
+    - secure: "LfolGjP8tWm3yAwthfu3yp8Zn40aueFae580UUR34gusG87cyglq2tQDtxdy+63gWEeNfArbv9n5rZv+bDW3ggHyPjuCKKc1PlZAy07lfXUXf1uz+SFhNvNoYTn3mQG3VZ08o116p4Le2p8yqu4bylJ8wckEq7PrTwvSGVQWTWM="
+
 before_install:
+  - export CXX="g++-$GCC_VER" CC="gcc-$GCC_VER" GCOV="gcov-$GCC_VER"
+  - if [ "$GCC_VER" = "4.8" ]; then export COVERAGE=1 CPPCHECK=1; fi
+  - if [ ${COVERAGE} = 1 ]; then export FUZZY_CMD="-D RUN_FUZZY_TESTS:BOOL=TRUE"; fi
   - sudo pip install cpp-coveralls
   - sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test -y
   - sudo apt-get update
-  - sudo apt-get install -qq g++-4.8
-  - if [ "$GCC_VER" = "4.8" ]; then export CXX="g++-4.8" CC="gcc-4.8" GCOV="gcov-4.8"; else export CXX="g++-4.6" CC="gcc-4.6" GCOV="gcov-4.6"; fi
+  - sudo apt-get install -qq g++-$GCC_VER
+
 script: 
-  - cmake -D ENABLE_COVERAGE:BOOL=TRUE -D CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE:STRING=Debug .
-  - make -j2
+  - if [ ${COVERITY_SCAN_BRANCH} != 1 ]; then cmake -D ENABLE_COVERAGE:BOOL=TRUE -D CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE:STRING=Debug $FUZZY_CMD . ; fi
+  - if [ ${COVERITY_SCAN_BRANCH} != 1 ]; then make -j2 ; fi
   - make test
-  - mkdir gcov
-  - find CMakeFiles/ -name "*.gc*" -exec mv {} gcov/ \;
-  - $GCOV -d -o gcov gcov/*.gcda
-  - coveralls -n -E ".*\.cpp"
+  - if [ ${COVERAGE} = 1 ]; then bash <(curl -s https://raw.githubusercontent.com/codecov/codecov-bash/master/codecov) -x $GCOV -a "-s `pwd`" ; fi
+
 after_script:
-  - contrib/codeanalysis/runcppcheck.sh
+  - if [ ${CPPCHECK} = 1 ]; then contrib/codeanalysis/runcppcheck.sh ; fi
+
+
 notifications:
   email:
     recipients:
@@ -32,8 +42,15 @@ notifications:
     on_success: change  # options: [always|never|change] default: always
     on_failure: always  # options: [always|never|change] default: always
     on_start: false     # default: false
-env:
-  global:
-    secure: eiaR6pXiiEpyB8+LLQ1NvZdl0Yylru1BLy9lMoHl+IpUNGGQGywmW/2WAn77rFfmR1OPA2qWQLfgPwgK0HxUA9HHlot9tre5QhiN2Lw8NOT8tCZ6tTm2+QntDBjBGJyal/knRvQkn/6qs6GxlXRerz4ArnnuPL1vESt3zwB0YtU=
+
+addons:
+  coverity_scan:
+    project:
+      name: "ChaiScript/ChaiScript"
+      description: "Build submitted via Travis CI"
+    notification_email: jason@emptycrate.com
+    build_command_prepend: "cmake -D ENABLE_COVERAGE:BOOL=TRUE -D CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE:STRING=Debug . "
+    build_command:   "cmake --build . -- -j2"
+    branch_pattern: coverity_scan
 
 

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ option(MULTITHREAD_SUPPORT_ENABLED "Multithreaded Support Enabled" TRUE)
 
 option(BUILD_MODULES "Build Extra Modules (stl)" TRUE)
 option(BUILD_SAMPLES "Build Samples Folder" FALSE)
+option(RUN_FUZZY_TESTS "Run tests generated by AFL" FALSE)
 option(USE_STD_MAKE_SHARED "Use std::make_shared instead of chaiscript::make_shared" FALSE)
 
 mark_as_advanced(USE_STD_MAKE_SHARED)
@@ -67,6 +68,13 @@ if(CMAKE_COMPILER_IS_GNUCC OR "${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID}" STREQUAL "Clang")
     set(LINKER_FLAGS "${LINKER_FLAGS} -flto")
   endif()
 
+  option(GPROF_OUTPUT "Generate profile data" FALSE)
+  if (GPROF_OUTPUT)
+    add_definitions(-pg)
+    set(LINKER_FLAGS "${LINKER_FLAGS} -pg")
+  endif()
+
+
   option(PROFILE_GENERATE "Generate profile data" FALSE)
   if (PROFILE_GENERATE)
     add_definitions(-fprofile-generate)
@@ -94,7 +102,7 @@ set(CPACK_PACKAGE_DESCRIPTION_FILE "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/description.txt"
 
 set(CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MAJOR 5)
 set(CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MINOR 7)
-set(CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_PATCH 0)
+set(CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_PATCH 2)
 
 set(CPACK_PACKAGE_EXECUTABLES "chai;ChaiScript Eval")
 set(CPACK_PACKAGE_VENDOR "ChaiScript.com")
@@ -173,7 +181,7 @@ else()
   add_definitions(-Wall -Wextra -Wshadow -Wnon-virtual-dtor -Wold-style-cast -Wcast-align -Wcast-qual -Wunused -Woverloaded-virtual  -pedantic ${CPP11_FLAG})
 
   if("${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID}" STREQUAL "Clang")
-    add_definitions(-Weverything -Wno-c++98-compat -Wno-documentation -Wno-switch-enum -Wno-weak-vtables -Wno-sign-conversion -Wno-missing-prototypes -Wno-padded -Wno-missing-noreturn -Wno-exit-time-destructors)
+    add_definitions(-Weverything -Wno-c++98-compat-pedantic  -Wno-c++98-compat -Wno-documentation -Wno-switch-enum -Wno-weak-vtables -Wno-sign-conversion -Wno-missing-prototypes -Wno-padded -Wno-missing-noreturn -Wno-exit-time-destructors)
   else()
     add_definitions(-Wnoexcept)
   endif()
@@ -252,6 +260,8 @@ add_dependencies(chai chaiscript_stdlib-${CHAI_VERSION})
 if(BUILD_SAMPLES)
   add_executable(example samples/example.cpp)
   target_link_libraries(example ${LIBS})
+  add_executable(test_num_exceptions samples/test_num_exceptions.cpp)
+  target_link_libraries(test_num_exceptions ${LIBS})
   add_executable(memory_leak_test samples/memory_leak_test.cpp)
   target_link_libraries(memory_leak_test ${LIBS})
   add_executable(inheritance samples/inheritance.cpp)
@@ -269,9 +279,51 @@ if(BUILD_MODULES)
 endif()
 
 file(GLOB UNIT_TESTS RELATIVE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/unittests/ ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/unittests/*.chai ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/unittests/3.x/*.chai)
-
 list(SORT UNIT_TESTS)
 
+
+if (RUN_FUZZY_TESTS)
+
+  file(MAKE_DIRECTORY "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/unittests")
+
+  execute_process(
+    COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E tar xjf ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/unittests/fuzzy_tests-2015-07-16.tar.bz2
+    WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/unittests
+    )
+
+
+  file(GLOB FUZZY_CRASH_TESTS RELATIVE ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/unittests/ ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/unittests/fuzzy_tests/crashes/id*)
+  list(SORT FUZZY_CRASH_TESTS)
+
+  file(GLOB FUZZY_EXCEPTION_TESTS RELATIVE ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/unittests/ ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/unittests/fuzzy_tests/exceptions/id*)
+  list(SORT FUZZY_EXCEPTION_TESTS)
+
+
+  foreach(filename ${FUZZY_CRASH_TESTS})
+    message(STATUS "Adding test ${filename}")
+    add_test(${filename} chai "-e" ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/unittests/fuzzy_tests/crashes/unit_test.inc ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/unittests/${filename})
+  endforeach()
+
+  set_property(TEST ${FUZZY_CRASH_TESTS}
+    PROPERTY ENVIRONMENT
+    "CHAI_USE_PATH=${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/unittests/"
+    "CHAI_MODULE_PATH=${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/"
+    )
+
+  foreach(filename ${FUZZY_EXCEPTION_TESTS})
+    message(STATUS "Adding test ${filename}")
+    add_test(${filename} chai "--exception" ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/unittests/fuzzy_tests/exceptions/unit_test.inc ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/unittests/${filename})
+  endforeach()
+
+  set_property(TEST ${FUZZY_EXCEPTION_TESTS}
+    PROPERTY ENVIRONMENT
+    "CHAI_USE_PATH=${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/unittests/"
+    "CHAI_MODULE_PATH=${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/"
+    )
+
+endif()
+
+
 if(BUILD_TESTING)
 
   # Add catch tests macro
@@ -314,6 +366,19 @@ if(BUILD_TESTING)
     "CHAI_MODULE_PATH=${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/"
   )
 
+  add_test(version_check_2 chai --version )
+  set_property(TEST version_check_2
+    PROPERTY ENVIRONMENT
+    "CHAI_MODULE_PATH=${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/"
+    PROPERTY PASS_REGULAR_EXPRESSION "${CHAI_VERSION}"
+  )
+
+  add_test(help chai --help )
+  set_property(TEST help
+    PROPERTY ENVIRONMENT
+    "CHAI_MODULE_PATH=${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/"
+  )
+
 
   foreach(filename ${UNIT_TESTS})
     message(STATUS "Adding test ${filename}")

cheatsheet.md

@@ -1,3 +1,13 @@
+# ChaiScript Versioning
+
+ChaiScript tries to follow the [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/) scheme. This basically means:
+
+  * Major Version Number: API changes / breaking changes
+  * Minor Version Number: New Features
+  * Patch Version Number: Minor changes / enhancements
+  
+
+
 # Initializing ChaiScript
 
 ```
@@ -30,6 +40,19 @@ chai.add(chaiscript::fun<ReturnType (ParamType1, ParamType2)>(&function_with_ove
 ```
 chai.add(chaiscript::fun(std::static_cast<ReturnType (*)(ParamType1, ParamType2)>(&function_with_overloads)), "function_name");
 ```
+This overload technique is also used when exposing base member using derived type
+
+```
+struct Base
+{
+  int data;
+};
+
+struct Derived : public Base
+{};
+
+chai.add(chaiscript::fun(static_cast<int(Derived::*)>(&Derived::data)), "data");
+```
 
 ### Lambda
 
@@ -57,6 +80,18 @@ It's not strictly necessary to add types, but it helps with many things. Cloning
 chai.add(chaiscript::user_type<MyClass>, "MyClass");
 ```
 
+## Adding Type Conversions
+
+User defined type conversions are possible, defined in either script or in C++.
+
+A helper function exists for strongly typed and ChaiScript `Vector` function conversion definition:
+
+```
+chai.add(chaiscript::vector_conversion<std::vector<int>>());
+```
+
+This allows you to pass a ChaiScript function to a function requiring `std::vector<int>`
+
 ## Adding Objects
 
 ```
@@ -68,6 +103,22 @@ chai.add(chaiscript::const_var(somevar), "somevar"); // copied in and made const
 chai.add_global_const(chaiscript::const_var(somevar), "somevar"); // global const. Throws if value is non-const
 chai.add_global(chaiscript::var(somevar), "somevar"); // global non-const
 ```
+# Using STL
+ChaiScript recognize many types from STL, but you have to add specific instantiation yourself.
+
+```
+typedef std::vector<std::pair<int, std::string>> data_list;
+data_list my_list{ make_pair(0, "Hello"), make_pair(1, "World") };
+chai.add(chaiscript::bootstrap::standard_library::vector_type<data_list>("DataList"));
+chai.add(chaiscript::bootstrap::standard_library::pair_type<data_list::value_type>("DataElement"));
+chai.add(chaiscript::var(&my_list), "data_list");
+chai.eval(R"_(
+    for(var i=0; i<data_list.size(); ++i)
+    {
+      print(to_string(data_list[i].first) + " " + data_list[i].second)
+    }
+  )_");
+```
 
 # Executing Script
 
@@ -80,6 +131,8 @@ chai.eval(R"(print("Hello World"))");
 
 ## Unboxing Return Values
 
+Returns values are of the type `Boxed_Value` which is meant to be opaque to the programmer. Use one of the unboxing methods to access the internal data.
+
 ### Prefered
 
 ```
@@ -152,7 +205,7 @@ p(5, 6); // calls chaiscript's '+' function, returning 11
 ```
 
 ```
-auto p = chai.eval<std::function<std::string (int, double)>>(fun(x,y) { to_string(x) + to_string(y); });
+auto p = chai.eval<std::function<std::string (int, double)>>("fun(x,y) { to_string(x) + to_string(y); }");
 p(3,4.2); // evaluates the lambda function, returning the string "34.2" to C++
 ```
 
@@ -183,7 +236,7 @@ var m = ["a":1, "b":2]; // map of string:value pairs
 ```
 
 Floating point values default to `double` type and integers default to `int` type. All C++ suffixes
-such as `f`, `ll`, `u` as well as scientific notion is supported
+such as `f`, `ll`, `u` as well as scientific notation are supported
 
 ```
 1.0 // double
@@ -201,6 +254,9 @@ on your platform.
 
 ## Functions
 
+Note that any type of ChaiScript function can be passed freely to C++ and automatically
+converted into an `std::function` object.
+
 ### General 
 
 ```
@@ -298,6 +354,18 @@ o.f = fun(y) { print(this.x + y); }
 o.f(10); // prints 13
 ```
 
+### Option Explicit
+
+If you want to disable dynamic parameter definitions, you can `set_explicit`.
+
+```
+class My_Class {
+  def My_Class() {
+    this.set_explicit(true);
+    this.x = 2; // this would fail with explicit set to true
+  }
+};
+
 ## method_missing
 
 A function of the signature `method_missing(object, name, param1, param2, param3)` will be called if an appropriate

contrib/codeanalysis/profile_cpp_calls.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+
+var test_str = "bob was a string";
+
+for( var i = 0; i < 200000; ++i)
+{
+  test_str.size();
+//  test_str.find("a", i);
+  test_str.c_str();
+  test_str.erase_at(1);
+  test_str.erase_at(1);
+  test_str.erase_at(1);
+  test_str.erase_at(1);
+  test_str.erase_at(1);
+  test_str.erase_at(1);
+
+  size(test_str);
+//  test_str.find("a", i);
+  c_str(test_str);
+  erase_at(test_str, 1);
+  erase_at(test_str, 1);
+  erase_at(test_str, 1);
+  erase_at(test_str, 1);
+  erase_at(test_str, 1);
+  erase_at(test_str, 1);
+  test_str = "bob was a string";
+}

include/chaiscript/chaiscript_defines.hpp

@@ -35,6 +35,10 @@
 #define CHAISCRIPT_HAS_THREAD_LOCAL
 #endif
 
+#if (defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ == 6)
+#define CHAISCRIPT_GCC_4_6
+#endif
+
 #if (defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 7) || defined(CHAISCRIPT_MSVC) || defined(__llvm__)
 #define CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE override
 #else
@@ -48,7 +52,7 @@
 #define CHAISCRIPT_MODULE_EXPORT extern "C" 
 #endif
 
-#ifdef CHAISCRIPT_MSVC
+#ifdef CHAISCRIPT_MSVC_12
 #define CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT throw()
 #define CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR 
 #else
@@ -61,7 +65,7 @@
 namespace chaiscript {
   static const int version_major = 5;
   static const int version_minor = 7;
-  static const int version_patch = 0;
+  static const int version_patch = 2;
 
   template<typename B, typename D, typename ...Arg>
   inline std::shared_ptr<B> make_shared(Arg && ... arg)

include/chaiscript/chaiscript_stdlib.hpp

@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
 #include "dispatchkit/bootstrap.hpp"
 #include "dispatchkit/bootstrap_stl.hpp"
 #include "dispatchkit/boxed_value.hpp"
+#include "language/chaiscript_prelude.chai"
+#include "utility/json_wrap.hpp"
 
 #ifndef CHAISCRIPT_NO_THREADS
 #include <future>
@@ -47,9 +49,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
 #ifndef CHAISCRIPT_NO_THREADS
         lib->add(standard_library::future_type<std::future<chaiscript::Boxed_Value>>("future"));
-        lib->add(chaiscript::fun<std::future<Boxed_Value> (const std::function<chaiscript::Boxed_Value ()> &)>([](const std::function<chaiscript::Boxed_Value ()> &t_func){ return std::async(std::launch::async, t_func);}), "async");
+        lib->add(chaiscript::fun([](const std::function<chaiscript::Boxed_Value ()> &t_func){ return std::async(std::launch::async, t_func);}), "async");
 #endif
 
+        lib->add(json_wrap::library());
+
+        lib->eval(ChaiScript_Prelude::chaiscript_prelude() /*, "standard prelude"*/ );
+
         return lib;
       }
 

include/chaiscript/chaiscript_threading.hpp

@@ -14,8 +14,10 @@
 #include <thread>
 #include <mutex>
 #else
+#ifndef CHAISCRIPT_NO_THREADS_WARNING
 #pragma message ("ChaiScript is compiling without thread safety.")
 #endif
+#endif
 
 #include "chaiscript_defines.hpp"
 
@@ -153,6 +155,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
 
           private:
+            /// \todo this leaks thread instances. It needs to be culled from time to time
             std::shared_ptr<T> get_tls() const
             {
               unique_lock<mutex> lock(m_mutex);

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bad_boxed_cast.hpp

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         }
 
         bad_boxed_cast(Type_Info t_from, const std::type_info &t_to)
-          : from(std::move(t_from)), to(&t_to), m_what("Cannot perform boxed_cast")
+          : from(std::move(t_from)), to(&t_to), m_what("Cannot perform boxed_cast: " + t_from.name() + " to: " + t_to.name())
         {
         }
 

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bootstrap.hpp

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         typedef typename std::remove_extent<T>::type ReturnType;
         const auto extent = std::extent<T>::value;
         m->add(user_type<T>(), type);
-        m->add(fun<ReturnType& (T &, size_t)>(
+        m->add(fun(
               [extent](T& t, size_t index)->ReturnType &{
                 if (extent > 0 && index >= extent) {
                   throw std::range_error("Array index out of range. Received: " + std::to_string(index)  + " expected < " + std::to_string(extent));
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
               ), "[]"
             );
 
-        m->add(fun<const ReturnType& (const T &, size_t)>(
+        m->add(fun(
               [extent](const T &t, size_t index)->const ReturnType &{
                 if (extent > 0 && index >= extent) {
                   throw std::range_error("Array index out of range. Received: " + std::to_string(index)  + " expected < " + std::to_string(extent));
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
               ), "[]"
             );
 
-        m->add(fun<size_t (const T &)>(
+        m->add(fun(
               [extent](const T &) {
                 return extent;
               }), "size");
@@ -157,7 +157,12 @@ namespace chaiscript
     /// Internal function for converting from a string to a value
     /// uses ostream operator >> to perform the conversion
     template<typename Input>
-    Input parse_string(const std::string &i)
+    auto parse_string(const std::string &i)
+      -> typename std::enable_if<
+             !std::is_same<Input, wchar_t>::value
+             && !std::is_same<Input, char16_t>::value
+             && !std::is_same<Input, char32_t>::value,
+      Input>::type
     {
       std::stringstream ss(i);
       Input t;
@@ -165,6 +170,17 @@ namespace chaiscript
       return t;
     }
 
+    template<typename Input>
+    auto parse_string(const std::string &) 
+      -> typename std::enable_if<
+             std::is_same<Input, wchar_t>::value
+             || std::is_same<Input, char16_t>::value
+             || std::is_same<Input, char32_t>::value,
+      Input>::type
+    {
+      throw std::runtime_error("Parsing of wide characters is not yet supported");
+    }
+
 
     /// Add all common functions for a POD type. All operators, and
     /// common conversions
@@ -175,11 +191,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
       m->add(constructor<T()>(), name);
       construct_pod<T>(name, m);
 
-      auto to_s = fun(&to_string<T>);
-
-      if (!m->has_function(to_s, "to_string")) {
-        m->add(to_s, "to_string");
-      }
       m->add(fun(&parse_string<T>), "to_" + name);
       return m;
     }
@@ -293,13 +304,17 @@ namespace chaiscript
       /// the remaining parameters are the args to bind into the result
       static Boxed_Value bind_function(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params)
       {
-        if (params.size() < 2)
-        {
-          throw exception::arity_error(static_cast<int>(params.size()), 2);
+        if (params.empty()) {
+          throw exception::arity_error(0, 1);
         }
 
         Const_Proxy_Function f = boxed_cast<Const_Proxy_Function>(params[0]);
 
+        if (f->get_arity() != -1 && size_t(f->get_arity()) != params.size() - 1)
+        {
+          throw exception::arity_error(static_cast<int>(params.size()), f->get_arity());
+        }
+
         return Boxed_Value(Const_Proxy_Function(std::make_shared<dispatch::Bound_Function>(std::move(f),
           std::vector<Boxed_Value>(params.begin() + 1, params.end()))));
       }
@@ -408,6 +423,12 @@ namespace chaiscript
         m->add(fun(return_boxed_value_vector(&dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base::get_contained_functions)), "get_contained_functions");
 
 
+        m->add(user_type<std::out_of_range>(), "out_of_range");
+        m->add(user_type<std::logic_error>(), "logic_error");
+        m->add(chaiscript::base_class<std::exception, std::logic_error>());
+        m->add(chaiscript::base_class<std::logic_error, std::out_of_range>());
+        m->add(chaiscript::base_class<std::exception, std::out_of_range>());
+
         m->add(user_type<std::runtime_error>(), "runtime_error");
         m->add(chaiscript::base_class<std::exception, std::runtime_error>());
 
@@ -419,6 +440,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
         m->add(constructor<dispatch::Dynamic_Object ()>(), "Dynamic_Object");
         m->add(fun(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_type_name), "get_type_name");
         m->add(fun(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_attrs), "get_attrs");
+        m->add(fun(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::set_explicit), "set_explicit");
+        m->add(fun(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::is_explicit), "is_explicit");
 
         m->add(fun(static_cast<Boxed_Value & (dispatch::Dynamic_Object::*)(const std::string &)>(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_attr)), "get_attr");
         m->add(fun(static_cast<const Boxed_Value & (dispatch::Dynamic_Object::*)(const std::string &) const>(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_attr)), "get_attr");
@@ -429,7 +452,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
         m->add(fun(static_cast<Boxed_Value & (dispatch::Dynamic_Object::*)(const std::string &)>(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_attr)), "[]");
         m->add(fun(static_cast<const Boxed_Value & (dispatch::Dynamic_Object::*)(const std::string &) const>(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_attr)), "[]");
 
-        m->eval("def Dynamic_Object::clone() { auto &new_o = Dynamic_Object(this.get_type_name()); for_each(this.get_attrs(), bind(fun(new_o, x) { new_o.get_attr(x.first) = x.second; }, new_o, _) ); return new_o; }");
+        m->eval(R""(
+          def Dynamic_Object::clone() { 
+            auto &new_o = Dynamic_Object(this.get_type_name()); 
+            for_each(this.get_attrs(), fun[new_o](x) { new_o.get_attr(x.first) = x.second; } ); 
+            new_o; 
+          }
+          )"");
 
         m->add(fun(&has_guard), "has_guard");
         m->add(fun(&get_guard), "get_guard");
@@ -439,9 +468,12 @@ namespace chaiscript
         m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_const), "is_var_const");
         m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_ref), "is_var_reference");
         m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_pointer), "is_var_pointer");
+        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_return_value), "is_var_return_value");
+        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::reset_return_value), "reset_var_return_value");
         m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_type), "is_type");
         m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::get_attr), "get_var_attr");
         m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::copy_attrs), "copy_var_attrs");
+        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::clone_attrs), "clone_var_attrs");
 
         m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::get_type_info), "get_type_info");
         m->add(user_type<Type_Info>(), "Type_Info");
@@ -464,13 +496,17 @@ namespace chaiscript
         basic_constructors<bool>("bool", m);
         operators::assign<bool>(m);
         operators::equal<bool>(m);
+        operators::not_equal<bool>(m);
 
-        m->add(fun<std::string (const std::string &t_ss)>([](const std::string &s) -> std::string { return s; }), "to_string");
+        m->add(fun([](const std::string &s) -> std::string { return s; }), "to_string");
         m->add(fun(&Bootstrap::bool_to_string), "to_string");
         m->add(fun(&unknown_assign), "=");
         m->add(fun(&throw_exception), "throw");
         m->add(fun(&what), "what");
 
+        m->add(fun(&to_string<char>), "to_string");
+        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::to_string), "to_string");
+
         bootstrap_pod_type<double>("double", m);
         bootstrap_pod_type<long double>("long_double", m);
         bootstrap_pod_type<float>("float", m);
@@ -478,8 +514,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
         bootstrap_pod_type<long>("long", m);
         bootstrap_pod_type<unsigned int>("unsigned_int", m);
         bootstrap_pod_type<unsigned long>("unsigned_long", m);
+        bootstrap_pod_type<long long>("long_long", m);
+        bootstrap_pod_type<unsigned long long>("unsigned_long_long", m);
         bootstrap_pod_type<size_t>("size_t", m);
         bootstrap_pod_type<char>("char", m);
+        bootstrap_pod_type<wchar_t>("wchar_t", m);
+        bootstrap_pod_type<char16_t>("char16_t", m);
+        bootstrap_pod_type<char32_t>("char32_t", m);
         bootstrap_pod_type<std::int8_t>("int8_t", m);
         bootstrap_pod_type<std::int16_t>("int16_t", m);
         bootstrap_pod_type<std::int32_t>("int32_t", m);
@@ -497,13 +538,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
         m->add(fun(&print), "print_string");
         m->add(fun(&println), "println_string");
 
-        m->add(chaiscript::make_shared<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, dispatch::Dynamic_Proxy_Function>(&bind_function), "bind");
+        m->add(dispatch::make_dynamic_proxy_function(&bind_function), "bind");
 
         m->add(fun(&shared_ptr_unconst_clone<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base>), "clone");
         m->add(fun(&ptr_assign<std::remove_const<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base>::type>), "=");
         m->add(fun(&ptr_assign<std::add_const<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base>::type>), "=");
         m->add(chaiscript::base_class<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, dispatch::Assignable_Proxy_Function>());
-        m->add(fun<void (dispatch::Assignable_Proxy_Function &, const std::shared_ptr<const dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base> &)>(
+        m->add(fun(
                   [](dispatch::Assignable_Proxy_Function &t_lhs, const std::shared_ptr<const dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base> &t_rhs) {
                     t_lhs.assign(t_rhs);
                   }
@@ -529,13 +570,14 @@ namespace chaiscript
             "eval_error",
             { },
             { {fun(&chaiscript::exception::eval_error::reason), "reason"},
-            {fun(std::function<std::vector<Boxed_Value> (const chaiscript::exception::eval_error &t_eval_error)>([](const chaiscript::exception::eval_error &t_eval_error) -> std::vector<Boxed_Value> { 
-                std::vector<Boxed_Value> retval;
-                std::transform(t_eval_error.call_stack.begin(), t_eval_error.call_stack.end(),
-                               std::back_inserter(retval),
-                               &chaiscript::var<std::shared_ptr<const chaiscript::AST_Node>>);
-                return retval;
-              })), "call_stack"} }
+              {fun(&chaiscript::exception::eval_error::pretty_print), "pretty_print"},
+              {fun(std::function<std::vector<Boxed_Value> (const chaiscript::exception::eval_error &t_eval_error)>([](const chaiscript::exception::eval_error &t_eval_error) -> std::vector<Boxed_Value> { 
+                  std::vector<Boxed_Value> retval;
+                  std::transform(t_eval_error.call_stack.begin(), t_eval_error.call_stack.end(),
+                                 std::back_inserter(retval),
+                                 &chaiscript::var<const std::shared_ptr<const chaiscript::AST_Node> &>);
+                  return retval;
+                })), "call_stack"} }
             );
 
 
@@ -561,7 +603,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
                 std::vector<Boxed_Value> retval;
                 std::transform(t_node.children.begin(), t_node.children.end(),
                                std::back_inserter(retval),
-                               &chaiscript::var<std::shared_ptr<chaiscript::AST_Node>>);
+                               &chaiscript::var<const std::shared_ptr<chaiscript::AST_Node> &>);
                 return retval;
               })), "children"},
               {fun(&AST_Node::replace_child), "replace_child"}

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bootstrap_stl.hpp

@@ -243,18 +243,18 @@ namespace chaiscript
       template<typename ContainerType>
         ModulePtr random_access_container_type(const std::string &/*type*/, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
         {
-          // cppcheck-suppress syntaxError
-          typedef typename ContainerType::reference(ContainerType::*indexoper)(size_t);
-
           //In the interest of runtime safety for the m, we prefer the at() method for [] access,
           //to throw an exception in an out of bounds condition.
           m->add(
-              fun(std::function<typename ContainerType::reference (ContainerType *, int)>
-                (std::mem_fn(static_cast<indexoper>(&ContainerType::at)))), "[]");
+              fun(
+                [](ContainerType &c, int index) -> typename ContainerType::reference {
+                  return c.at(index);
+                }), "[]");
+
           m->add(
-              fun<typename ContainerType::const_reference (const ContainerType *, int)>(
-                [](const ContainerType *c, int index) -> typename ContainerType::const_reference {
-                  return c->at(index);
+              fun(
+                [](const ContainerType &c, int index) -> typename ContainerType::const_reference {
+                  return c.at(index);
                 }), "[]");
 
           return m;
@@ -277,9 +277,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
       template<typename ContainerType>
         ModulePtr container_type(const std::string &/*type*/, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
         {
-          m->add(fun<size_t (const ContainerType *)>([](const ContainerType *a) { return a->size(); } ), "size");
-          m->add(fun<bool (const ContainerType *)>([](const ContainerType *a) { return a->empty(); } ), "empty");
-          m->add(fun<void (ContainerType *)>([](ContainerType *a) { a->clear(); } ), "clear");
+          m->add(fun([](const ContainerType *a) { return a->size(); } ), "size");
+          m->add(fun([](const ContainerType *a) { return a->empty(); } ), "empty");
+          m->add(fun([](ContainerType *a) { a->clear(); } ), "clear");
           return m;
         }
 
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       /// Add back insertion sequence concept to the given ContainerType
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/BackInsertionSequence.html
       template<typename ContainerType>
-        ModulePtr back_insertion_sequence_type(const std::string &/*type*/, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        ModulePtr back_insertion_sequence_type(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
         {
           typedef typename ContainerType::reference (ContainerType::*backptr)();
 
@@ -328,8 +328,21 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
           typedef void (ContainerType::*push_back)(const typename ContainerType::value_type &);
           m->add(fun(static_cast<push_back>(&ContainerType::push_back)),
-              []()->std::string{
-                if (typeid(typename ContainerType::value_type) == typeid(Boxed_Value)) {
+              [&]()->std::string{
+              if (typeid(typename ContainerType::value_type) == typeid(Boxed_Value)) {
+                m->eval(
+                    "# Pushes the second value onto the container while making a clone of the value\n"
+                    "def push_back(" + type + " container, x)\n"
+                    "{ \n"
+                    "  if (x.is_var_return_value()) {\n"
+                    "    x.reset_var_return_value() \n"
+                    "    container.push_back_ref(x) \n"
+                    "  } else { \n"
+                    "    container.push_back_ref(clone(x)); \n"
+                    "  }\n"
+                    "} \n"
+                    );
+
                   return "push_back_ref";
                 } else {
                   return "push_back";
@@ -345,7 +358,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       /// Front insertion sequence
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/FrontInsertionSequence.html
       template<typename ContainerType>
-        ModulePtr front_insertion_sequence_type(const std::string &, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        ModulePtr front_insertion_sequence_type(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
         {
           typedef typename ContainerType::reference (ContainerType::*front_ptr)();
           typedef typename ContainerType::const_reference (ContainerType::*const_front_ptr)() const;
@@ -356,8 +369,20 @@ namespace chaiscript
           m->add(fun(static_cast<const_front_ptr>(&ContainerType::front)), "front");
 
           m->add(fun(static_cast<push_ptr>(&ContainerType::push_front)),
-              []()->std::string{
+              [&]()->std::string{
                 if (typeid(typename ContainerType::value_type) == typeid(Boxed_Value)) {
+                  m->eval(
+                      "# Pushes the second value onto the front of container while making a clone of the value\n"
+                      "def push_front(" + type + " container, x)\n"
+                      "{ \n"
+                      "  if (x.is_var_return_value()) {\n"
+                      "    x.reset_var_return_value() \n"
+                      "    container.push_front_ref(x) \n"
+                      "  } else { \n"
+                      "    container.push_front_ref(clone(x)); \n"
+                      "  }\n"
+                      "} \n"
+                      );
                   return "push_front_ref";
                 } else {
                   return "push_front";
@@ -438,9 +463,37 @@ namespace chaiscript
           m->add(user_type<MapType>(), type);
 
           typedef typename MapType::mapped_type &(MapType::*elem_access)(const typename MapType::key_type &);
+          typedef const typename MapType::mapped_type &(MapType::*const_elem_access)(const typename MapType::key_type &) const;
 
           m->add(fun(static_cast<elem_access>(&MapType::operator[])), "[]");
 
+          m->add(fun(static_cast<elem_access>(&MapType::at)), "at");
+          m->add(fun(static_cast<const_elem_access>(&MapType::at)), "at");
+
+          if (typeid(MapType) == typeid(std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value>))
+          {
+            m->eval(R"(
+                    def Map::`==`(Map rhs) {
+                       if ( rhs.size() != this.size() ) {
+                         return false;
+                       } else {
+                         auto r1 = range(this);
+                         auto r2 = range(rhs);
+                         while (!r1.empty())
+                         {
+                           if (!eq(r1.front().first, r2.front().first) || !eq(r1.front().second, r2.front().second))
+                           {
+                             return false;
+                           }
+                           r1.pop_front();
+                           r2.pop_front();
+                         }
+                         true;
+                       }
+                   } )"
+                 );
+          } 
+
           container_type<MapType>(type, m);
           default_constructible_type<MapType>(type, m);
           assignable_type<MapType>(type, m);
@@ -496,7 +549,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           if (typeid(VectorType) == typeid(std::vector<Boxed_Value>))
           {
             m->eval(R"(
-                    def Vector::`==`(rhs) : type_match(rhs, this) {
+                    def Vector::`==`(Vector rhs) {
                        if ( rhs.size() != this.size() ) {
                          return false;
                        } else {
@@ -547,23 +600,20 @@ namespace chaiscript
               }());
 
 
-          typedef std::function<size_t (const String *, const String &, size_t)> find_func;
+          m->add(fun([](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->find(f, pos); } ), "find");
+          m->add(fun([](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->rfind(f, pos); } ), "rfind");
+          m->add(fun([](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->find_first_of(f, pos); } ), "find_first_of");
+          m->add(fun([](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->find_last_of(f, pos); } ), "find_last_of");
+          m->add(fun([](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->find_last_not_of(f, pos); } ), "find_last_not_of");
+          m->add(fun([](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->find_first_not_of(f, pos); } ), "find_first_not_of");
 
+          m->add(fun([](String *s) { s->clear(); } ), "clear");
+          m->add(fun([](const String *s) { return s->empty(); } ), "empty");
+          m->add(fun([](const String *s) { return s->size(); } ), "size");
 
-          m->add(fun(find_func( [](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->find(f, pos); } )), "find");
-          m->add(fun(find_func( [](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->rfind(f, pos); } ) ), "rfind");
-          m->add(fun(find_func( [](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->find_first_of(f, pos); } ) ), "find_first_of");
-          m->add(fun(find_func( [](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->find_last_of(f, pos); } ) ), "find_last_of");
-          m->add(fun(find_func( [](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->find_last_not_of(f, pos); } ) ), "find_last_not_of");
-          m->add(fun(find_func( [](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->find_first_not_of(f, pos); } ) ), "find_first_not_of");
-
-          m->add(fun( std::function<void (String *)>( [](String *s) { return s->clear(); } ) ), "clear");
-          m->add(fun( std::function<bool (const String *)>( [](const String *s) { return s->empty(); } ) ), "empty");
-          m->add(fun( std::function<size_t (const String *)>( [](const String *s) { return s->size(); } ) ), "size");
-
-          m->add(fun( std::function<const char *(const String *)>( [](const String *s) { return s->c_str(); } ) ), "c_str");
-          m->add(fun( std::function<const char *(const String *)>( [](const String *s) { return s->data(); } ) ), "data");
-          m->add(fun( std::function<String (const String *, size_t, size_t)>( [](const String *s, size_t pos, size_t len) { return s->substr(pos, len); } ) ), "substr");
+          m->add(fun([](const String *s) { return s->c_str(); } ), "c_str");
+          m->add(fun([](const String *s) { return s->data(); } ), "data");
+          m->add(fun([](const String *s, size_t pos, size_t len) { return s->substr(pos, len); } ), "substr");
 
           return m;
         }
@@ -577,7 +627,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         {
           m->add(user_type<FutureType>(), type);
 
-          m->add(fun<bool (const FutureType &)>([](const FutureType &t) { return t.valid(); }), "valid");
+          m->add(fun([](const FutureType &t) { return t.valid(); }), "valid");
           m->add(fun(&FutureType::get), "get");
           m->add(fun(&FutureType::wait), "wait");
 

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/boxed_cast.hpp

@@ -79,13 +79,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
     }
 
 
-#ifdef CHAISCRIPT_MSVC
-    //Thank you MSVC, yes we know that a constant value is being used in the if
-    // statment in THIS VERSION of the template instantiation
-#pragma warning(push)
-#pragma warning(disable : 4127)
-#endif
-
     if (t_conversions && t_conversions->convertable_type<Type>())
     {
       try {
@@ -108,10 +101,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
       throw exception::bad_boxed_cast(bv.get_type_info(), typeid(Type));
     }
 
-#ifdef CHAISCRIPT_MSVC
-#pragma warning(pop)
-#endif
-
   }
 
 }

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/boxed_cast_helper.hpp

@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       {
       };
 
+
     /// Cast_Helper_Inner for casting to a const * type
     template<typename Result>
       struct Cast_Helper_Inner<const Result *>
@@ -81,11 +82,11 @@ namespace chaiscript
         typedef Result * Result_Type;
         static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions *)
         {
-          if (ob.is_ref())
+          if (!ob.get_type_info().is_const() && ob.get_type_info() == typeid(Result))
           {
-            return &(ob.get().cast<std::reference_wrapper<Result> >()).get();
+            return static_cast<Result *>(throw_if_null(ob.get_ptr()));
           } else {
-            return (ob.get().cast<std::shared_ptr<Result> >()).get();
+            throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
           }
         }
       };
@@ -149,7 +150,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
       {
       };
 
-
     /// Cast_Helper_Inner for casting to a const std::shared_ptr<const> & type
     template<typename Result>
       struct Cast_Helper_Inner<const std::shared_ptr<const Result> > : Cast_Helper_Inner<std::shared_ptr<const Result> >
@@ -162,12 +162,11 @@ namespace chaiscript
       };
 
 
-
     /// Cast_Helper_Inner for casting to a Boxed_Value type
     template<>
       struct Cast_Helper_Inner<Boxed_Value>
       {
-        typedef const Boxed_Value & Result_Type;
+        typedef Boxed_Value Result_Type;
 
         static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions *)
         {
@@ -179,11 +178,11 @@ namespace chaiscript
     template<>
       struct Cast_Helper_Inner<Boxed_Value &>
       {
-        typedef Boxed_Value& Result_Type;
+        typedef std::reference_wrapper<Boxed_Value> Result_Type;
 
         static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions *)
         {
-          return const_cast<Boxed_Value &>(ob);
+          return std::ref(const_cast<Boxed_Value &>(ob));
         }
       };
 

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/boxed_number.hpp

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 // this is OK, so we're disabling size/and sign type warnings
 #ifdef CHAISCRIPT_MSVC
 #pragma warning(push)
-#pragma warning(disable : 4244 4018 4389 4146 4365)
+#pragma warning(disable : 4244 4018 4389 4146 4365 4267)
 #endif
 
 
@@ -59,8 +59,22 @@ namespace chaiscript
   class Boxed_Number
   {
     private:
+      enum class Common_Types {
+        t_int32,
+        t_double,
+        t_uint8,
+        t_int8,
+        t_uint16,
+        t_int16,
+        t_uint32,
+        t_uint64,
+        t_int64,
+        t_float,
+        t_long_double
+      };
+
       template<typename T>
-      static void check_divide_by_zero(T t, typename std::enable_if<std::is_integral<T>::value>::type* = nullptr)
+      static inline void check_divide_by_zero(T t, typename std::enable_if<std::is_integral<T>::value>::type* = nullptr)
       {
 #ifndef CHAISCRIPT_NO_PROTECT_DIVIDEBYZERO
         if (t == 0) {
@@ -70,292 +84,406 @@ namespace chaiscript
       }
 
       template<typename T>
-      static void check_divide_by_zero(T, typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<T>::value>::type* = nullptr)
+      static inline void check_divide_by_zero(T, typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<T>::value>::type* = nullptr)
       {
       }
 
-      struct boolean
+      static CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR Common_Types get_common_type(size_t t_size, bool t_signed)
       {
+        return   (t_size == 1 && t_signed)?(Common_Types::t_int8)
+                :(t_size == 1)?(Common_Types::t_uint8)
+                :(t_size == 2 && t_signed)?(Common_Types::t_int16)
+                :(t_size == 2)?(Common_Types::t_uint16)
+                :(t_size == 4 && t_signed)?(Common_Types::t_int32)
+                :(t_size == 4)?(Common_Types::t_uint32)
+                :(t_size == 8 && t_signed)?(Common_Types::t_int64)
+                :(Common_Types::t_uint64);
+      }
 
-        template<typename T, typename U>
-        static Boxed_Value go(Operators::Opers t_oper, const T &t, const U &u, const Boxed_Value &)
-        {
-          switch (t_oper)
-          {
-            case Operators::equals:
-              return const_var(t == u);
-            case Operators::less_than:
-              return const_var(t < u);
-            case Operators::greater_than:
-              return const_var(t > u);
-            case Operators::less_than_equal:
-              return const_var(t <= u);
-            case Operators::greater_than_equal:
-              return const_var(t >= u);
-            case Operators::not_equal:
-              return const_var(t != u);
-            default:
-              throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
-          }
+
+      static Common_Types get_common_type(const Boxed_Value &t_bv)
+      {
+        const Type_Info &inp_ = t_bv.get_type_info();
+
+        if (inp_ == typeid(int)) {
+          return get_common_type(sizeof(int), true);
+        } else if (inp_ == typeid(double)) {
+          return Common_Types::t_double;
+        } else if (inp_ == typeid(long double)) {
+          return Common_Types::t_long_double;
+        } else if (inp_ == typeid(float)) {
+          return Common_Types::t_float;
+        } else if (inp_ == typeid(char)) {
+          return get_common_type(sizeof(char), std::is_signed<char>::value);
+        } else if (inp_ == typeid(unsigned char)) {
+          return get_common_type(sizeof(unsigned char), false);
+        } else if (inp_ == typeid(unsigned int)) {
+          return get_common_type(sizeof(unsigned int), false);
+        } else if (inp_ == typeid(long)) {
+          return get_common_type(sizeof(long), true);
+        } else if (inp_ == typeid(long long)) {
+          return get_common_type(sizeof(long long), true);
+        } else if (inp_ == typeid(unsigned long)) {
+          return get_common_type(sizeof(unsigned long), false);
+        } else if (inp_ == typeid(unsigned long long)) {
+          return get_common_type(sizeof(unsigned long long), false);
+        } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::int8_t)) {
+          return Common_Types::t_int8;
+        } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::int16_t)) {
+          return Common_Types::t_int16;
+        } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::int32_t)) {
+          return Common_Types::t_int32;
+        } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::int64_t)) {
+          return Common_Types::t_int64;
+        } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::uint8_t)) {
+          return Common_Types::t_uint8;
+        } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::uint16_t)) {
+          return Common_Types::t_uint16;
+        } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::uint32_t)) {
+          return Common_Types::t_uint32;
+        } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::uint64_t)) {
+          return Common_Types::t_uint64;
+        } else if (inp_ == typeid(wchar_t)) {
+          return get_common_type(sizeof(wchar_t), std::is_signed<wchar_t>::value);
+        } else if (inp_ == typeid(char16_t)) {
+          return get_common_type(sizeof(char16_t), std::is_signed<char16_t>::value);
+        } else if (inp_ == typeid(char32_t)) {
+          return get_common_type(sizeof(char32_t), std::is_signed<char32_t>::value);
+        } else  {
+          throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
         }
-      };
+      }
 
-      struct binary 
+      template<typename T>
+      static Boxed_Value boolean_go(Operators::Opers t_oper, const T &t, const T &u)
       {
-        template<typename T, typename U>
-        static Boxed_Value go(Operators::Opers t_oper, T &t, const U &u, const Boxed_Value &t_lhs) 
+        switch (t_oper)
         {
-          switch (t_oper)
-          {
-            case Operators::assign:
-              t = u;
-              break;
-            case Operators::pre_increment:
-              ++t;
-              break;
-            case Operators::pre_decrement:
-              --t;
-              break;
-            case Operators::assign_product:
-              t *= u;
-              break;
-            case Operators::assign_sum:
-              t += u;
-              break;
-            case Operators::assign_quotient:
-              check_divide_by_zero(u);
-              t /= u;
-              break;
-            case Operators::assign_difference:
-              t -= u;
-              break;
-            default:
-              throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
-          }
-
-          return t_lhs;
-        }
-      };
-
-      struct binary_int
-      {
-        template<typename T, typename U>
-        static Boxed_Value go(Operators::Opers t_oper, T &t, const U &u, const Boxed_Value &t_lhs) 
-        {
-          switch (t_oper)
-          {
-            case Operators::assign_bitwise_and:
-              t &= u;
-              break;
-            case Operators::assign_bitwise_or:
-              t |= u;
-              break;
-            case Operators::assign_shift_left:
-              t <<= u;
-              break;
-            case Operators::assign_shift_right:
-              t >>= u;
-              break;
-            case Operators::assign_remainder:
-              check_divide_by_zero(u);
-              t %= u;
-              break;
-            case Operators::assign_bitwise_xor:
-              t ^= u;
-              break;
-            default:
-              throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
-          }
-          return t_lhs;
-        }
-      };
-
-      struct const_binary_int
-      {
-        template<typename T, typename U>
-        static Boxed_Value go(Operators::Opers t_oper, const T &t, const U &u, const Boxed_Value &) 
-        {
-          switch (t_oper)
-          {
-            case Operators::shift_left:
-              return const_var(t << u);
-            case Operators::shift_right:
-              return const_var(t >> u);
-            case Operators::remainder:
-              check_divide_by_zero(u);
-              return const_var(t % u);
-            case Operators::bitwise_and:
-              return const_var(t & u);
-            case Operators::bitwise_or:
-              return const_var(t | u);
-            case Operators::bitwise_xor:
-              return const_var(t ^ u);
-            case Operators::bitwise_complement:
-              return const_var(~t);
-            default:
-              throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
-          }
-        }
-      };
-
-      struct const_binary
-      {
-        template<typename T, typename U>
-        static Boxed_Value go(Operators::Opers t_oper, const T &t, const U &u, const Boxed_Value &) 
-        {
-          switch (t_oper)
-          {
-            case Operators::sum:
-              return const_var(t + u);
-            case Operators::quotient:
-              check_divide_by_zero(u);
-              return const_var(t / u);
-            case Operators::product:
-              return const_var(t * u);
-            case Operators::difference:
-              return const_var(t - u);
-            case Operators::unary_minus:
-              return const_var(-t);
-            case Operators::unary_plus:
-              return const_var(+t);
-            default:
-              throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
-          }
-        }
-      };
-
-      template<typename LHS, typename RHS, bool Float>
-      struct Go
-      {
-        static Boxed_Value go(Operators::Opers t_oper, const Boxed_Value &t_lhs, const Boxed_Value &t_rhs)
-        {
-          if (t_oper > Operators::boolean_flag && t_oper < Operators::non_const_flag)
-          {
-            return boolean::go<LHS, RHS>(t_oper, *static_cast<const LHS *>(t_lhs.get_const_ptr()), *static_cast<const RHS *>(t_rhs.get_const_ptr()), t_lhs);
-          } else if (t_oper > Operators::non_const_flag && t_oper < Operators::non_const_int_flag && !t_lhs.is_const() && !t_lhs.is_return_value()) {
-            return binary::go<LHS, RHS>(t_oper, *static_cast<LHS *>(t_lhs.get_ptr()), *static_cast<const RHS *>(t_rhs.get_const_ptr()), t_lhs);
-          } else if (t_oper > Operators::non_const_int_flag && t_oper < Operators::const_int_flag && !t_lhs.is_const() && !t_lhs.is_return_value()) {
-            return binary_int::go<LHS, RHS>(t_oper, *static_cast<LHS *>(t_lhs.get_ptr()), *static_cast<const RHS *>(t_rhs.get_const_ptr()), t_lhs);
-          } else if (t_oper > Operators::const_int_flag && t_oper < Operators::const_flag) {
-            return const_binary_int::go<LHS, RHS>(t_oper, *static_cast<const LHS *>(t_lhs.get_const_ptr()), *static_cast<const RHS *>(t_rhs.get_const_ptr()), t_lhs);
-          } else if (t_oper > Operators::const_flag) {
-            return const_binary::go<LHS, RHS>(t_oper, *static_cast<const LHS *>(t_lhs.get_const_ptr()), *static_cast<const RHS *>(t_rhs.get_const_ptr()), t_lhs);
-          } else {
+          case Operators::equals:
+            return const_var(t == u);
+          case Operators::less_than:
+            return const_var(t < u);
+          case Operators::greater_than:
+            return const_var(t > u);
+          case Operators::less_than_equal:
+            return const_var(t <= u);
+          case Operators::greater_than_equal:
+            return const_var(t >= u);
+          case Operators::not_equal:
+            return const_var(t != u);
+          default:
             throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
-          }
         }
-      };
+      }
+
+      template<typename T>
+      static Boxed_Value unary_go(Operators::Opers t_oper, T &t, const Boxed_Value &t_lhs) 
+      {
+        switch (t_oper)
+        {
+          case Operators::pre_increment:
+            ++t;
+            break;
+          case Operators::pre_decrement:
+            --t;
+            break;
+          default:
+            throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
+        }
+
+        return t_lhs;
+      }
+
+      template<typename T, typename U>
+      static Boxed_Value binary_go(Operators::Opers t_oper, T &t, const U &u, const Boxed_Value &t_lhs) 
+      {
+        switch (t_oper)
+        {
+          case Operators::assign:
+            t = u;
+            break;
+          case Operators::assign_product:
+            t *= u;
+            break;
+          case Operators::assign_sum:
+            t += u;
+            break;
+          case Operators::assign_quotient:
+            check_divide_by_zero(u);
+            t /= u;
+            break;
+          case Operators::assign_difference:
+            t -= u;
+            break;
+          default:
+            throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
+        }
+
+        return t_lhs;
+      }
+
+      template<typename T, typename U>
+      static Boxed_Value binary_int_go(Operators::Opers t_oper, T &t, const U &u, const Boxed_Value &t_lhs) 
+      {
+        switch (t_oper)
+        {
+          case Operators::assign_bitwise_and:
+            t &= u;
+            break;
+          case Operators::assign_bitwise_or:
+            t |= u;
+            break;
+          case Operators::assign_shift_left:
+            t <<= u;
+            break;
+          case Operators::assign_shift_right:
+            t >>= u;
+            break;
+          case Operators::assign_remainder:
+            check_divide_by_zero(u);
+            t %= u;
+            break;
+          case Operators::assign_bitwise_xor:
+            t ^= u;
+            break;
+          default:
+            throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
+        }
+        return t_lhs;
+      }
+
+      template<typename T>
+      static Boxed_Value const_unary_int_go(Operators::Opers t_oper, const T &t) 
+      {
+        switch (t_oper)
+        {
+          case Operators::bitwise_complement:
+            return const_var(~t);
+          default:
+            throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
+        }
+      }
+
+      template<typename T>
+      static Boxed_Value const_binary_int_go(Operators::Opers t_oper, const T &t, const T &u) 
+      {
+        switch (t_oper)
+        {
+          case Operators::shift_left:
+            return const_var(t << u);
+          case Operators::shift_right:
+            return const_var(t >> u);
+          case Operators::remainder:
+            check_divide_by_zero(u);
+            return const_var(t % u);
+          case Operators::bitwise_and:
+            return const_var(t & u);
+          case Operators::bitwise_or:
+            return const_var(t | u);
+          case Operators::bitwise_xor:
+            return const_var(t ^ u);
+          default:
+            throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
+        }
+      }
+
+      template<typename T>
+      static Boxed_Value const_unary_go(Operators::Opers t_oper, const T &t)
+      {
+        switch (t_oper)
+        {
+          case Operators::unary_minus:
+            return const_var(-t);
+          case Operators::unary_plus:
+            return const_var(+t);
+          default:
+            throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
+        }
+      }
+
+      template<typename T>
+      static Boxed_Value const_binary_go(Operators::Opers t_oper, const T &t, const T &u) 
+      {
+        switch (t_oper)
+        {
+          case Operators::sum:
+            return const_var(t + u);
+          case Operators::quotient:
+            check_divide_by_zero(u);
+            return const_var(t / u);
+          case Operators::product:
+            return const_var(t * u);
+          case Operators::difference:
+            return const_var(t - u);
+          default:
+            throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
+        }
+      }
 
       template<typename LHS, typename RHS>
-      struct Go<LHS, RHS, true>
+      static auto go(Operators::Opers t_oper, const Boxed_Value &t_lhs, const Boxed_Value &t_rhs)
+          -> typename std::enable_if<!std::is_floating_point<LHS>::value && !std::is_floating_point<RHS>::value, Boxed_Value>::type
       {
-        static Boxed_Value go(Operators::Opers t_oper, const Boxed_Value &t_lhs, const Boxed_Value &t_rhs)
+        typedef typename std::common_type<LHS, RHS>::type common_type;
+        if (t_oper > Operators::boolean_flag && t_oper < Operators::non_const_flag)
         {
-          if (t_oper > Operators::boolean_flag && t_oper < Operators::non_const_flag)
-          {
-            return boolean::go<LHS, RHS>(t_oper, *static_cast<const LHS *>(t_lhs.get_const_ptr()), *static_cast<const RHS *>(t_rhs.get_const_ptr()), t_lhs);
-          } else if (t_oper > Operators::non_const_flag && t_oper < Operators::non_const_int_flag && !t_lhs.is_const() && !t_lhs.is_return_value()) {
-            return binary::go<LHS, RHS>(t_oper, *static_cast<LHS *>(t_lhs.get_ptr()), *static_cast<const RHS *>(t_rhs.get_const_ptr()), t_lhs);
-          } else if (t_oper > Operators::non_const_int_flag && t_oper < Operators::const_int_flag) {
-            throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
-          } else if (t_oper > Operators::const_int_flag && t_oper < Operators::const_flag) {
-            throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
-          } else if (t_oper > Operators::const_flag) {
-            return const_binary::go<LHS, RHS>(t_oper, *static_cast<const LHS *>(t_lhs.get_const_ptr()), *static_cast<const RHS *>(t_rhs.get_const_ptr()), t_lhs);
-          } else {
-            throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
-          }
+          return boolean_go(t_oper, get_as_aux<common_type, LHS>(t_lhs), get_as_aux<common_type, RHS>(t_rhs));
+        } else if (t_oper > Operators::non_const_flag && t_oper < Operators::non_const_int_flag && !t_lhs.is_const() && !t_lhs.is_return_value()) {
+          return binary_go(t_oper, *static_cast<LHS *>(t_lhs.get_ptr()), get_as_aux<common_type, RHS>(t_rhs), t_lhs);
+        } else if (t_oper > Operators::non_const_int_flag && t_oper < Operators::const_int_flag && !t_lhs.is_const() && !t_lhs.is_return_value()) {
+          return binary_int_go(t_oper, *static_cast<LHS *>(t_lhs.get_ptr()), get_as_aux<common_type, RHS>(t_rhs), t_lhs);
+        } else if (t_oper > Operators::const_int_flag && t_oper < Operators::const_flag) {
+          return const_binary_int_go(t_oper, get_as_aux<common_type, LHS>(t_lhs), get_as_aux<common_type, RHS>(t_rhs));
+        } else if (t_oper > Operators::const_flag) {
+          return const_binary_go(t_oper, get_as_aux<common_type, LHS>(t_lhs), get_as_aux<common_type, RHS>(t_rhs));
+        } else {
+          throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
         }
-      };
+      }
 
-      template<typename LHS, bool Float>
-        static Boxed_Value oper_rhs(Operators::Opers t_oper, const Boxed_Value &t_lhs, const Boxed_Value &t_rhs)
+      template<typename LHS, typename RHS>
+      static auto go(Operators::Opers t_oper, const Boxed_Value &t_lhs, const Boxed_Value &t_rhs) 
+          -> typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<LHS>::value || std::is_floating_point<RHS>::value, Boxed_Value>::type
+      {
+        typedef typename std::common_type<LHS, RHS>::type common_type;
+        if (t_oper > Operators::boolean_flag && t_oper < Operators::non_const_flag)
         {
-          const auto &inp_ = t_rhs.get_type_info();
+          return boolean_go(t_oper, get_as_aux<common_type, LHS>(t_lhs), get_as_aux<common_type, RHS>(t_rhs));
+        } else if (t_oper > Operators::non_const_flag && t_oper < Operators::non_const_int_flag && !t_lhs.is_const() && !t_lhs.is_return_value()) {
+          return binary_go(t_oper, *static_cast<LHS *>(t_lhs.get_ptr()), get_as_aux<common_type, RHS>(t_rhs), t_lhs);
+        } else if (t_oper > Operators::const_flag) {
+          return const_binary_go(t_oper, get_as_aux<common_type, LHS>(t_lhs), get_as_aux<common_type, RHS>(t_rhs));
+        } else {
+          throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
+        }
+      }
 
-          if (inp_ == typeid(int)) {
-            return Go<LHS, int, Float>::go(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else if (inp_ == typeid(double)) {
-            return Go<LHS, double, true>::go(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else if (inp_ == typeid(float)) {
-            return Go<LHS, float, true>::go(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else if (inp_ == typeid(long double)) {
-            return Go<LHS, long double, true>::go(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else if (inp_ == typeid(char)) {
-            return Go<LHS, char, Float>::go(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else if (inp_ == typeid(unsigned int)) {
-            return Go<LHS, unsigned int, Float>::go(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else if (inp_ == typeid(long)) {
-            return Go<LHS, long, Float>::go(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else if (inp_ == typeid(unsigned long)) {
-            return Go<LHS, unsigned long, Float>::go(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::int8_t)) {
-            return Go<LHS, std::int8_t, Float>::go(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::int16_t)) {
-            return Go<LHS, std::int16_t, Float>::go(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::int32_t)) {
-            return Go<LHS, std::int32_t, Float>::go(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::int64_t)) {
-            return Go<LHS, std::int64_t, Float>::go(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::uint8_t)) {
-            return Go<LHS, std::uint8_t, Float>::go(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::uint16_t)) {
-            return Go<LHS, std::uint16_t, Float>::go(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::uint32_t)) {
-            return Go<LHS, std::uint32_t, Float>::go(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::uint64_t)) {
-            return Go<LHS, std::uint64_t, Float>::go(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else {
-            throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
-          }
-        } 
+      // Unary 
+      template<typename LHS>
+      static auto go(Operators::Opers t_oper, const Boxed_Value &t_lhs)
+          -> typename std::enable_if<!std::is_floating_point<LHS>::value, Boxed_Value>::type
+      {
+        if (t_oper > Operators::non_const_flag && t_oper < Operators::non_const_int_flag && !t_lhs.is_const() && !t_lhs.is_return_value()) {
+          return unary_go(t_oper, *static_cast<LHS *>(t_lhs.get_ptr()), t_lhs);
+        } else if (t_oper > Operators::const_int_flag && t_oper < Operators::const_flag) {
+          return const_unary_int_go(t_oper, *static_cast<const LHS *>(t_lhs.get_const_ptr()));
+        } else if (t_oper > Operators::const_flag) {
+          return const_unary_go(t_oper, *static_cast<const LHS *>(t_lhs.get_const_ptr()));
+        } else {
+          throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
+        }
+      }
 
-        static Boxed_Value oper(Operators::Opers t_oper, const Boxed_Value &t_lhs, const Boxed_Value &t_rhs)
+      template<typename LHS>
+      static auto go(Operators::Opers t_oper, const Boxed_Value &t_lhs) 
+          -> typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<LHS>::value, Boxed_Value>::type
+      {
+        if (t_oper > Operators::non_const_flag && t_oper < Operators::non_const_int_flag && !t_lhs.is_const() && !t_lhs.is_return_value()) {
+          return unary_go(t_oper, *static_cast<LHS *>(t_lhs.get_ptr()), t_lhs);
+        } else if (t_oper > Operators::const_flag) {
+          return const_unary_go(t_oper, *static_cast<const LHS *>(t_lhs.get_const_ptr()));
+        } else {
+          throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
+        }
+      }
+
+      template<typename LHS>
+        inline static Boxed_Value oper_rhs(Operators::Opers t_oper, const Boxed_Value &t_lhs, const Boxed_Value &t_rhs)
         {
-          const Type_Info &inp_ = t_lhs.get_type_info();
-
-          if (inp_ == typeid(int)) {
-            return oper_rhs<int, false>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else if (inp_ == typeid(double)) {
-            return oper_rhs<double, true>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else if (inp_ == typeid(long double)) {
-            return oper_rhs<long double, true>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else if (inp_ == typeid(float)) {
-            return oper_rhs<float, true>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else if (inp_ == typeid(char)) {
-            return oper_rhs<char, false>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else if (inp_ == typeid(unsigned int)) {
-            return oper_rhs<unsigned int, false>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else if (inp_ == typeid(long)) {
-            return oper_rhs<long, false>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else if (inp_ == typeid(unsigned long)) {
-            return oper_rhs<unsigned long, false>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::int8_t)) {
-            return oper_rhs<std::int8_t, false>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::int16_t)) {
-            return oper_rhs<std::int16_t, false>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::int32_t)) {
-            return oper_rhs<std::int32_t, false>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::int64_t)) {
-            return oper_rhs<std::int64_t, false>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::uint8_t)) {
-            return oper_rhs<std::uint8_t, false>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::uint16_t)) {
-            return oper_rhs<std::uint16_t, false>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::uint32_t)) {
-            return oper_rhs<std::uint32_t, false>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::uint64_t)) {
-            return oper_rhs<std::uint64_t, false>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
-          } else  {
-            throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
+          switch (get_common_type(t_rhs)) {
+            case Common_Types::t_int32:
+              return go<LHS, int32_t>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
+            case Common_Types::t_uint8:
+              return go<LHS, uint8_t>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
+            case Common_Types::t_int8:
+              return go<LHS, int8_t>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
+            case Common_Types::t_uint16:
+              return go<LHS, uint16_t>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
+            case Common_Types::t_int16:
+              return go<LHS, int16_t>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
+            case Common_Types::t_uint32:
+              return go<LHS, uint32_t>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
+            case Common_Types::t_uint64:
+              return go<LHS, uint64_t>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
+            case Common_Types::t_int64:
+              return go<LHS, int64_t>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
+            case Common_Types::t_double:
+              return go<LHS, double>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
+            case Common_Types::t_float:
+              return go<LHS, float>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
+            case Common_Types::t_long_double:
+              return go<LHS, long double>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
           }
+
+          throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
+        }
+
+        inline static Boxed_Value oper(Operators::Opers t_oper, const Boxed_Value &t_lhs)
+        {
+          switch (get_common_type(t_lhs)) {
+            case Common_Types::t_int32:
+              return go<int32_t>(t_oper, t_lhs);
+            case Common_Types::t_uint8:
+              return go<uint8_t>(t_oper, t_lhs);
+            case Common_Types::t_int8:
+              return go<int8_t>(t_oper, t_lhs);
+            case Common_Types::t_uint16:
+              return go<uint16_t>(t_oper, t_lhs);
+            case Common_Types::t_int16:
+              return go<int16_t>(t_oper, t_lhs);
+            case Common_Types::t_uint32:
+              return go<uint32_t>(t_oper, t_lhs);
+            case Common_Types::t_uint64:
+              return go<uint64_t>(t_oper, t_lhs);
+            case Common_Types::t_int64:
+              return go<int64_t>(t_oper, t_lhs);
+            case Common_Types::t_double:
+              return go<double>(t_oper, t_lhs);
+            case Common_Types::t_float:
+              return go<float>(t_oper, t_lhs);
+            case Common_Types::t_long_double:
+              return go<long double>(t_oper, t_lhs);
+          }
+
+          throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
+        }
+
+
+        inline static Boxed_Value oper(Operators::Opers t_oper, const Boxed_Value &t_lhs, const Boxed_Value &t_rhs)
+        {
+          switch (get_common_type(t_lhs)) {
+            case Common_Types::t_int32:
+              return oper_rhs<int32_t>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
+            case Common_Types::t_uint8:
+              return oper_rhs<uint8_t>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
+            case Common_Types::t_int8:
+              return oper_rhs<int8_t>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
+            case Common_Types::t_uint16:
+              return oper_rhs<uint16_t>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
+            case Common_Types::t_int16:
+              return oper_rhs<int16_t>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
+            case Common_Types::t_uint32:
+              return oper_rhs<uint32_t>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
+            case Common_Types::t_uint64:
+              return oper_rhs<uint64_t>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
+            case Common_Types::t_int64:
+              return oper_rhs<int64_t>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
+            case Common_Types::t_double:
+              return oper_rhs<double>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
+            case Common_Types::t_float:
+              return oper_rhs<float>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
+            case Common_Types::t_long_double:
+              return oper_rhs<long double>(t_oper, t_lhs, t_rhs);
+          }
+
+          throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
         }
 
         template<typename Target, typename Source>
-          Target get_as_aux() const
-        {
-          return static_cast<Target>(*static_cast<const Source *>(bv.get_const_ptr()));
-        }
+          static inline Target get_as_aux(const Boxed_Value &t_bv)
+          {
+            return static_cast<Target>(*static_cast<const Source *>(t_bv.get_const_ptr()));
+          }
 
         template<typename Source>
          static std::string to_string_aux(const Boxed_Value &v)
@@ -390,6 +518,21 @@ namespace chaiscript
         validate_boxed_number(bv);
       }
 
+      static bool is_floating_point(const Boxed_Value &t_bv)
+      {
+        const Type_Info &inp_ = t_bv.get_type_info();
+
+        if (inp_ == typeid(double)) {
+          return true;
+        } else if (inp_ == typeid(long double)) {
+          return true;
+        } else if (inp_ == typeid(float)) {
+          return true;
+        } else {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+
       Boxed_Number get_as(const Type_Info &inp_) const
       {
         if (inp_.bare_equal_type_info(typeid(int))) {
@@ -402,12 +545,24 @@ namespace chaiscript
           return Boxed_Number(get_as<long double>());
         } else if (inp_.bare_equal_type_info(typeid(char))) {
           return Boxed_Number(get_as<char>());
+        } else if (inp_.bare_equal_type_info(typeid(unsigned char))) {
+          return Boxed_Number(get_as<unsigned char>());
+        } else if (inp_.bare_equal_type_info(typeid(wchar_t))) {
+          return Boxed_Number(get_as<wchar_t>());
+        } else if (inp_.bare_equal_type_info(typeid(char16_t))) {
+          return Boxed_Number(get_as<char16_t>());
+        } else if (inp_.bare_equal_type_info(typeid(char32_t))) {
+          return Boxed_Number(get_as<char32_t>());
         } else if (inp_.bare_equal_type_info(typeid(unsigned int))) {
           return Boxed_Number(get_as<unsigned int>());
         } else if (inp_.bare_equal_type_info(typeid(long))) {
           return Boxed_Number(get_as<long>());
+        } else if (inp_.bare_equal_type_info(typeid(long long))) {
+          return Boxed_Number(get_as<long long>());
         } else if (inp_.bare_equal_type_info(typeid(unsigned long))) {
           return Boxed_Number(get_as<unsigned long>());
+        } else if (inp_.bare_equal_type_info(typeid(unsigned long long))) {
+          return Boxed_Number(get_as<unsigned long long>());
         } else if (inp_.bare_equal_type_info(typeid(int8_t))) {
           return Boxed_Number(get_as<int8_t>());
         } else if (inp_.bare_equal_type_info(typeid(int16_t))) {
@@ -432,84 +587,62 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
       template<typename Target> Target get_as() const
       {
-        const Type_Info &inp_ = bv.get_type_info();
-
-        if (inp_ == typeid(int)) {
-          return get_as_aux<Target, int>();
-        } else if (inp_ == typeid(double)) {
-          return get_as_aux<Target, double>();
-        } else if (inp_ == typeid(float)) {
-          return get_as_aux<Target, float>();
-        } else if (inp_ == typeid(long double)) {
-          return get_as_aux<Target, long double>();
-        } else if (inp_ == typeid(char)) {
-          return get_as_aux<Target, char>();
-        } else if (inp_ == typeid(unsigned int)) {
-          return get_as_aux<Target, unsigned int>();
-        } else if (inp_ == typeid(long)) {
-          return get_as_aux<Target, long>();
-        } else if (inp_ == typeid(unsigned long)) {
-          return get_as_aux<Target, unsigned long>();
-        } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::int8_t)) {
-          return get_as_aux<Target, std::int8_t>();
-        } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::int16_t)) {
-          return get_as_aux<Target, std::int16_t>();
-        } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::int32_t)) {
-          return get_as_aux<Target, std::int32_t>();
-        } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::int64_t)) {
-          return get_as_aux<Target, std::int64_t>();
-        } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::uint8_t)) {
-          return get_as_aux<Target, std::uint8_t>();
-        } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::uint16_t)) {
-          return get_as_aux<Target, std::uint16_t>();
-        } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::uint32_t)) {
-          return get_as_aux<Target, std::uint32_t>();
-        } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::uint64_t)) {
-          return get_as_aux<Target, std::uint64_t>();
-        } else {
-          throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
+        switch (get_common_type(bv)) {
+          case Common_Types::t_int32:
+            return get_as_aux<Target, int32_t>(bv);
+          case Common_Types::t_uint8:
+            return get_as_aux<Target, uint8_t>(bv);
+          case Common_Types::t_int8:
+            return get_as_aux<Target, int8_t>(bv);
+          case Common_Types::t_uint16:
+            return get_as_aux<Target, uint16_t>(bv);
+          case Common_Types::t_int16:
+            return get_as_aux<Target, int16_t>(bv);
+          case Common_Types::t_uint32:
+            return get_as_aux<Target, uint32_t>(bv);
+          case Common_Types::t_uint64:
+            return get_as_aux<Target, uint64_t>(bv);
+          case Common_Types::t_int64:
+            return get_as_aux<Target, int64_t>(bv);
+          case Common_Types::t_double:
+            return get_as_aux<Target, double>(bv);
+          case Common_Types::t_float:
+            return get_as_aux<Target, float>(bv);
+          case Common_Types::t_long_double:
+            return get_as_aux<Target, long double>(bv);
         }
+
+        throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
       }
 
       std::string to_string() const
       {
-        const Type_Info &inp_ = bv.get_type_info();
-
-        if (inp_ == typeid(int)) {
-          return to_string_aux<int>(bv);
-        } else if (inp_ == typeid(double)) {
-          return to_string_aux<double>(bv);
-        } else if (inp_ == typeid(float)) {
-          return to_string_aux<float>(bv);
-        } else if (inp_ == typeid(long double)) {
-          return to_string_aux<long double>(bv);
-        } else if (inp_ == typeid(char)) {
-          return to_string_aux<int>(Boxed_Value(get_as_aux<int, char>()));
-        } else if (inp_ == typeid(unsigned int)) {
-          return to_string_aux<unsigned int>(bv);
-        } else if (inp_ == typeid(long)) {
-          return to_string_aux<long>(bv);
-        } else if (inp_ == typeid(unsigned long)) {
-          return to_string_aux<unsigned long>(bv);
-        } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::int8_t)) {
-          return to_string_aux<int>(Boxed_Value(get_as_aux<int, std::int8_t>()));
-        } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::int16_t)) {
-          return to_string_aux<std::int16_t>(bv);
-        } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::int32_t)) {
-          return to_string_aux<std::int32_t>(bv);
-        } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::int64_t)) {
-          return to_string_aux<std::int64_t>(bv);
-        } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::uint8_t)) {
-          return to_string_aux<unsigned int>(Boxed_Value(get_as_aux<unsigned int, std::uint8_t>()));
-        } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::uint16_t)) {
-          return to_string_aux<std::uint16_t>(bv);
-        } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::uint32_t)) {
-          return to_string_aux<std::uint32_t>(bv);
-        } else if (inp_ == typeid(std::uint64_t)) {
-          return to_string_aux<std::uint64_t>(bv);
-        } else {
-          throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
+        switch (get_common_type(bv)) {
+          case Common_Types::t_int32:
+            return std::to_string(get_as<int32_t>());
+          case Common_Types::t_uint8:
+            return std::to_string(get_as<uint32_t>());
+          case Common_Types::t_int8:
+            return std::to_string(get_as<int32_t>());
+          case Common_Types::t_uint16:
+            return std::to_string(get_as<uint16_t>());
+          case Common_Types::t_int16:
+            return std::to_string(get_as<int16_t>());
+          case Common_Types::t_uint32:
+            return std::to_string(get_as<uint32_t>());
+          case Common_Types::t_uint64:
+            return std::to_string(get_as<uint64_t>());
+          case Common_Types::t_int64:
+            return std::to_string(get_as<int64_t>());
+          case Common_Types::t_double:
+            return to_string_aux<double>(bv);
+          case Common_Types::t_float:
+            return to_string_aux<float>(bv);
+          case Common_Types::t_long_double:
+            return to_string_aux<long double>(bv);
         }
+
+        throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
       }
 
       bool operator==(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) const
@@ -544,12 +677,12 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
       Boxed_Number operator--()
       {
-        return oper(Operators::pre_decrement, this->bv, var(0));
+        return oper(Operators::pre_decrement, this->bv);
       }
 
       Boxed_Number operator++() 
       {
-        return oper(Operators::pre_increment, this->bv, var(0));
+        return oper(Operators::pre_increment, this->bv);
       }
 
       Boxed_Number operator+(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) const
@@ -559,12 +692,12 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
       Boxed_Number operator+() const
       {
-        return oper(Operators::unary_plus, this->bv, Boxed_Value(0));
+        return oper(Operators::unary_plus, this->bv);
       }
 
       Boxed_Number operator-() const
       {
-        return oper(Operators::unary_minus, this->bv, Boxed_Value(0));
+        return oper(Operators::unary_minus, this->bv);
       }
 
       Boxed_Number operator-(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) const
@@ -637,7 +770,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
       Boxed_Number operator~() const
       {
-        return oper(Operators::bitwise_complement, this->bv, Boxed_Value(0));
+        return oper(Operators::bitwise_complement, this->bv);
       }
 
       Boxed_Number operator^(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) const
@@ -726,12 +859,12 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
       static Boxed_Number pre_decrement(Boxed_Number t_lhs)
       {
-        return oper(Operators::pre_decrement, t_lhs.bv, var(0));
+        return oper(Operators::pre_decrement, t_lhs.bv);
       }
 
       static Boxed_Number pre_increment(Boxed_Number t_lhs) 
       {
-        return oper(Operators::pre_increment, t_lhs.bv, var(0));
+        return oper(Operators::pre_increment, t_lhs.bv);
       }
 
       static const Boxed_Number sum(const Boxed_Number &t_lhs, const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) 
@@ -741,12 +874,12 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
       static const Boxed_Number unary_plus(const Boxed_Number &t_lhs) 
       {
-        return oper(Operators::unary_plus, t_lhs.bv, Boxed_Value(0));
+        return oper(Operators::unary_plus, t_lhs.bv);
       }
 
       static const Boxed_Number unary_minus(const Boxed_Number &t_lhs)
       {
-        return oper(Operators::unary_minus, t_lhs.bv, Boxed_Value(0));
+        return oper(Operators::unary_minus, t_lhs.bv);
       }
 
       static const Boxed_Number difference(const Boxed_Number &t_lhs, const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) 
@@ -862,7 +995,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
       static Boxed_Value do_oper(Operators::Opers t_oper, const Boxed_Value &t_lhs)
       {
-        return oper(t_oper, t_lhs, const_var(0));
+        return oper(t_oper, t_lhs);
       }
 
 

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/boxed_value.hpp

@@ -297,6 +297,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
         return *this;
       }
 
+      Boxed_Value &clone_attrs(const Boxed_Value &t_obj)
+      {
+        copy_attrs(t_obj);
+        reset_return_value();
+        return *this;
+      }
+
 
       /// \returns true if the two Boxed_Values share the same internal type
       static bool type_match(const Boxed_Value &l, const Boxed_Value &r) CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
@@ -330,9 +337,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
   ///
   /// @sa @ref adding_objects
   template<typename T>
-    Boxed_Value var(T t)
+    Boxed_Value var(T &&t)
     {
-      return Boxed_Value(t);
+      return Boxed_Value(std::forward<T>(t));
     }
 
   namespace detail {

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/callable_traits.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+// This file is distributed under the BSD License.
+// See "license.txt" for details.
+// Copyright 2009-2012, Jonathan Turner (jonathan@emptycrate.com)
+// Copyright 2009-2015, Jason Turner (jason@emptycrate.com)
+// http://www.chaiscript.com
+
+#ifndef CHAISCRIPT_CALLABLE_TRAITS_HPP_
+#define CHAISCRIPT_CALLABLE_TRAITS_HPP_
+
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace chaiscript {
+  namespace dispatch {
+    namespace detail {
+
+      template<typename Class, typename ... Param>
+      struct Constructor
+      {
+        template<typename ... Inner>
+        std::shared_ptr<Class> operator()(Inner&& ... inner) const {
+          return std::make_shared<Class>(std::forward<Inner>(inner)...);
+        }
+      };
+
+      template<typename Ret, typename Class, typename ... Param>
+      struct Const_Caller
+      {
+        Const_Caller(Ret (Class::*t_func)(Param...) const) : m_func(t_func) {}
+
+        template<typename ... Inner>
+        Ret operator()(const Class &o, Inner&& ... inner) const {
+          return (o.*m_func)(std::forward<Inner>(inner)...);
+        }
+
+        Ret (Class::*m_func)(Param...) const;
+      };
+
+      template<typename Ret, typename ... Param>
+      struct Fun_Caller
+      {
+        Fun_Caller(Ret( * t_func)(Param...) ) : m_func(t_func) {}
+
+        template<typename ... Inner>
+        Ret operator()(Inner&& ... inner) const {
+          return (m_func)(std::forward<Inner>(inner)...);
+        }
+
+        Ret(*m_func)(Param...);
+      };
+
+      template<typename Ret, typename Class, typename ... Param>
+      struct Caller
+      {
+        Caller(Ret (Class::*t_func)(Param...)) : m_func(t_func) {}
+
+        template<typename ... Inner>
+        Ret operator()(Class &o, Inner&& ... inner) const {
+          return (o.*m_func)(std::forward<Inner>(inner)...);
+        }
+
+        Ret (Class::*m_func)(Param...);
+      };
+
+      template<typename T>
+        struct Arity
+        {
+        };
+
+      template<typename Ret, typename ... Params>
+      struct Arity<Ret (Params...)>
+        {
+          static const size_t arity = sizeof...(Params);
+        };
+
+
+      template<typename T>
+        struct Function_Signature
+        {
+        };
+
+      template<typename Ret, typename ... Params>
+      struct Function_Signature<Ret (Params...)>
+        {
+          typedef Ret Return_Type;
+          typedef Ret (Signature)(Params...);
+        };
+
+      template<typename Ret, typename T, typename ... Params>
+      struct Function_Signature<Ret (T::*)(Params...) const>
+        {
+          typedef Ret Return_Type;
+          typedef Ret (Signature)(Params...);
+        };
+
+
+      template<typename T>
+        struct Callable_Traits
+        {
+          typedef typename Function_Signature<decltype(&T::operator())>::Signature Signature;
+          typedef typename Function_Signature<decltype(&T::operator())>::Return_Type Return_Type;
+        };
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#endif
+

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/dispatchkit.hpp

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 
 #include "../chaiscript_defines.hpp"
 #include "../chaiscript_threading.hpp"
+#include "bad_boxed_cast.hpp"
 #include "boxed_cast.hpp"
 #include "boxed_cast_helper.hpp"
 #include "boxed_value.hpp"
@@ -384,19 +385,41 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
   namespace detail
   {
+    struct Stack_Holder
+    {
+      typedef std::vector<std::pair<std::string, Boxed_Value>> Scope;
+      typedef std::vector<Scope> StackData;
+
+      Stack_Holder()
+        : call_depth(0)
+      {
+        stacks.reserve(2);
+        stacks.emplace_back(1);
+        call_params.emplace_back();
+        call_params.back().reserve(2);
+      }
+
+      std::vector<StackData> stacks;
+
+      std::vector<std::vector<Boxed_Value>> call_params;
+      int call_depth;
+    };
+
     /// Main class for the dispatchkit. Handles management
     /// of the object stack, functions and registered types.
     class Dispatch_Engine
     {
+
       public:
         typedef std::map<std::string, chaiscript::Type_Info> Type_Name_Map;
-        typedef std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value> Scope;
+        typedef std::vector<std::pair<std::string, Boxed_Value>> Scope;
         typedef std::vector<Scope> StackData;
 
         struct State
         {
-          std::map<std::string, std::vector<Proxy_Function> > m_functions;
-          std::map<std::string, Proxy_Function> m_function_objects;
+          std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::shared_ptr<std::vector<Proxy_Function>>>> m_functions;
+          std::vector<std::pair<std::string, Proxy_Function>> m_function_objects;
+          std::vector<std::pair<std::string, Boxed_Value>> m_boxed_functions;
           std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value> m_global_objects;
           Type_Name_Map m_types;
           std::set<std::string> m_reserved_words;
@@ -407,8 +430,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         };
 
         Dispatch_Engine()
-          : m_stack_holder(this),
-            m_place_holder(std::make_shared<dispatch::Placeholder_Object>())
+          : m_stack_holder(this)
         {
         }
 
@@ -438,14 +460,18 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
         /// Set the value of an object, by name. If the object
         /// is not available in the current scope it is created
-        void add(const Boxed_Value &obj, const std::string &name)
+        void add(Boxed_Value obj, const std::string &name)
         {
           validate_object_name(name);
           auto &stack = get_stack_data();
 
           for (auto stack_elem = stack.rbegin(); stack_elem != stack.rend(); ++stack_elem)
           {
-            auto itr = stack_elem->find(name);
+            auto itr = std::find_if(stack_elem->begin(), stack_elem->end(),
+                [&](const std::pair<std::string, Boxed_Value> &o) {
+                  return o.first == name;
+                });
+
             if (itr != stack_elem->end())
             {
               itr->second = std::move(obj);
@@ -456,16 +482,31 @@ namespace chaiscript
           add_object(name, std::move(obj));
         }
 
+        /// Adds a named object to the current scope
+        /// \warning This version does not check the validity of the name
+        /// it is meant for internal use only
+        void add_object(const std::string &t_name, Boxed_Value obj, Stack_Holder &t_holder)
+        {
+          auto &stack_elem = get_stack_data(t_holder).back();
+
+          if (std::any_of(stack_elem.begin(), stack_elem.end(),
+              [&](const std::pair<std::string, Boxed_Value> &o) {
+                return o.first == t_name;
+              }))
+          {
+            throw chaiscript::exception::name_conflict_error(t_name);
+          }
+
+          get_stack_data(t_holder).back().emplace_back(t_name, std::move(obj));
+        }
+
 
         /// Adds a named object to the current scope
         /// \warning This version does not check the validity of the name
         /// it is meant for internal use only
-        void add_object(const std::string &name, const Boxed_Value &obj)
+        void add_object(const std::string &name, Boxed_Value obj)
         {
-          if (!get_stack_data().back().insert(std::make_pair(name, obj)).second)
-          {
-            throw chaiscript::exception::name_conflict_error(name);
-          }
+          add_object(name, std::move(obj), get_stack_holder());
         }
 
         /// Adds a new global shared object, between all the threads
@@ -477,7 +518,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
             throw chaiscript::exception::global_non_const();
           }
 
-          chaiscript::detail::threading::unique_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l(m_global_object_mutex);
+          chaiscript::detail::threading::unique_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l(m_mutex);
 
           if (m_state.m_global_objects.find(name) != m_state.m_global_objects.end())
           {
@@ -492,7 +533,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         {
           validate_object_name(name);
 
-          chaiscript::detail::threading::unique_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l(m_global_object_mutex);
+          chaiscript::detail::threading::unique_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l(m_mutex);
 
           const auto itr = m_state.m_global_objects.find(name);
           if (itr == m_state.m_global_objects.end())
@@ -510,7 +551,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         {
           validate_object_name(name);
 
-          chaiscript::detail::threading::unique_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l(m_global_object_mutex);
+          chaiscript::detail::threading::unique_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l(m_mutex);
 
           if (m_state.m_global_objects.find(name) != m_state.m_global_objects.end())
           {
@@ -524,15 +565,27 @@ namespace chaiscript
         /// Adds a new scope to the stack
         void new_scope()
         {
-          get_stack_data().emplace_back();
-          m_stack_holder->call_params.emplace_back();
+          new_scope(*m_stack_holder);
         }
 
         /// Pops the current scope from the stack
         void pop_scope()
         {
-          m_stack_holder->call_params.pop_back();
-          StackData &stack = get_stack_data();
+          pop_scope(*m_stack_holder);
+        }
+
+        /// Adds a new scope to the stack
+        void new_scope(Stack_Holder &t_holder)
+        {
+          get_stack_data(t_holder).emplace_back();
+          t_holder.call_params.emplace_back();
+        }
+
+        /// Pops the current scope from the stack
+        void pop_scope(Stack_Holder &t_holder)
+        {
+          t_holder.call_params.pop_back();
+          StackData &stack = get_stack_data(t_holder);
           if (stack.size() > 1)
           {
             stack.pop_back();
@@ -543,53 +596,73 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
 
         /// Pushes a new stack on to the list of stacks
-        void new_stack()
+        void new_stack(Stack_Holder &t_holder)
         {
           // add a new Stack with 1 element
-          m_stack_holder->stacks.emplace_back(1);
+          t_holder.stacks.emplace_back(1);
         }
 
-        void pop_stack()
+        void pop_stack(Stack_Holder &t_holder)
         {
-          m_stack_holder->stacks.pop_back();
+          t_holder.stacks.pop_back();
         }
 
         /// Searches the current stack for an object of the given name
         /// includes a special overload for the _ place holder object to
         /// ensure that it is always in scope.
-        Boxed_Value get_object(const std::string &name) const
+        Boxed_Value get_object(const std::string &name, std::atomic_uint_fast32_t &t_loc) const
         {
-          // Is it a placeholder object?
-          if (name == "_")
-          {
-            return m_place_holder;
-          }
+          enum class Loc : uint_fast32_t {
+            located    = 0x80000000,
+            is_local   = 0x40000000,
+            stack_mask = 0x0FFF0000,
+            loc_mask   = 0x0000FFFF
+          };
 
-          auto &stack = get_stack_data();
+          uint_fast32_t loc = t_loc.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
 
-          // Is it in the stack?
-          for (auto stack_elem = stack.rbegin(); stack_elem != stack.rend(); ++stack_elem)
+          if (loc == 0)
           {
-            const auto stackitr = stack_elem->find(name);
-            if (stackitr != stack_elem->end())
+            auto &stack = get_stack_data();
+
+            // Is it in the stack?
+            for (auto stack_elem = stack.rbegin(); stack_elem != stack.rend(); ++stack_elem)
             {
-              return stackitr->second;
+              for (auto s = stack_elem->begin(); s != stack_elem->end(); ++s )
+              {
+                if (s->first == name) {
+                  t_loc.store( static_cast<uint_fast32_t>(std::distance(stack.rbegin(), stack_elem) << 16)
+                             | static_cast<uint_fast32_t>(std::distance(stack_elem->begin(), s))
+                             | static_cast<uint_fast32_t>(Loc::located)
+                             | static_cast<uint_fast32_t>(Loc::is_local),
+                             std::memory_order_relaxed);
+                  return s->second;
+                }
+              }
             }
+
+            t_loc.store( static_cast<uint_fast32_t>(Loc::located), std::memory_order_relaxed);
+          } else if (loc & static_cast<uint_fast32_t>(Loc::is_local)) {
+            auto &stack = get_stack_data();
+
+            return stack[stack.size() - 1 - ((loc & static_cast<uint_fast32_t>(Loc::stack_mask)) >> 16)][loc & static_cast<uint_fast32_t>(Loc::loc_mask)].second;
           }
 
-          // Is the value we are looking for a global?
+          // Is the value we are looking for a global or function?
+          chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l(m_mutex);
+
+          const auto itr = m_state.m_global_objects.find(name);
+          if (itr != m_state.m_global_objects.end())
           {
-            chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l(m_global_object_mutex);
-
-            const auto itr = m_state.m_global_objects.find(name);
-            if (itr != m_state.m_global_objects.end())
-            {
-              return itr->second;
-            }
+            return itr->second;
           }
 
-          // If all that failed, then check to see if it's a function
-          return get_function_object(name);
+          // no? is it a function object?
+          auto obj = get_function_object_int(name, loc);
+          if (obj.first != loc) t_loc.store(uint_fast32_t(obj.first), std::memory_order_relaxed);
+          return obj.second;
+
+
         }
 
         /// Registers a new named type
@@ -647,20 +720,29 @@ namespace chaiscript
           return std::vector<std::pair<std::string, Type_Info> >(m_state.m_types.begin(), m_state.m_types.end());
         }
 
+        std::shared_ptr<std::vector<Proxy_Function>> get_method_missing_functions() const
+        {
+          uint_fast32_t method_missing_loc = m_method_missing_loc.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+          auto method_missing_funs = get_function("method_missing", method_missing_loc);
+          if (method_missing_funs.first != method_missing_loc) m_method_missing_loc.store(uint_fast32_t(method_missing_funs.first), std::memory_order_relaxed);
+          return std::move(method_missing_funs.second);
+        }
+
+
         /// Return a function by name
-        std::vector< Proxy_Function > get_function(const std::string &t_name) const
+        std::pair<size_t, std::shared_ptr<std::vector< Proxy_Function>>> get_function(const std::string &t_name, const size_t t_hint) const
         {
           chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l(m_mutex);
 
           const auto &funs = get_functions_int();
 
-          auto itr = funs.find(t_name);
+          auto itr = find_keyed_value(funs, t_name, t_hint);
 
           if (itr != funs.end())
           {
-            return itr->second;
+            return std::make_pair(std::distance(funs.begin(), itr), itr->second);
           } else {
-            return std::vector<Proxy_Function>();
+            return std::make_pair(size_t(0), std::make_shared<std::vector<Proxy_Function>>());
           }
         }
 
@@ -668,28 +750,36 @@ namespace chaiscript
         /// \throws std::range_error if it does not
         Boxed_Value get_function_object(const std::string &t_name) const
         {
-//          std::cout << "Getting function object: " << t_name << '\n';
           chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l(m_mutex);
 
-          const auto &funs = get_function_objects_int();
+          return get_function_object_int(t_name, 0).second;
+        }
 
-          auto itr = funs.find(t_name);
+        /// \returns a function object (Boxed_Value wrapper) if it exists
+        /// \throws std::range_error if it does not
+        /// \warn does not obtain a mutex lock. \sa get_function_object for public version
+        std::pair<size_t, Boxed_Value> get_function_object_int(const std::string &t_name, const size_t t_hint) const
+        {
+          const auto &funs = get_boxed_functions_int();
+
+          auto itr = find_keyed_value(funs, t_name, t_hint);
 
           if (itr != funs.end())
           {
-            return const_var(itr->second);
+            return std::make_pair(std::distance(funs.begin(), itr), itr->second);
           } else {
             throw std::range_error("Object not found: " + t_name);
           }
         }
 
+
         /// Return true if a function exists
         bool function_exists(const std::string &name) const
         {
           chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l(m_mutex);
 
           const auto &functions = get_functions_int();
-          return functions.find(name) != functions.end();
+          return find_keyed_value(functions, name) != functions.end();
         }
 
         /// \returns All values in the local thread state in the parent scope, or if it doesn't exist,
@@ -699,9 +789,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
           auto &stack = get_stack_data();
           if (stack.size() > 1)
           {
-            return stack[1];
+            return std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value>(stack[1].begin(), stack[1].end());
           } else {
-            return stack[0];
+            return std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value>(stack[0].begin(), stack[0].end());
           }
         }
 
@@ -710,7 +800,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         {
           auto &stack = get_stack_data();
           auto &scope = stack.front();
-          return scope;
+          return std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value>(scope.begin(), scope.end());
         }
 
         /// \brief Sets all of the locals for the current thread state.
@@ -722,7 +812,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         {
           auto &stack = get_stack_data();
           auto &scope = stack.front();
-          scope = t_locals;
+          scope = std::vector<std::pair<std::string, Boxed_Value>>(t_locals.begin(), t_locals.end());
         }
 
 
@@ -746,11 +836,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
           } 
 
           // add the global values
-          {
-            chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l(m_global_object_mutex);
-
-            retval.insert(m_state.m_global_objects.begin(), m_state.m_global_objects.end());
-          }
+          chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l(m_mutex);
+          retval.insert(m_state.m_global_objects.begin(), m_state.m_global_objects.end());
 
           return retval;
         }
@@ -787,7 +874,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
           for (const auto & function : functions)
           {
-            for (const auto & internal_func : function.second)
+            for (const auto & internal_func : *function.second)
             {
               rets.emplace_back(function.first, internal_func);
             }
@@ -832,31 +919,54 @@ namespace chaiscript
 #pragma warning(push)
 #pragma warning(disable : 4715)
 #endif
-        Boxed_Value call_member(const std::string &t_name, const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, bool t_has_params) const
+        Boxed_Value call_member(const std::string &t_name, std::atomic_uint_fast32_t &t_loc, const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, bool t_has_params)
         {
-          const auto funs = get_function(t_name);
+          uint_fast32_t loc = t_loc.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+          const auto funs = get_function(t_name, loc);
+          if (funs.first != loc) t_loc.store(uint_fast32_t(funs.first), std::memory_order_relaxed);
 
           const auto do_attribute_call = 
             [this](int l_num_params, const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &l_params, const std::vector<Proxy_Function> &l_funs, const Type_Conversions &l_conversions)->Boxed_Value
             {
               std::vector<Boxed_Value> attr_params{l_params.begin(), l_params.begin() + l_num_params};
-              std::vector<Boxed_Value> remaining_params{l_params.begin() + l_num_params, l_params.end()};
               Boxed_Value bv = dispatch::dispatch(l_funs, attr_params, l_conversions);
-              if (!remaining_params.empty() || bv.get_type_info().bare_equal(user_type<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base>())) {
-                return (*boxed_cast<const dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base *>(bv))(remaining_params, l_conversions);
+              if (l_num_params < int(l_params.size()) || bv.get_type_info().bare_equal(user_type<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base>())) {
+                struct This_Foist {
+                  This_Foist(Dispatch_Engine &e, const Boxed_Value &t_bv) : m_e(e) {
+                    m_e.get().new_scope();
+                    m_e.get().add_object("__this", t_bv);
+                  }
+
+                  ~This_Foist() {
+                    m_e.get().pop_scope();
+                  }
+
+                  std::reference_wrapper<Dispatch_Engine> m_e;
+                };
+
+                This_Foist fi(*this, l_params.front());
+
+                auto func = boxed_cast<std::shared_ptr<const dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base>>(bv);
+                try {
+                  return (*func)({l_params.begin() + l_num_params, l_params.end()}, l_conversions);
+                } catch (const chaiscript::exception::bad_boxed_cast &) {
+                } catch (const chaiscript::exception::arity_error &) {
+                } catch (const chaiscript::exception::guard_error &) {
+                }
+                throw chaiscript::exception::dispatch_error({l_params.begin() + l_num_params, l_params.end()}, std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function>{func});
               } else {
                 return bv;
               }
             };
 
-          if (is_attribute_call(funs, params, t_has_params)) {
-            return do_attribute_call(1, params, funs, m_conversions);
+          if (is_attribute_call(*funs.second, params, t_has_params)) {
+            return do_attribute_call(1, params, *funs.second, m_conversions);
           } else {
             std::exception_ptr except;
 
-            if (!funs.empty()) {
+            if (!funs.second->empty()) {
               try {
-                return dispatch::dispatch(funs, params, m_conversions);
+                return dispatch::dispatch(*funs.second, params, m_conversions);
               } catch(chaiscript::exception::dispatch_error&) {
                 except = std::current_exception();
               }
@@ -868,7 +978,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
             const auto functions = [&]()->std::vector<Proxy_Function> {
               std::vector<Proxy_Function> fs;
 
-              for (const auto &f : get_function("method_missing"))
+              const auto method_missing_funs = get_method_missing_functions();
+
+              for (const auto &f : *method_missing_funs)
               {
                 if(f->compare_first_type(params[0], m_conversions)) {
                   fs.push_back(f);
@@ -890,12 +1002,17 @@ namespace chaiscript
             }();
 
             if (!functions.empty()) {
-              if (is_no_param) {
-                std::vector<Boxed_Value> tmp_params(params);
-                tmp_params.insert(tmp_params.begin() + 1, var(t_name));
-                return do_attribute_call(2, tmp_params, functions, m_conversions);
-              } else {
-                return dispatch::dispatch(functions, {params[0], var(t_name), var(std::vector<Boxed_Value>(params.begin()+1, params.end()))}, m_conversions);
+              try {
+                if (is_no_param) {
+                  std::vector<Boxed_Value> tmp_params(params);
+                  tmp_params.insert(tmp_params.begin() + 1, var(t_name));
+                  return do_attribute_call(2, tmp_params, functions, m_conversions);
+                } else {
+                  return dispatch::dispatch(functions, {params[0], var(t_name), var(std::vector<Boxed_Value>(params.begin()+1, params.end()))}, m_conversions);
+                }
+              } catch (const dispatch::option_explicit_set &e) {
+                throw chaiscript::exception::dispatch_error(params, std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function>(funs.second->begin(), funs.second->end()), 
+                    e.what());
               }
             }
 
@@ -904,7 +1021,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
             if (except) {
               std::rethrow_exception(except);
             } else {
-              throw chaiscript::exception::dispatch_error(params, std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function>(funs.begin(), funs.end()));
+              throw chaiscript::exception::dispatch_error(params, std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function>(funs.second->begin(), funs.second->end()));
             }
           }
         }
@@ -914,30 +1031,14 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
 
 
-        Boxed_Value call_function(const std::string &t_name, const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params) const
+        Boxed_Value call_function(const std::string &t_name, std::atomic_uint_fast32_t &t_loc, const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params) const
         {
-          Boxed_Value bv = dispatch::dispatch(get_function(t_name), params, m_conversions);
-          // the result of a clone is never to be marked as a return_value
-          if (t_name == "clone") {
-            bv.reset_return_value();
-          }
-          return bv;
+          uint_fast32_t loc = t_loc.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+          const auto funs = get_function(t_name, loc);
+          if (funs.first != loc) t_loc.store(uint_fast32_t(funs.first), std::memory_order_relaxed);
+          return dispatch::dispatch(*funs.second, params, m_conversions);
         }
 
-        Boxed_Value call_function(const std::string &t_name) const
-        {
-          return call_function(t_name, std::vector<Boxed_Value>());
-        }
-
-        Boxed_Value call_function(const std::string &t_name, Boxed_Value p1) const
-        {
-          return call_function(t_name, std::vector<Boxed_Value>({std::move(p1)}));
-        }
-
-        Boxed_Value call_function(const std::string &t_name, Boxed_Value p1, Boxed_Value p2) const
-        {
-          return call_function(t_name, std::vector<Boxed_Value>({std::move(p1), std::move(p2)}));
-        }
 
         /// Dump object info to stdout
         void dump_object(const Boxed_Value &o) const
@@ -1048,7 +1149,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
         State get_state() const
         {
           chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l(m_mutex);
-          chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l2(m_global_object_mutex);
 
           return m_state;
         }
@@ -1056,61 +1156,83 @@ namespace chaiscript
         void set_state(const State &t_state)
         {
           chaiscript::detail::threading::unique_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l(m_mutex);
-          chaiscript::detail::threading::unique_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l2(m_global_object_mutex);
 
           m_state = t_state;
         }
 
+        void save_function_params(Stack_Holder &t_s, std::initializer_list<Boxed_Value> t_params)
+        {
+          t_s.call_params.back().insert(t_s.call_params.back().begin(), std::move(t_params));
+        }
+
+        void save_function_params(Stack_Holder &t_s, std::vector<Boxed_Value> &&t_params)
+        {
+          for (auto &&param : t_params)
+          {
+            t_s.call_params.back().insert(t_s.call_params.back().begin(), std::move(param));
+          }
+        }
+
+        void save_function_params(Stack_Holder &t_s, const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &t_params)
+        {
+          t_s.call_params.back().insert(t_s.call_params.back().begin(), t_params.begin(), t_params.end());
+        }
+
         void save_function_params(std::initializer_list<Boxed_Value> t_params)
         {
-          Stack_Holder &s = *m_stack_holder;
-          s.call_params.back().insert(s.call_params.back().begin(), std::move(t_params));
+          save_function_params(*m_stack_holder, std::move(t_params));
         }
 
         void save_function_params(std::vector<Boxed_Value> &&t_params)
         {
-          Stack_Holder &s = *m_stack_holder;
-
-          for (auto &&param : t_params)
-          {
-            s.call_params.back().insert(s.call_params.back().begin(), std::move(param));
-          }
+          save_function_params(*m_stack_holder, std::move(t_params));
         }
 
         void save_function_params(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &t_params)
         {
-          Stack_Holder &s = *m_stack_holder;
-          s.call_params.back().insert(s.call_params.back().begin(), t_params.begin(), t_params.end());
+          save_function_params(*m_stack_holder, t_params);
         }
 
-        void new_function_call()
+        void new_function_call(Stack_Holder &t_s)
         {
-          Stack_Holder &s = *m_stack_holder;
-          if (s.call_depth == 0)
+          if (t_s.call_depth == 0)
           {
             m_conversions.enable_conversion_saves(true);
           }
 
-          ++s.call_depth;
+          ++t_s.call_depth;
 
           save_function_params(m_conversions.take_saves());
         }
 
-        void pop_function_call()
+        void pop_function_call(Stack_Holder &t_s)
         {
-          Stack_Holder &s = *m_stack_holder;
-          --s.call_depth;
+          --t_s.call_depth;
 
-          assert(s.call_depth >= 0);
+          assert(t_s.call_depth >= 0);
 
-          if (s.call_depth == 0)
+          if (t_s.call_depth == 0)
           {
-            s.call_params.back().clear();
+            t_s.call_params.back().clear();
             m_conversions.enable_conversion_saves(false);
           }
         }
 
-      private:
+        void new_function_call()
+        {
+          new_function_call(*m_stack_holder);
+        }
+
+        void pop_function_call()
+        {
+          pop_function_call(*m_stack_holder);
+        }
+
+        Stack_Holder &get_stack_holder()
+        {
+          return *m_stack_holder;
+        }
+
         /// Returns the current stack
         /// make const/non const versions
         const StackData &get_stack_data() const
@@ -1118,27 +1240,44 @@ namespace chaiscript
           return m_stack_holder->stacks.back();
         }
 
+        StackData &get_stack_data(Stack_Holder &t_holder)
+        {
+          return t_holder.stacks.back();
+        }
+
         StackData &get_stack_data()
         {
           return m_stack_holder->stacks.back();
         }
 
-        const std::map<std::string, Proxy_Function> &get_function_objects_int() const
+      private:
+
+        const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, Boxed_Value>> &get_boxed_functions_int() const
+        {
+          return m_state.m_boxed_functions;
+        }
+
+        std::vector<std::pair<std::string, Boxed_Value>> &get_boxed_functions_int() 
+        {
+          return m_state.m_boxed_functions;
+        }
+
+        const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, Proxy_Function>> &get_function_objects_int() const
         {
           return m_state.m_function_objects;
         }
 
-        std::map<std::string, Proxy_Function> &get_function_objects_int() 
+        std::vector<std::pair<std::string, Proxy_Function>> &get_function_objects_int() 
         {
           return m_state.m_function_objects;
         }
 
-        const std::map<std::string, std::vector<Proxy_Function> > &get_functions_int() const
+        const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::shared_ptr<std::vector<Proxy_Function>>>> &get_functions_int() const
         {
           return m_state.m_functions;
         }
 
-        std::map<std::string, std::vector<Proxy_Function> > &get_functions_int() 
+        std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::shared_ptr<std::vector<Proxy_Function>>>> &get_functions_int() 
         {
           return m_state.m_functions;
         }
@@ -1175,8 +1314,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
           const auto lhssize = lhsparamtypes.size();
           const auto rhssize = rhsparamtypes.size();
 
-          CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR auto boxed_type = user_type<Boxed_Value>();
-          CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR auto boxed_pod_type = user_type<Boxed_Number>();
+#ifdef CHAISCRIPT_HAS_MAGIC_STATICS
+          static auto boxed_type = user_type<Boxed_Value>();
+          static auto boxed_pod_type = user_type<Boxed_Number>();
+#else
+          auto boxed_type = user_type<Boxed_Value>();
+          auto boxed_pod_type = user_type<Boxed_Number>();
+#endif
 
           for (size_t i = 1; i < lhssize && i < rhssize; ++i)
           {
@@ -1247,6 +1391,49 @@ namespace chaiscript
           }
         }
 
+        template<typename Container, typename Key, typename Value>
+          static void add_keyed_value(Container &t_c, const Key &t_key, Value &&t_value)
+          {
+            auto itr = find_keyed_value(t_c, t_key);
+
+            if (itr == t_c.end()) {
+              t_c.reserve(t_c.size() + 1); // tightly control growth of memory usage here
+              t_c.emplace_back(t_key, std::forward<Value>(t_value));
+            } else {
+              typedef typename Container::value_type value_type;
+              *itr = value_type(t_key, std::forward<Value>(t_value));
+            }
+          }
+
+        template<typename Container, typename Key>
+        static typename Container::iterator find_keyed_value(Container &t_c, const Key &t_key)
+          {
+            return std::find_if(t_c.begin(), t_c.end(), 
+                [&t_key](const typename Container::value_type &o) {
+                  return o.first == t_key;
+                });
+          }
+
+        template<typename Container, typename Key>
+        static typename Container::const_iterator find_keyed_value(const Container &t_c, const Key &t_key)
+          {
+            return std::find_if(t_c.begin(), t_c.end(), 
+                [&t_key](const typename Container::value_type &o) {
+                  return o.first == t_key;
+                });
+          }
+
+        template<typename Container, typename Key>
+        static typename Container::const_iterator find_keyed_value(const Container &t_c, const Key &t_key, const size_t t_hint)
+          {
+            if (t_c.size() > t_hint && t_c[t_hint].first == t_key) {
+              return t_c.begin() + t_hint;
+            } else {
+              return find_keyed_value(t_c, t_key);
+            }
+          }
+
+
         /// Implementation detail for adding a function. 
         /// \throws exception::name_conflict_error if there's a function matching the given one being added
         void add_function(const Proxy_Function &t_f, const std::string &t_name)
@@ -1255,64 +1442,82 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
           auto &funcs = get_functions_int();
 
-          auto itr = funcs.find(t_name);
+          auto itr = find_keyed_value(funcs, t_name);
 
-          auto &func_objs = get_function_objects_int();
-
-          if (itr != funcs.end())
-          {
-            auto &vec = itr->second;
-            for (const auto &func : vec)
-            {
-              if ((*t_f) == *(func))
+          Proxy_Function new_func =
+            [&]() -> Proxy_Function {
+              if (itr != funcs.end())
               {
-                throw chaiscript::exception::name_conflict_error(t_name);
+                auto vec = *itr->second;
+                for (const auto &func : vec)
+                {
+                  if ((*t_f) == *(func))
+                  {
+                    throw chaiscript::exception::name_conflict_error(t_name);
+                  }
+                }
+
+                vec.reserve(vec.size() + 1); // tightly control vec growth
+                vec.push_back(t_f);
+                std::stable_sort(vec.begin(), vec.end(), &function_less_than);
+                itr->second = std::make_shared<std::vector<Proxy_Function>>(vec);
+                return std::make_shared<Dispatch_Function>(std::move(vec));
+              } else if (t_f->has_arithmetic_param()) {
+                // if the function is the only function but it also contains
+                // arithmetic operators, we must wrap it in a dispatch function
+                // to allow for automatic arithmetic type conversions
+                std::vector<Proxy_Function> vec({t_f});
+                funcs.emplace_back(t_name, std::make_shared<std::vector<Proxy_Function>>(vec));
+                return std::make_shared<Dispatch_Function>(std::move(vec));
+              } else {
+                funcs.emplace_back(t_name, std::make_shared<std::vector<Proxy_Function>>(std::initializer_list<Proxy_Function>({t_f})));
+                return t_f;
               }
-            }
-
-            vec.push_back(t_f);
-            std::stable_sort(vec.begin(), vec.end(), &function_less_than);
-            func_objs[t_name] = std::make_shared<Dispatch_Function>(vec);
-          } else if (t_f->has_arithmetic_param()) {
-            // if the function is the only function but it also contains
-            // arithmetic operators, we must wrap it in a dispatch function
-            // to allow for automatic arithmetic type conversions
-            std::vector<Proxy_Function> vec({t_f});
-            funcs.insert(std::make_pair(t_name, vec));
-            func_objs[t_name] = std::make_shared<Dispatch_Function>(std::move(vec));
-          } else {
-            funcs.insert(std::make_pair(t_name, std::vector<Proxy_Function>{t_f}));
-            func_objs[t_name] = t_f;
-          }
-
+            }();
 
+          add_keyed_value(get_boxed_functions_int(), t_name, const_var(new_func));
+          add_keyed_value(get_function_objects_int(), t_name, std::move(new_func));
         }
 
         mutable chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex m_mutex;
-        mutable chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex m_global_object_mutex;
 
-        struct Stack_Holder
-        {
-          Stack_Holder()
-            : call_depth(0)
-          {
-            stacks.emplace_back(1);
-            call_params.emplace_back();
-          }
-
-          std::deque<StackData> stacks;
-
-          std::deque<std::list<Boxed_Value>> call_params;
-          int call_depth;
-        };
 
         Type_Conversions m_conversions;
         chaiscript::detail::threading::Thread_Storage<Stack_Holder> m_stack_holder;
 
+        mutable std::atomic_uint_fast32_t m_method_missing_loc;
 
         State m_state;
+    };
 
-        Boxed_Value m_place_holder;
+    class Dispatch_State
+    {
+      public:
+        Dispatch_State(Dispatch_Engine &t_engine)
+          : m_engine(t_engine),
+            m_stack_holder(t_engine.get_stack_holder())
+        {
+        }
+
+        Dispatch_Engine *operator->() const {
+          return &m_engine.get();
+        }
+
+        Dispatch_Engine &operator*() const {
+          return m_engine.get();
+        }
+
+        Stack_Holder &stack_holder() const {
+          return m_stack_holder.get();
+        }
+
+        void add_object(const std::string &t_name, Boxed_Value obj) const {
+          m_engine.get().add_object(t_name, std::move(obj), m_stack_holder.get());
+        }
+
+      private:
+        std::reference_wrapper<Dispatch_Engine> m_engine;
+        std::reference_wrapper<Stack_Holder> m_stack_holder;
     };
   }
 }

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/dynamic_object.hpp

@@ -24,23 +24,53 @@ namespace chaiscript
 {
   namespace dispatch
   {
+    struct option_explicit_set : std::runtime_error {
+      option_explicit_set(const std::string &t_param_name)
+        : std::runtime_error("option explicit set and parameter '" + t_param_name + "' does not exist")
+      {
+
+      }
+
+      virtual ~option_explicit_set() CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT {}
+    };
+
     class Dynamic_Object
     {
       public:
         Dynamic_Object(std::string t_type_name)
-          : m_type_name(std::move(t_type_name))
+          : m_type_name(std::move(t_type_name)), m_option_explicit(false)
         {
         }
 
-        Dynamic_Object() : m_type_name("")
+        Dynamic_Object() : m_type_name(""), m_option_explicit(false)
         {
         }
 
+        bool is_explicit() const
+        {
+          return m_option_explicit;
+        }
+
+        void set_explicit(const bool t_explicit)
+        {
+          m_option_explicit = t_explicit;
+        }
+
         std::string get_type_name() const
         {
           return m_type_name;
         }
 
+        const Boxed_Value &operator[](const std::string &t_attr_name) const
+        {
+          return get_attr(t_attr_name);
+        }
+
+        Boxed_Value &operator[](const std::string &t_attr_name)
+        {
+          return get_attr(t_attr_name);
+        }
+
         const Boxed_Value &get_attr(const std::string &t_attr_name) const
         {
           auto a = m_attrs.find(t_attr_name);
@@ -59,11 +89,19 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
         Boxed_Value &method_missing(const std::string &t_method_name)
         {
+          if (m_option_explicit && m_attrs.find(t_method_name) == m_attrs.end()) {
+            throw option_explicit_set(t_method_name);
+          }
+
           return get_attr(t_method_name);
         }
 
         const Boxed_Value &method_missing(const std::string &t_method_name) const
         {
+          if (m_option_explicit && m_attrs.find(t_method_name) == m_attrs.end()) {
+            throw option_explicit_set(t_method_name);
+          }
+
           return get_attr(t_method_name);
         }
 
@@ -75,6 +113,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
       private:
         std::string m_type_name;
+        bool m_option_explicit;
 
         std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value> m_attrs;
     };

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/dynamic_object_detail.hpp

@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         protected:
           virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
           {
-            auto bv = var(Dynamic_Object(m_type_name));
+            auto bv = Boxed_Value(Dynamic_Object(m_type_name), true);
             std::vector<Boxed_Value> new_params{bv};
             new_params.insert(new_params.end(), params.begin(), params.end());
 

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/function_call.hpp

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include "boxed_cast.hpp"
 #include "function_call_detail.hpp"
 #include "proxy_functions.hpp"
+#include "callable_traits.hpp"
 
 namespace chaiscript {
 class Boxed_Value;
@@ -37,6 +38,15 @@ namespace chaiscript
       std::function<FunctionType>
       functor(const std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function> &funcs, const Type_Conversions *t_conversions)
       {
+        const bool has_arity_match = std::any_of(funcs.begin(), funcs.end(),
+            [](const Const_Proxy_Function &f) {
+              return f->get_arity() == -1 || size_t(f->get_arity()) == chaiscript::dispatch::detail::Arity<FunctionType>::arity;
+            });
+
+        if (!has_arity_match) {
+          throw exception::bad_boxed_cast(user_type<Const_Proxy_Function>(), typeid(std::function<FunctionType>));
+        }
+
         FunctionType *p=nullptr;
         return detail::build_function_caller_helper(p, funcs, t_conversions);
       }

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/function_call_detail.hpp

@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
         struct Function_Caller_Ret
         {
           static Ret call(const std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function> &t_funcs, 
-              const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
+              const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions *t_conversions)
           {
-            return boxed_cast<Ret>(dispatch::dispatch(t_funcs, params, t_conversions));
+            return boxed_cast<Ret>(dispatch::dispatch(t_funcs, params, t_conversions?*t_conversions:Type_Conversions()), t_conversions);
           }
         };
 
@@ -44,9 +44,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
         struct Function_Caller_Ret<Ret, true>
         {
           static Ret call(const std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function> &t_funcs, 
-              const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
+              const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions *t_conversions)
           {
-            return Boxed_Number(dispatch::dispatch(t_funcs, params, t_conversions)).get_as<Ret>();
+            return Boxed_Number(dispatch::dispatch(t_funcs, params, t_conversions?*t_conversions:Type_Conversions())).get_as<Ret>();
           }
         };
 
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
         struct Function_Caller_Ret<void, false>
         {
           static void call(const std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function> &t_funcs, 
-              const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
+              const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions *t_conversions)
           {
-            dispatch::dispatch(t_funcs, params, t_conversions);
+            dispatch::dispatch(t_funcs, params, t_conversions?*t_conversions:Type_Conversions());
           }
         };
 
@@ -70,31 +70,53 @@ namespace chaiscript
       template<typename Ret, typename ... Param>
         struct Build_Function_Caller_Helper
         {
-          Build_Function_Caller_Helper(std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function> t_funcs, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
+          Build_Function_Caller_Helper(std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function> t_funcs, const Type_Conversions *t_conversions)
             : m_funcs(std::move(t_funcs)),
               m_conversions(t_conversions)
           {
           }
 
-          Ret operator()(Param...param)
+          template<typename ... P>
+          Ret operator()(P&&  ...  param)
           {
             return Function_Caller_Ret<Ret, std::is_arithmetic<Ret>::value && !std::is_same<Ret, bool>::value>::call(m_funcs, { 
-                (std::is_reference<Param>::value&&!(std::is_same<chaiscript::Boxed_Value, typename std::remove_const<typename std::remove_reference<Param>::type>::type>::value))?Boxed_Value(std::ref(param)):Boxed_Value(param)... 
+                box<P>(std::forward<P>(param))...
                 }, m_conversions
 
                 );
 
           }
 
+          template<typename P, typename Q>
+          static auto box(Q&& q) -> typename std::enable_if<std::is_reference<P>::value&&!std::is_same<chaiscript::Boxed_Value, typename std::remove_const<typename std::remove_reference<P>::type>::type>::value, Boxed_Value>::type
+          {
+            return Boxed_Value(std::ref(std::forward<Q>(q)));
+          }
+
+          template<typename P, typename Q>
+          static auto box(Q&& q) -> typename std::enable_if<!std::is_reference<P>::value&&!std::is_same<chaiscript::Boxed_Value, typename std::remove_const<typename std::remove_reference<P>::type>::type>::value, Boxed_Value>::type
+          {
+            return Boxed_Value(std::forward<Q>(q));
+          }
+
+          template<typename P>
+          static Boxed_Value box(Boxed_Value bv)
+          {
+            return bv;
+          }
+
+
           std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function> m_funcs;
-          Type_Conversions m_conversions;
+          const Type_Conversions *m_conversions;
         };
 
 
 
+      /// \todo what happens if t_conversions is deleted out from under us?!
       template<typename Ret, typename ... Params>
         std::function<Ret (Params...)> build_function_caller_helper(Ret (Params...), const std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function> &funcs, const Type_Conversions *t_conversions)
         {
+          /*
           if (funcs.size() == 1)
           {
             std::shared_ptr<const Proxy_Function_Impl<Ret (Params...)>> pfi = 
@@ -108,8 +130,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
             // looks like this either wasn't a Proxy_Function_Impl or the types didn't match
             // we cannot make any other guesses or assumptions really, so continuing
           }
+*/
 
-          return std::function<Ret (Params...)>(Build_Function_Caller_Helper<Ret, Params...>(funcs, t_conversions?*t_conversions:Type_Conversions()));
+          return std::function<Ret (Params...)>(Build_Function_Caller_Helper<Ret, Params...>(funcs, t_conversions));
         }
     }
   }

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/handle_return.hpp

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@
 
 #include <functional>
 #include <memory>
-#include <string>
 #include <type_traits>
 
 #include "boxed_number.hpp"
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 {
   namespace dispatch
   {
-    template<class T> class Proxy_Function_Impl;
+    template<class T, class U> class Proxy_Function_Callable_Impl;
     template<class T> class Assignable_Proxy_Function_Impl;
 
     namespace detail
@@ -54,9 +53,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         {
           static Boxed_Value handle(const std::function<Ret> &f) {
             return Boxed_Value(
-                std::shared_ptr<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base>(
-                  new dispatch::Proxy_Function_Impl<Ret>(f)
-                )
+                chaiscript::make_shared<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, dispatch::Proxy_Function_Callable_Impl<Ret, std::function<Ret>>>(f)
               );
           }
         };
@@ -66,10 +63,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
         {
           static Boxed_Value handle(const std::function<Ret> &f) {
             return Boxed_Value(
-                std::shared_ptr<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base>(
-                  new Proxy_Function_Impl<Ret>(f)
-                  )
-                );
+                chaiscript::make_shared<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, dispatch::Proxy_Function_Callable_Impl<Ret, std::function<Ret>>>(f)
+              );
           }
         };
 
@@ -78,12 +73,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         {
           static Boxed_Value handle(const std::shared_ptr<std::function<Ret>> &f) {
             return Boxed_Value(
-                std::shared_ptr<Proxy_Function_Base>(
-                  new Assignable_Proxy_Function_Impl<Ret>(
-                    std::ref(*f),
-                    f
-                    )
-                  )
+                chaiscript::make_shared<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, dispatch::Assignable_Proxy_Function_Impl<Ret>>(std::ref(*f),f)
                 );
           }
         };
@@ -93,13 +83,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
         {
           static Boxed_Value handle(const std::shared_ptr<std::function<Ret>> &f) {
             return Boxed_Value(
-                std::shared_ptr<Proxy_Function_Base>(
-                  new Assignable_Proxy_Function_Impl<Ret>(
-                    std::ref(*f),
-                    f
-                    )
-                  )
-                );
+                chaiscript::make_shared<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, dispatch::Assignable_Proxy_Function_Impl<Ret>>(std::ref(*f),f)
+              );
           }
         };
 
@@ -108,13 +93,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
         {
           static Boxed_Value handle(const std::shared_ptr<std::function<Ret>> &f) {
             return Boxed_Value(
-                std::shared_ptr<Proxy_Function_Base>(
-                  new Assignable_Proxy_Function_Impl<Ret>(
-                    std::ref(*f),
-                    f
-                    )
-                  )
-                );
+                chaiscript::make_shared<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, dispatch::Assignable_Proxy_Function_Impl<Ret>>(std::ref(*f),f)
+              );
           }
         };
 
@@ -123,20 +103,14 @@ namespace chaiscript
         {
           static Boxed_Value handle(std::function<Ret> &f) {
             return Boxed_Value(
-                std::shared_ptr<Proxy_Function_Base>(
-                  new Assignable_Proxy_Function_Impl<Ret>(
-                    std::ref(f),
-                    std::shared_ptr<std::function<Ret>>()
-                    )
-                  )
-                );
+                chaiscript::make_shared<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, dispatch::Assignable_Proxy_Function_Impl<Ret>>(std::ref(f),
+                  std::shared_ptr<std::function<Ret>>())
+              );
           }
 
           static Boxed_Value handle(const std::function<Ret> &f) {
             return Boxed_Value(
-                std::shared_ptr<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base>(
-                  new dispatch::Proxy_Function_Impl<Ret>(f)
-                )
+                chaiscript::make_shared<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, dispatch::Proxy_Function_Callable_Impl<Ret, std::function<Ret>>>(f)
               );
           }
         };

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/proxy_constructors.hpp

@@ -16,21 +16,14 @@ namespace chaiscript
   {
     namespace detail
     {
-      /**
-       * A constructor function, used for creating a new object
-       * of a given type with a given set of params
-       */
-      template<typename Class, typename ... Params>
-        std::shared_ptr<Class> constructor_(Params ... params)
-        {
-          return std::make_shared<Class>(params...);
-        }
 
       template<typename Class, typename ... Params  >
         Proxy_Function build_constructor_(Class (*)(Params...))
         {
-          typedef std::shared_ptr<Class> (sig)(Params...);
-          return Proxy_Function(static_cast<Proxy_Function_Impl_Base *>(new Proxy_Function_Impl<sig>(std::function<sig>(&(constructor_<Class, Params...>)))));
+          auto call = dispatch::detail::Constructor<Class, Params...>();
+
+          return Proxy_Function(
+            chaiscript::make_shared<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, dispatch::Proxy_Function_Callable_Impl<std::shared_ptr<Class> (Params...), decltype(call)>>(call));
         }
     }
   }

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/proxy_functions.hpp

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <vector>
+#include <iterator>
 
 #include "../chaiscript_defines.hpp"
 #include "boxed_cast.hpp"
@@ -148,7 +149,11 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
         Boxed_Value operator()(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const chaiscript::Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const
         {
-          return do_call(params, t_conversions);
+          if (m_arity < 0 || size_t(m_arity) == params.size()) {
+            return do_call(params, t_conversions);
+          } else {
+            throw exception::arity_error(static_cast<int>(params.size()), m_arity);
+          }
         }
 
         /// Returns a vector containing all of the types of the parameters the function returns/takes
@@ -183,10 +188,10 @@ namespace chaiscript
             if (m_arity == 0)
             {
               return true;
-            } else if (m_arity > 1 && m_types.size() > 1) {
-              return compare_first_type(vals[0], t_conversions) && compare_type_to_param(m_types[2], vals[1], t_conversions);
+            } else if (m_arity > 1) {
+              return compare_type_to_param(m_types[1], vals[0], t_conversions) && compare_type_to_param(m_types[2], vals[1], t_conversions);
             } else {
-              return compare_first_type(vals[0], t_conversions);
+              return compare_type_to_param(m_types[1], vals[0], t_conversions);
             }
           } else {
             return false;
@@ -206,7 +211,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           if (ti.is_undef() 
               || ti.bare_equal(user_type<Boxed_Value>())
               || (!bv.get_type_info().is_undef()
-                && (ti.bare_equal(user_type<Boxed_Number>())
+                && ( (ti.bare_equal(user_type<Boxed_Number>()) && bv.get_type_info().is_arithmetic())
                   || ti.bare_equal(bv.get_type_info())
                   || bv.get_type_info().bare_equal(user_type<std::shared_ptr<const Proxy_Function_Base> >())
                   || t_conversions.converts(ti, bv.get_type_info()) 
@@ -243,7 +248,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         }
 
 
-        static bool compare_types(const std::vector<Type_Info> &tis, const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &bvs)
+        static bool compare_types(const std::vector<Type_Info> &tis, const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &bvs, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
         {
           if (tis.size() - 1 != bvs.size())
           {
@@ -252,10 +257,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
             const size_t size = bvs.size();
             for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
             {
-              if (!(tis[i+1].bare_equal(bvs[i].get_type_info()) && tis[i+1].is_const() >= bvs[i].get_type_info().is_const() ))
-              {
-                return false;
-              }
+              if (!compare_type_to_param(tis[i + 1], bvs[i], t_conversions)) { return false;  }
             }
           }
           return true;
@@ -301,7 +303,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
     {
       public:
         Dynamic_Proxy_Function(
-            std::function<Boxed_Value (const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &)> t_f, 
             int t_arity=-1,
             AST_NodePtr t_parsenode = AST_NodePtr(),
             Param_Types t_param_types = Param_Types(),
@@ -309,8 +310,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
             Proxy_Function t_guard = Proxy_Function())
           : Proxy_Function_Base(build_param_type_list(t_param_types), t_arity),
             m_param_types(std::move(t_param_types)),
-            m_guard(std::move(t_guard)), m_parsenode(std::move(t_parsenode)), m_description(std::move(t_description)), 
-            m_f(std::move(t_f))
+            m_guard(std::move(t_guard)), m_parsenode(std::move(t_parsenode)), m_description(std::move(t_description))
         {
         }
 
@@ -349,24 +349,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
           return m_description;
         }
 
+
       protected:
-        virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
-        {
-          if (m_arity < 0 || params.size() == size_t(m_arity))
-          {
-            if (call_match(params, t_conversions) && test_guard(params, t_conversions))
-            {
-              return m_f(params);
-            } else {
-              throw exception::guard_error();
-            }
-
-          } else {
-            throw exception::arity_error(static_cast<int>(params.size()), m_arity);
-          } 
-        }
-
-      private:
         bool test_guard(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const
         {
           if (m_guard)
@@ -383,12 +367,11 @@ namespace chaiscript
           }
         }
 
+      private:
         static std::vector<Type_Info> build_param_type_list(const Param_Types &t_types)
         {
-          std::vector<Type_Info> types;
-
           // For the return type
-          types.push_back(chaiscript::detail::Get_Type_Info<Boxed_Value>::get());
+          std::vector<Type_Info> types{chaiscript::detail::Get_Type_Info<Boxed_Value>::get()};
 
           for (const auto &t : t_types.types())
           {
@@ -406,9 +389,58 @@ namespace chaiscript
         Proxy_Function m_guard;
         AST_NodePtr m_parsenode;
         std::string m_description;
-        std::function<Boxed_Value (const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &)> m_f;
     };
 
+
+
+    template<typename Callable>
+    class Dynamic_Proxy_Function_Impl : public Dynamic_Proxy_Function
+    {
+      public:
+        Dynamic_Proxy_Function_Impl(
+            Callable t_f, 
+            int t_arity=-1,
+            AST_NodePtr t_parsenode = AST_NodePtr(),
+            Param_Types t_param_types = Param_Types(),
+            std::string t_description = "",
+            Proxy_Function t_guard = Proxy_Function())
+          : Dynamic_Proxy_Function(
+                t_arity,
+                std::move(t_parsenode),
+                std::move(t_param_types),
+                std::move(t_description),
+                std::move(t_guard)
+              ),
+            m_f(std::move(t_f))
+        {
+        }
+
+        virtual ~Dynamic_Proxy_Function_Impl() {}
+
+
+      protected:
+        virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        {
+          if (call_match(params, t_conversions) && test_guard(params, t_conversions))
+          {
+            return m_f(params);
+          } else {
+            throw exception::guard_error();
+          }
+        }
+
+      private:
+
+        Callable m_f;
+    };
+
+    template<typename Callable, typename ... Arg>
+    Proxy_Function make_dynamic_proxy_function(Callable &&c, Arg&& ... a)
+    {
+      return chaiscript::make_shared<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, dispatch::Dynamic_Proxy_Function_Impl<Callable>>(
+          std::forward<Callable>(c), std::forward<Arg>(a)...);
+    }
+
     /// An object used by Bound_Function to represent "_" parameters
     /// of a binding. This allows for unbound parameters during bind.
     struct Placeholder_Object
@@ -543,54 +575,50 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
         virtual bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
         {
-          return static_cast<int>(vals.size()) == get_arity() && (compare_types(m_types, vals) || compare_types_with_cast(vals, t_conversions));
+          return static_cast<int>(vals.size()) == get_arity() && (compare_types(m_types, vals, t_conversions) && compare_types_with_cast(vals, t_conversions));
         }
 
         virtual bool compare_types_with_cast(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const = 0;
     };
 
-    /// The standard typesafe function call implementation of Proxy_Function
-    /// It takes a std::function<> object and performs runtime 
-    /// type checking of Boxed_Value parameters, in a type safe manner
-    template<typename Func>
-      class Proxy_Function_Impl : public Proxy_Function_Impl_Base
+
+
+    /// For any callable object
+    template<typename Func, typename Callable>
+      class Proxy_Function_Callable_Impl : public Proxy_Function_Impl_Base
     {
       public:
-        Proxy_Function_Impl(std::function<Func> f)
+        Proxy_Function_Callable_Impl(Callable f)
           : Proxy_Function_Impl_Base(detail::build_param_type_list(static_cast<Func *>(nullptr))),
-            m_f(std::move(f)), m_dummy_func(nullptr)
+            m_f(std::move(f))
         {
         }
 
-        virtual ~Proxy_Function_Impl() {}
+        virtual ~Proxy_Function_Callable_Impl() {}
 
         virtual bool compare_types_with_cast(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
         {
-          return detail::compare_types_cast(m_dummy_func, vals, t_conversions);
+          return detail::compare_types_cast(static_cast<Func *>(nullptr), vals, t_conversions);
         }
 
         virtual bool operator==(const Proxy_Function_Base &t_func) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
         {
-          return dynamic_cast<const Proxy_Function_Impl<Func> *>(&t_func) != nullptr;
+          return dynamic_cast<const Proxy_Function_Callable_Impl<Func, Callable> *>(&t_func) != nullptr;
         }
 
-        std::function<Func> internal_function() const
-        {
-          return m_f;
-        }
 
       protected:
         virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
         {
-          return detail::Do_Call<typename std::function<Func>::result_type>::go(m_f, params, t_conversions);
+          typedef typename detail::Function_Signature<Func>::Return_Type Return_Type;
+          return detail::Do_Call<Return_Type>::template go<Func>(m_f, params, t_conversions);
         }
 
-
       private:
-        std::function<Func> m_f;
-        Func *m_dummy_func;
+        Callable m_f;
     };
 
+
     class Assignable_Proxy_Function : public Proxy_Function_Impl_Base
     {
       public:
@@ -613,17 +641,16 @@ namespace chaiscript
       public:
         Assignable_Proxy_Function_Impl(std::reference_wrapper<std::function<Func>> t_f, std::shared_ptr<std::function<Func>> t_ptr)
           : Assignable_Proxy_Function(detail::build_param_type_list(static_cast<Func *>(nullptr))),
-            m_f(std::move(t_f)), m_shared_ptr_holder(std::move(t_ptr)), m_dummy_func(nullptr)
+            m_f(std::move(t_f)), m_shared_ptr_holder(std::move(t_ptr))
         {
           assert(!m_shared_ptr_holder || m_shared_ptr_holder.get() == &m_f.get());
-
         }
 
         virtual ~Assignable_Proxy_Function_Impl() {}
 
         virtual bool compare_types_with_cast(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
         {
-          return detail::compare_types_cast(m_dummy_func, vals, t_conversions);
+          return detail::compare_types_cast(static_cast<Func *>(nullptr), vals, t_conversions);
         }
 
         virtual bool operator==(const Proxy_Function_Base &t_func) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
@@ -643,14 +670,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
       protected:
         virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
         {
-          return detail::Do_Call<typename std::function<Func>::result_type>::go(m_f.get(), params, t_conversions);
+          return detail::Do_Call<typename std::function<Func>::result_type>::template go<Func>(m_f.get(), params, t_conversions);
         }
 
 
       private:
         std::reference_wrapper<std::function<Func>> m_f;
         std::shared_ptr<std::function<Func>> m_shared_ptr_holder;
-        Func *m_dummy_func;
     };
     /// Attribute getter Proxy_Function implementation
     template<typename T, typename Class>
@@ -697,19 +723,14 @@ namespace chaiscript
       protected:
         virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
         {
-          if (params.size() == 1)
+          const Boxed_Value &bv = params[0];
+          if (bv.is_const())
           {
-            const Boxed_Value &bv = params[0];
-            if (bv.is_const())
-            {
-              const Class *o = boxed_cast<const Class *>(bv, &t_conversions);
-              return detail::Handle_Return<const typename std::add_lvalue_reference<T>::type>::handle(o->*m_attr);
-            } else {
-              Class *o = boxed_cast<Class *>(bv, &t_conversions);
-              return detail::Handle_Return<typename std::add_lvalue_reference<T>::type>::handle(o->*m_attr);
-            }
+            const Class *o = boxed_cast<const Class *>(bv, &t_conversions);
+            return detail::Handle_Return<const typename std::add_lvalue_reference<T>::type>::handle(o->*m_attr);
           } else {
-            throw exception::arity_error(static_cast<int>(params.size()), 1);
+            Class *o = boxed_cast<Class *>(bv, &t_conversions);
+            return detail::Handle_Return<typename std::add_lvalue_reference<T>::type>::handle(o->*m_attr);
           }
         }
 
@@ -739,6 +760,14 @@ namespace chaiscript
         {
         }
 
+        dispatch_error(std::vector<Boxed_Value> t_parameters, 
+            std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function> t_functions,
+            const std::string &t_desc)
+          : std::runtime_error(t_desc), parameters(std::move(t_parameters)), functions(std::move(t_functions))
+        {
+        }
+
+
         dispatch_error(const dispatch_error &) = default;
         virtual ~dispatch_error() CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT {}
 
@@ -755,49 +784,38 @@ namespace chaiscript
         bool types_match_except_for_arithmetic(const FuncType &t_func, const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &plist,
             const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
         {
-          if (t_func->get_arity() != static_cast<int>(plist.size()))
-          {
-            return false;
-          }
-
           const std::vector<Type_Info> &types = t_func->get_param_types();
 
+          if (t_func->get_arity() == -1) return false;
+
           assert(plist.size() == types.size() - 1);
 
-          for (size_t i = 0; i < plist.size(); ++i)
-          {
-            if (Proxy_Function_Base::compare_type_to_param(types[i+1], plist[i], t_conversions)
-                || (types[i+1].is_arithmetic() && plist[i].get_type_info().is_arithmetic()))
-            {
-              // types continue to match
-            } else {
-              return false;
-            }
-          }
-
-          // all types match
-          return true;
+          return std::mismatch(plist.begin(), plist.end(),
+                               types.begin()+1,
+                               [&](const Boxed_Value &bv, const Type_Info &ti) {
+                                 return Proxy_Function_Base::compare_type_to_param(ti, bv, t_conversions)
+                                       || (bv.get_type_info().is_arithmetic() && ti.is_arithmetic());
+                               }
+              ) == std::make_pair(plist.end(), types.end());
         }
 
-      template<typename InItr>
+      template<typename InItr, typename Funcs>
         Boxed_Value dispatch_with_conversions(InItr begin, const InItr &end, const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &plist, 
-            const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
+            const Type_Conversions &t_conversions, const Funcs &t_funcs)
         {
-          InItr orig(begin);
-
           InItr matching_func(end);
 
           while (begin != end)
           {
-            if (types_match_except_for_arithmetic(*begin, plist, t_conversions))
+            if (types_match_except_for_arithmetic(begin->second, plist, t_conversions))
             {
               if (matching_func == end)
               {
                 matching_func = begin;
               } else {
                 // handle const members vs non-const member, which is not really ambiguous
-                const auto &mat_fun_param_types = (*matching_func)->get_param_types();
-                const auto &next_fun_param_types = (*begin)->get_param_types();
+                const auto &mat_fun_param_types = matching_func->second->get_param_types();
+                const auto &next_fun_param_types = begin->second->get_param_types();
 
                 if (plist[0].is_const() && !mat_fun_param_types[1].is_const() && next_fun_param_types[1].is_const()) {
                   matching_func = begin; // keep the new one, the const/non-const matchup is correct
@@ -805,7 +823,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
                   // keep the old one, it has a better const/non-const matchup
                 } else {
                   // ambiguous function call
-                  throw exception::dispatch_error(plist, std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function>(orig, end));
+                  throw exception::dispatch_error(plist, std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function>(t_funcs.begin(), t_funcs.end()));
                 }
               }
             }
@@ -816,25 +834,30 @@ namespace chaiscript
           if (matching_func == end)
           {
             // no appropriate function to attempt arithmetic type conversion on
-            throw exception::dispatch_error(plist, std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function>(orig, end));
+            throw exception::dispatch_error(plist, std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function>(t_funcs.begin(), t_funcs.end()));
           }
 
 
           std::vector<Boxed_Value> newplist;
-          const std::vector<Type_Info> &tis = (*matching_func)->get_param_types();
+          newplist.reserve(plist.size());
+
+          const std::vector<Type_Info> &tis = matching_func->second->get_param_types();
+          std::transform(tis.begin() + 1, tis.end(),
+                         plist.begin(),
+                         std::back_inserter(newplist),
+                         [](const Type_Info &ti, const Boxed_Value &param) -> Boxed_Value {
+                           if (ti.is_arithmetic() && param.get_type_info().is_arithmetic()) {
+                             return Boxed_Number(param).get_as(ti).bv;
+                           } else {
+                             return param;
+                           }
+                         }
+                       );
+
 
-          for (size_t i = 0; i < plist.size(); ++i)
-          {
-            if (tis[i+1].is_arithmetic()
-                && plist[i].get_type_info().is_arithmetic()) {
-              newplist.push_back(Boxed_Number(plist[i]).get_as(tis[i+1]).bv);
-            } else {
-              newplist.push_back(plist[i]);
-            }
-          }
 
           try {
-            return (*(*matching_func))(newplist, t_conversions);
+            return (*(matching_func->second))(newplist, t_conversions);
           } catch (const exception::bad_boxed_cast &) {
             //parameter failed to cast
           } catch (const exception::arity_error &) {
@@ -843,7 +866,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
             //guard failed to allow the function to execute
           }
 
-          throw exception::dispatch_error(plist, std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function>(orig, end));
+          throw exception::dispatch_error(plist, std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function>(t_funcs.begin(), t_funcs.end()));
 
         }
     }
@@ -857,18 +880,18 @@ namespace chaiscript
       Boxed_Value dispatch(const Funcs &funcs,
           const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &plist, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
       {
-        //std::cout << "starting dispatch: " << funcs.size() << '\n';
-        std::multimap<size_t, const Proxy_Function_Base *> ordered_funcs;
+        std::vector<std::pair<size_t, const Proxy_Function_Base *>> ordered_funcs;
+        ordered_funcs.reserve(funcs.size());
 
         for (const auto &func : funcs)
         {
-          size_t numdiffs = 0;
           const auto arity = func->get_arity();
 
           if (arity == -1)
           {
-            numdiffs = plist.size();
+            ordered_funcs.emplace_back(plist.size(), func.get());
           } else if (arity == static_cast<int>(plist.size())) {
+            size_t numdiffs = 0;
             for (size_t i = 0; i < plist.size(); ++i)
             {
               if (!func->get_param_types()[i+1].bare_equal(plist[i].get_type_info()))
@@ -876,31 +899,32 @@ namespace chaiscript
                 ++numdiffs;
               }
             }
-          } else {
-            continue;
+            ordered_funcs.emplace_back(numdiffs, func.get());
           }
-
-          ordered_funcs.insert(std::make_pair(numdiffs, func.get()));
         }
 
-        for (const auto &func : ordered_funcs )
+
+        for (size_t i = 0; i <= plist.size(); ++i)
         {
-          try {
-            if (func.first == 0 || func.second->filter(plist, t_conversions))
-            {
-              return (*(func.second))(plist, t_conversions);
+          for (const auto &func : ordered_funcs )
+          {
+            try {
+              if (func.first == i && func.second->filter(plist, t_conversions))
+              {
+                return (*(func.second))(plist, t_conversions);
+              }
+            } catch (const exception::bad_boxed_cast &) {
+              //parameter failed to cast, try again
+            } catch (const exception::arity_error &) {
+              //invalid num params, try again
+            } catch (const exception::guard_error &) {
+              //guard failed to allow the function to execute,
+              //try again
             }
-          } catch (const exception::bad_boxed_cast &) {
-            //parameter failed to cast, try again
-          } catch (const exception::arity_error &) {
-            //invalid num params, try again
-          } catch (const exception::guard_error &) {
-            //guard failed to allow the function to execute,
-            //try again
           }
         }
 
-        return detail::dispatch_with_conversions(funcs.cbegin(), funcs.cend(), plist, t_conversions);
+        return detail::dispatch_with_conversions(ordered_funcs.cbegin(), ordered_funcs.cend(), plist, t_conversions, funcs);
       }
   }
 }

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/proxy_functions_detail.hpp

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include "boxed_value.hpp"
 #include "handle_return.hpp"
 #include "type_info.hpp"
+#include "callable_traits.hpp"
 
 namespace chaiscript {
 class Type_Conversions;
@@ -65,6 +66,10 @@ namespace chaiscript
         }
 
 
+#ifdef CHAISCRIPT_GCC_4_6 
+      /// \todo REMOVE THIS WHEN WE DROP G++4.6
+
+
       // Forward declaration
       template<typename ... Rest> 
         struct Try_Cast; 
@@ -97,7 +102,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       template<typename Ret, typename ... Params>
         bool compare_types_cast(Ret (*)(Params...),
              const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
-       {
+        {
           try {
             Try_Cast<Params...>::do_try(params, 0, t_conversions);
           } catch (const exception::bad_boxed_cast &) {
@@ -111,8 +116,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
         struct Call_Func
         {
 
-          template<typename ... InnerParams>
-          static Ret do_call(const std::function<Ret (Params...)> &f,
+          template<typename Callable, typename ... InnerParams>
+          static Ret do_call(const Callable &f,
               const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions, InnerParams &&... innerparams)
           {
             return Call_Func<Ret, count - 1, Params...>::do_call(f, params, t_conversions, std::forward<InnerParams>(innerparams)..., params[sizeof...(Params) - count]);
@@ -126,8 +131,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
 #pragma warning(push)
 #pragma warning(disable : 4100) /// Disable unreferenced formal parameter warning, which only shows up in MSVC I don't think there's any way around it \todo evaluate this
 #endif
-          template<typename ... InnerParams>
-            static Ret do_call(const std::function<Ret (Params...)> &f,
+          template<typename Callable, typename ... InnerParams>
+            static Ret do_call(const Callable &f,
                 const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions, InnerParams &&... innerparams)
             {
               return f(boxed_cast<Params>(std::forward<InnerParams>(innerparams), &t_conversions)...);
@@ -143,8 +148,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
        * if any unboxing fails the execution of the function fails and
        * the bad_boxed_cast is passed up to the caller.
        */
-      template<typename Ret, typename ... Params>
-        Ret call_func(const std::function<Ret (Params...)> &f,
+      template<typename Callable, typename Ret, typename ... Params>
+        Ret call_func(const chaiscript::dispatch::detail::Function_Signature<Ret (Params...)> &, const Callable &f,
             const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
         {
           if (params.size() == sizeof...(Params))
@@ -155,6 +160,82 @@ namespace chaiscript
           throw exception::arity_error(static_cast<int>(params.size()), sizeof...(Params));
         }
 
+
+
+#else
+
+      template<size_t ... I>
+      struct Indexes
+      {
+      };
+
+      template<size_t S, size_t ... I> 
+      struct Make_Indexes
+      {
+        typedef typename Make_Indexes<S-1, I..., sizeof...(I)>::indexes indexes;
+      };
+
+      template<size_t ... I>
+      struct Make_Indexes<0, I...>
+      {
+        typedef Indexes<I...> indexes;
+      };
+
+
+
+      /**
+       * Used by Proxy_Function_Impl to determine if it is equivalent to another
+       * Proxy_Function_Impl object. This function is primarily used to prevent
+       * registration of two functions with the exact same signatures
+       */
+      template<typename Ret, typename ... Params, size_t ... I>
+        bool compare_types_cast(Indexes<I...>, Ret (*)(Params...),
+             const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
+        {
+          try {
+            (void)params; (void)t_conversions;
+            (void)std::initializer_list<int>{(boxed_cast<Params>(params[I], &t_conversions), 0)...};
+            return true;
+          } catch (const exception::bad_boxed_cast &) {
+            return false;
+          }
+
+        }
+
+      template<typename Ret, typename ... Params>
+        bool compare_types_cast(Ret (*f)(Params...),
+             const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
+        {
+          typedef typename Make_Indexes<sizeof...(Params)>::indexes indexes;
+          return compare_types_cast(indexes(), f, params, t_conversions);
+        }
+
+
+      template<typename Callable, typename Ret, typename ... Params, size_t ... I>
+        Ret call_func(const chaiscript::dispatch::detail::Function_Signature<Ret (Params...)> &, Indexes<I...>, const Callable &f,
+            const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
+        {
+          (void)params; (void)t_conversions;
+          return f(boxed_cast<Params>(params[I], &t_conversions)...);
+        }
+
+
+      /**
+       * Used by Proxy_Function_Impl to perform typesafe execution of a function.
+       * The function attempts to unbox each parameter to the expected type.
+       * if any unboxing fails the execution of the function fails and
+       * the bad_boxed_cast is passed up to the caller.
+       */
+      template<typename Callable, typename Ret, typename ... Params>
+        Ret call_func(const chaiscript::dispatch::detail::Function_Signature<Ret (Params...)> &sig, const Callable &f,
+            const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
+        {
+          typedef typename Make_Indexes<sizeof...(Params)>::indexes indexes;
+          return call_func(sig, indexes(), f, params, t_conversions);
+        }
+
+#endif
+
     }
   }
 
@@ -170,20 +251,20 @@ namespace chaiscript
     template<typename Ret>
       struct Do_Call
       {
-        template<typename Fun>
-          static Boxed_Value go(const std::function<Fun> &fun, const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
+        template<typename Signature, typename Callable>
+          static Boxed_Value go(const Callable &fun, const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
           {
-            return Handle_Return<Ret>::handle(call_func(fun, params, t_conversions));
+            return Handle_Return<Ret>::handle(call_func(Function_Signature<Signature>(), fun, params, t_conversions));
           }
       };
 
     template<>
       struct Do_Call<void>
       {
-        template<typename Fun>
-          static Boxed_Value go(const std::function<Fun> &fun, const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
+        template<typename Signature, typename Callable>
+          static Boxed_Value go(const Callable &fun, const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
           {
-            call_func(fun, params, t_conversions);
+            call_func(Function_Signature<Signature>(), fun, params, t_conversions);
             return Handle_Return<void>::handle();
           }
       };

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/register_function.hpp

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 #ifndef CHAISCRIPT_REGISTER_FUNCTION_HPP_
 #define CHAISCRIPT_REGISTER_FUNCTION_HPP_
 
-#include <functional>
 #include <type_traits>
 
 #include "bind_first.hpp"
@@ -15,55 +14,6 @@
 
 namespace chaiscript
 {
-  namespace dispatch
-  {
-    namespace detail
-    {
-      template<typename T>
-        struct FunctionSignature
-        {
-        };
-
-      template<typename Sig>
-        struct FunctionSignature<std::function<Sig> >
-        {
-          typedef Sig Signature;
-        };
-
-      template<typename Ret, typename ... Args> 
-        std::function<Ret (Args...) > to_function(Ret (*func)(Args...))
-        {
-          return std::function<Ret (Args...)>(func);
-        }
-
-      template<typename Ret, typename Class, typename ... Args> 
-        std::function<Ret (Class &, Args...) > to_function(Ret (Class::*func)(Args...))
-        {
-#ifdef CHAISCRIPT_MSVC
-          /// \todo this std::mem_fn wrap shouldn't be necessary but type conversions for 
-          ///       std::function for member function pointers seems to be broken in MSVC
-          return std::function<Ret(Class &, Args...)>(std::mem_fn(func));
-#else
-          return std::function<Ret(Class &, Args...)>(func);
-#endif
-        }
-
-      template<typename Ret, typename Class, typename ... Args> 
-        std::function<Ret (const Class &, Args...) > to_function(Ret (Class::*func)(Args...) const)
-        {
-#if defined(CHAISCRIPT_MSVC) || defined(CHAISCRIPT_LIBCPP)
-          /// \todo this std::mem_fn wrap shouldn't be necessary but type conversions for 
-          ///       std::function for member function pointers seems to be broken in MSVC
-          return std::function<Ret (const Class &, Args...)>([func](const Class &o, Args... args)->Ret {
-                return (o.*func)(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-              });
-#else
-          return std::function<Ret(const Class &, Args...)>(func);
-#endif
-        }
-
-    }
-  }
 
   /// \brief Creates a new Proxy_Function object from a free function, member function or data member
   /// \param[in] t Function / member to expose
@@ -88,22 +38,39 @@ namespace chaiscript
   template<typename T>
     Proxy_Function fun(const T &t)
     {
+      typedef typename dispatch::detail::Callable_Traits<T>::Signature Signature;
+
       return Proxy_Function(
-          chaiscript::make_shared<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, dispatch::Proxy_Function_Impl<typename dispatch::detail::FunctionSignature<decltype(dispatch::detail::to_function(t)) >::Signature>>(dispatch::detail::to_function(t)));
+          chaiscript::make_shared<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, dispatch::Proxy_Function_Callable_Impl<Signature, T>>(t));
+    }
+
+  template<typename Ret, typename ... Param>
+    Proxy_Function fun(Ret (*func)(Param...))
+    {
+      auto fun_call = dispatch::detail::Fun_Caller<Ret, Param...>(func);
+
+      return Proxy_Function(
+          chaiscript::make_shared<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, dispatch::Proxy_Function_Callable_Impl<Ret (Param...), decltype(fun_call)>>(fun_call));
+
     }
 
   template<typename Ret, typename Class, typename ... Param>
-    Proxy_Function fun(Ret (Class::*func)(Param...) const)
+    Proxy_Function fun(Ret (Class::*t_func)(Param...) const)
     {
+      auto call = dispatch::detail::Const_Caller<Ret, Class, Param...>(t_func);
+
       return Proxy_Function(
-          chaiscript::make_shared<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, dispatch::Proxy_Function_Impl<typename dispatch::detail::FunctionSignature<decltype(dispatch::detail::to_function(func)) >::Signature>>(dispatch::detail::to_function(func)));
+          chaiscript::make_shared<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, dispatch::Proxy_Function_Callable_Impl<Ret (const Class &, Param...), decltype(call)>>(call));
     }
 
   template<typename Ret, typename Class, typename ... Param>
-    Proxy_Function fun(Ret (Class::*func)(Param...))
+    Proxy_Function fun(Ret (Class::*t_func)(Param...))
     {
+      auto call = dispatch::detail::Caller<Ret, Class, Param...>(t_func);
+
       return Proxy_Function(
-          chaiscript::make_shared<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, dispatch::Proxy_Function_Impl<typename dispatch::detail::FunctionSignature<decltype(dispatch::detail::to_function(func)) >::Signature>>(dispatch::detail::to_function(func)));
+          chaiscript::make_shared<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, dispatch::Proxy_Function_Callable_Impl<Ret (Class &, Param...), decltype(call)>>(call));
+
     }
 
 
@@ -114,22 +81,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
     }
 
 
-  /// \brief Creates a new Proxy_Function object from a std::function object
-  /// \param[in] f std::function to expose to ChaiScript
-  ///
-  /// \b Example:
-  /// \code
-  /// std::function<int (char, float, std::string)> f = get_some_function();
-  /// chaiscript::ChaiScript chai;
-  /// chai.add(fun(f), "some_function");
-  /// \endcode
-  /// 
-  /// \sa \ref adding_functions
-  template<typename T>
-    Proxy_Function fun(const std::function<T> &f)
-    {
-      return Proxy_Function(chaiscript::make_shared<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, dispatch::Proxy_Function_Impl<T>>(f));
-    }
 
   
   /// \brief Creates a new Proxy_Function object from a free function, member function or data member and binds the first parameter of it

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/type_conversions.hpp

@@ -92,6 +92,11 @@ namespace chaiscript
           return m_from;
         }
 
+        virtual bool bidir() const
+        {
+          return true;
+        }
+
         virtual ~Type_Conversion_Base() {}
 
       protected:
@@ -107,6 +112,62 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
     };
 
+    template<typename From, typename To> 
+      class Static_Caster
+      {
+        public: 
+          static Boxed_Value cast(const Boxed_Value &t_from)
+          {
+            if (t_from.get_type_info().bare_equal(chaiscript::user_type<From>()))
+            {
+              if (t_from.is_pointer())
+              {
+                // Dynamic cast out the contained boxed value, which we know is the type we want
+                if (t_from.is_const())
+                {
+                  return Boxed_Value(
+                      [&]()->std::shared_ptr<const To>{
+                        if (auto data = std::static_pointer_cast<const To>(detail::Cast_Helper<std::shared_ptr<const From> >::cast(t_from, nullptr)))
+                        {
+                          return data;
+                        } else {
+                          throw std::bad_cast();
+                        }
+                      }()
+                      );
+                } else {
+                  return Boxed_Value(
+                      [&]()->std::shared_ptr<To>{
+                        if (auto data = std::static_pointer_cast<To>(detail::Cast_Helper<std::shared_ptr<From> >::cast(t_from, nullptr)))
+                        {
+                          return data;
+                        } else {
+                          throw std::bad_cast();
+                        }
+                      }()
+                      );
+                }
+              } else {
+                // Pull the reference out of the contained boxed value, which we know is the type we want
+                if (t_from.is_const())
+                {
+                  const From &d = detail::Cast_Helper<const From &>::cast(t_from, nullptr);
+                  const To &data = static_cast<const To &>(d);
+                  return Boxed_Value(std::cref(data));
+                } else {
+                  From &d = detail::Cast_Helper<From &>::cast(t_from, nullptr);
+                  To &data = static_cast<To &>(d);
+                  return Boxed_Value(std::ref(data));
+                }
+              }
+            } else {
+              throw chaiscript::exception::bad_boxed_dynamic_cast(t_from.get_type_info(), typeid(To), "Unknown dynamic_cast_conversion");
+            }
+          }
+ 
+      };
+
+
     template<typename From, typename To> 
       class Dynamic_Caster
       {
@@ -168,8 +229,10 @@ namespace chaiscript
               throw chaiscript::exception::bad_boxed_dynamic_cast(t_from.get_type_info(), typeid(To), "Unknown dynamic_cast_conversion");
             }
           }
+ 
       };
 
+
     template<typename Base, typename Derived>
       class Dynamic_Conversion_Impl : public Type_Conversion_Base
     {
@@ -186,10 +249,36 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
         virtual Boxed_Value convert(const Boxed_Value &t_derived) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
         {
-          return Dynamic_Caster<Derived, Base>::cast(t_derived);
+          return Static_Caster<Derived, Base>::cast(t_derived);
         }
     };
 
+    template<typename Base, typename Derived>
+      class Static_Conversion_Impl : public Type_Conversion_Base
+    {
+      public:
+        Static_Conversion_Impl()
+          : Type_Conversion_Base(chaiscript::user_type<Base>(), chaiscript::user_type<Derived>())
+        {
+        }
+
+        virtual Boxed_Value convert_down(const Boxed_Value &t_base) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        {
+          throw chaiscript::exception::bad_boxed_dynamic_cast(t_base.get_type_info(), typeid(Derived), "Unable to cast down inheritance hierarchy with non-polymorphic types");
+        }
+
+        virtual bool bidir() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        {
+          return false;
+        }
+
+        virtual Boxed_Value convert(const Boxed_Value &t_derived) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        {
+          return Static_Caster<Derived, Base>::cast(t_derived);
+        }
+    };
+
+
 
     template<typename Callable>
     class Type_Conversion_Impl : public Type_Conversion_Base
@@ -212,6 +301,12 @@ namespace chaiscript
           return m_func(t_from);
         }
 
+        virtual bool bidir() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        {
+          return false;
+        }
+
+
       private:
         Callable m_func;
     };
@@ -242,7 +337,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       Type_Conversions(const Type_Conversions &t_other)
         : m_mutex(),
           m_conversions(t_other.get_conversions()),
-          m_convertableTypes(),
+          m_convertableTypes(t_other.m_convertableTypes),
           m_num_types(m_conversions.size()),
           m_thread_cache(this),
           m_conversion_saves(this)
@@ -288,7 +383,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         const auto &types = thread_cache();
         if (types.count(to.bare_type_info()) != 0 && types.count(from.bare_type_info()) != 0)
         {
-          return has_conversion(to, from) || has_conversion(from, to);
+          return has_conversion(to, from);
         } else {
           return false;
         }
@@ -338,7 +433,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       bool has_conversion(const Type_Info &to, const Type_Info &from) const
       {
         chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l(m_mutex);
-        return find(to, from) != m_conversions.end();
+        return find_bidir(to, from) != m_conversions.end();
       }
 
       std::shared_ptr<detail::Type_Conversion_Base> get_conversion(const Type_Info &to, const Type_Info &from) const
@@ -356,6 +451,19 @@ namespace chaiscript
       }
 
     private:
+      std::set<std::shared_ptr<detail::Type_Conversion_Base> >::const_iterator find_bidir(
+          const Type_Info &to, const Type_Info &from) const
+      {
+        return std::find_if(m_conversions.begin(), m_conversions.end(),
+              [&to, &from](const std::shared_ptr<detail::Type_Conversion_Base> &conversion) -> bool
+              {
+                return  (conversion->to().bare_equal(to) && conversion->from().bare_equal(from))
+                     || (conversion->bidir() && conversion->from().bare_equal(to) && conversion->to().bare_equal(from));
+;
+              }
+        );
+      }
+
       std::set<std::shared_ptr<detail::Type_Conversion_Base> >::const_iterator find(
           const Type_Info &to, const Type_Info &from) const
       {
@@ -417,17 +525,26 @@ namespace chaiscript
   /// \endcode
   /// 
   template<typename Base, typename Derived>
-  Type_Conversion base_class()
+  Type_Conversion base_class(typename std::enable_if<std::is_polymorphic<Base>::value && std::is_polymorphic<Derived>::value>::type* = nullptr)
   {
     //Can only be used with related polymorphic types
     //may be expanded some day to support conversions other than child -> parent
     static_assert(std::is_base_of<Base,Derived>::value, "Classes are not related by inheritance");
-    static_assert(std::is_polymorphic<Base>::value, "Base class must be polymorphic");
-    static_assert(std::is_polymorphic<Derived>::value, "Derived class must be polymorphic");
 
     return chaiscript::make_shared<detail::Type_Conversion_Base, detail::Dynamic_Conversion_Impl<Base, Derived>>();
   }
 
+  template<typename Base, typename Derived>
+  Type_Conversion base_class(typename std::enable_if<!std::is_polymorphic<Base>::value || !std::is_polymorphic<Derived>::value>::type* = nullptr)
+  {
+    //Can only be used with related polymorphic types
+    //may be expanded some day to support conversions other than child -> parent
+    static_assert(std::is_base_of<Base,Derived>::value, "Classes are not related by inheritance");
+
+    return chaiscript::make_shared<detail::Type_Conversion_Base, detail::Static_Conversion_Impl<Base, Derived>>();
+  }
+
+
   template<typename Callable>
     Type_Conversion type_conversion(const Type_Info &t_from, const Type_Info &t_to, 
         const Callable &t_func)
@@ -458,6 +575,24 @@ namespace chaiscript
       return chaiscript::make_shared<detail::Type_Conversion_Base, detail::Type_Conversion_Impl<decltype(func)>>(user_type<From>(), user_type<To>(), func);
     }
 
+  template<typename To>
+    Type_Conversion vector_conversion()
+    {
+      auto func = [](const Boxed_Value &t_bv) -> Boxed_Value {
+        const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &from_vec = detail::Cast_Helper<const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &>::cast(t_bv, nullptr);
+
+        To vec;
+
+        for (const Boxed_Value &bv : from_vec) {
+          vec.push_back(detail::Cast_Helper<typename To::value_type>::cast(bv, nullptr));
+        }
+
+        return Boxed_Value(std::move(vec));
+      };
+
+      return chaiscript::make_shared<detail::Type_Conversion_Base, detail::Type_Conversion_Impl<decltype(func)>>(user_type<std::vector<Boxed_Value>>(), user_type<To>(), func);
+    }
+
 }
 
 

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/type_info.hpp

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
       CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR bool operator==(const Type_Info &ti) const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
       {
-        return ti.m_type_info == m_type_info 
+        return ti.m_type_info == m_type_info
           || (ti.m_type_info && m_type_info && *ti.m_type_info == *m_type_info);
       }
 
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR bool is_reference() const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT { return m_is_reference; }
       CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR bool is_void() const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT { return m_is_void; }
       CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR bool is_arithmetic() const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT { return m_is_arithmetic; }
-      CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR bool is_undef() const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT { return m_is_undef || m_bare_type_info == nullptr; }
+      CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR bool is_undef() const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT { return m_is_undef; }
       CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR bool is_pointer() const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT { return m_is_pointer; }
 
       std::string name() const
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         }
       }
 
-      std::string bare_name() const 
+      std::string bare_name() const
       {
         if (m_bare_type_info)
         {
@@ -134,12 +134,14 @@ namespace chaiscript
       {
         typedef T type;
 
-        CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR static Type_Info get()
+        static Type_Info get()
         {
-          return Type_Info(std::is_const<typename std::remove_pointer<typename std::remove_reference<T>::type>::type>::value, std::is_reference<T>::value, std::is_pointer<T>::value, 
+          return Type_Info(std::is_const<typename std::remove_pointer<typename std::remove_reference<T>::type>::type>::value, 
+              std::is_reference<T>::value, std::is_pointer<T>::value, 
               std::is_void<T>::value,
-              std::is_arithmetic<T>::value && !std::is_same<typename std::remove_const<T>::type, bool>::value,
-              &typeid(T), 
+              (std::is_arithmetic<T>::value || std::is_arithmetic<typename std::remove_reference<T>::type>::value)
+                && !std::is_same<typename std::remove_const<typename std::remove_reference<T>::type>::type, bool>::value,
+              &typeid(T),
               &typeid(typename Bare_Type<T>::type));
         }
       };
@@ -149,11 +151,11 @@ namespace chaiscript
       {
         typedef T type;
 
-        CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR static Type_Info get()
+        static Type_Info get()
         {
           return Type_Info(std::is_const<T>::value, std::is_reference<T>::value, std::is_pointer<T>::value, 
               std::is_void<T>::value,
-              std::is_arithmetic<T>::value && !std::is_same<typename std::remove_const<T>::type, bool>::value,
+              std::is_arithmetic<T>::value && !std::is_same<typename std::remove_const<typename std::remove_reference<T>::type>::type, bool>::value,
               &typeid(std::shared_ptr<T> ), 
               &typeid(typename Bare_Type<T>::type));
         }
@@ -164,11 +166,11 @@ namespace chaiscript
       {
         typedef T type;
 
-        CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR static Type_Info get()
+        static Type_Info get()
         {
           return Type_Info(std::is_const<T>::value, std::is_reference<T>::value, std::is_pointer<T>::value, 
               std::is_void<T>::value,
-              std::is_arithmetic<T>::value && !std::is_same<typename std::remove_const<T>::type, bool>::value,
+              std::is_arithmetic<T>::value && !std::is_same<typename std::remove_const<typename std::remove_reference<T>::type>::type, bool>::value,
               &typeid(const std::shared_ptr<T> &), 
               &typeid(typename Bare_Type<T>::type));
         }
@@ -179,11 +181,11 @@ namespace chaiscript
       {
         typedef T type;
 
-        CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR static Type_Info get()
+        static Type_Info get()
         {
           return Type_Info(std::is_const<T>::value, std::is_reference<T>::value, std::is_pointer<T>::value, 
               std::is_void<T>::value,
-              std::is_arithmetic<T>::value && !std::is_same<typename std::remove_const<T>::type, bool>::value,
+              std::is_arithmetic<T>::value && !std::is_same<typename std::remove_const<typename std::remove_reference<T>::type>::type, bool>::value,
               &typeid(std::reference_wrapper<T> ), 
               &typeid(typename Bare_Type<T>::type));
         }
@@ -194,11 +196,11 @@ namespace chaiscript
       {
         typedef T type;
 
-        CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR static Type_Info get()
+        static Type_Info get()
         {
           return Type_Info(std::is_const<T>::value, std::is_reference<T>::value, std::is_pointer<T>::value, 
               std::is_void<T>::value,
-              std::is_arithmetic<T>::value && !std::is_same<typename std::remove_const<T>::type, bool>::value,
+              std::is_arithmetic<T>::value && !std::is_same<typename std::remove_const<typename std::remove_reference<T>::type>::type, bool>::value,
               &typeid(const std::reference_wrapper<T> &), 
               &typeid(typename Bare_Type<T>::type));
         }
@@ -216,7 +218,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
   /// chaiscript::Type_Info ti = chaiscript::user_type(i);
   /// \endcode
   template<typename T>
-  CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR Type_Info user_type(const T &/*t*/)
+   Type_Info user_type(const T &/*t*/)
   {
     return detail::Get_Type_Info<T>::get();
   }
@@ -231,7 +233,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
   /// chaiscript::Type_Info ti = chaiscript::user_type<int>();
   /// \endcode
   template<typename T>
-  CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR Type_Info user_type()
+   Type_Info user_type()
   {
     return detail::Get_Type_Info<T>::get();
   }

include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_common.hpp

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
   /// Types of AST nodes available to the parser and eval
   class AST_Node_Type {
   public:
-    enum Type { Error, Int, Float, Id, Char, Str, Eol, Fun_Call, Inplace_Fun_Call, Arg_List, Variable, Equation, Var_Decl,
+    enum Type { Error, Int, Float, Id, Char, Str, Eol, Fun_Call, Arg_List, Variable, Equation, Var_Decl,
                 Comparison, Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division, Modulus, Array_Call, Dot_Access, Quoted_String, Single_Quoted_String,
                 Lambda, Block, Def, While, If, For, Inline_Array, Inline_Map, Return, File, Prefix, Break, Continue, Map_Pair, Value_Range,
                 Inline_Range, Annotation, Try, Catch, Finally, Method, Attr_Decl, Shift, Equality, Bitwise_And, Bitwise_Xor, Bitwise_Or, 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
     /// Helper lookup to get the name of each node type
     const char *ast_node_type_to_string(int ast_node_type) {
-      const char *ast_node_types[] = { "Internal Parser Error", "Int", "Float", "Id", "Char", "Str", "Eol", "Fun_Call", "Inplace_Fun_Call", "Arg_List", "Variable", "Equation", "Var_Decl",
+      const char *ast_node_types[] = { "Internal Parser Error", "Int", "Float", "Id", "Char", "Str", "Eol", "Fun_Call", "Arg_List", "Variable", "Equation", "Var_Decl",
                                     "Comparison", "Addition", "Subtraction", "Multiplication", "Division", "Modulus", "Array_Call", "Dot_Access", "Quoted_String", "Single_Quoted_String",
                                     "Lambda", "Block", "Def", "While", "If", "For", "Inline_Array", "Inline_Map", "Return", "File", "Prefix", "Break", "Continue", "Map_Pair", "Value_Range",
                                     "Inline_Range", "Annotation", "Try", "Catch", "Finally", "Method", "Attr_Decl", "Shift", "Equality", "Bitwise_And", "Bitwise_Xor", "Bitwise_Or", 
@@ -276,10 +276,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
       template<typename T>
         static std::string format_location(const T &t)
         {
-          std::ostringstream oss;
-          oss << "(" << t->filename() << " " << t->start().line << ", " << t->start().column << ")"; 
-
-          return oss.str();
+          if (t) {
+            std::ostringstream oss;
+            oss << "(" << t->filename() << " " << t->start().line << ", " << t->start().column << ")"; 
+            return oss.str();
+          } else {
+            return "(internal)";
+          }
 
         }
 
@@ -470,13 +473,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
         oss << t_prepend << "(" << ast_node_type_to_string(this->identifier) << ") "
             << this->text << " : " << this->location.start.line << ", " << this->location.start.column << '\n';
 
-        for (size_t j = 0; j < this->children.size(); ++j) {
-          oss << this->children[j]->to_string(t_prepend + "  ");
+        for (auto & elem : this->children) {
+          oss << elem->to_string(t_prepend + "  ");
         }
         return oss.str();
       }
 
-      Boxed_Value eval(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_e) const
+      Boxed_Value eval(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_e) const
       {
         try {
           return eval_internal(t_e);
@@ -512,7 +515,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       {
       }
 
-      virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &) const
+      virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &) const
       {
         throw std::runtime_error("Undispatched ast_node (internal error)");
       }
@@ -554,21 +557,20 @@ namespace chaiscript
         Scope_Push_Pop(const Scope_Push_Pop &) = delete;
         Scope_Push_Pop& operator=(const Scope_Push_Pop &) = delete;
 
-        Scope_Push_Pop(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_de)
-          : m_de(t_de)
+        Scope_Push_Pop(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ds)
+          : m_ds(t_ds)
         {
-          m_de.new_scope();
+          m_ds.get()->new_scope(m_ds.get().stack_holder());
         }
 
         ~Scope_Push_Pop()
         {
-          m_de.pop_scope();
+          m_ds.get()->pop_scope(m_ds.get().stack_holder());
         }
 
 
         private:
-
-        chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &m_de;
+        std::reference_wrapper<const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State> m_ds;
       };
 
       /// Creates a new function call and pops it on destruction
@@ -577,31 +579,30 @@ namespace chaiscript
         Function_Push_Pop(const Function_Push_Pop &) = delete;
         Function_Push_Pop& operator=(const Function_Push_Pop &) = delete;
 
-        Function_Push_Pop(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_de)
-          : m_de(t_de)
+        Function_Push_Pop(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ds)
+          : m_ds(t_ds)
         {
-          m_de.new_function_call();
+          m_ds.get()->new_function_call(m_ds.get().stack_holder());
         }
 
         ~Function_Push_Pop()
         {
-          m_de.pop_function_call();
+          m_ds.get()->pop_function_call(m_ds.get().stack_holder());
         }
 
         void save_params(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &t_params)
         {
-          m_de.save_function_params(t_params);
+          m_ds.get()->save_function_params(t_params);
         }
 
         void save_params(std::initializer_list<Boxed_Value> t_params)
         {
-          m_de.save_function_params(std::move(t_params));
+          m_ds.get()->save_function_params(std::move(t_params));
         }
 
 
         private:
-
-        chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &m_de;
+          std::reference_wrapper<const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State> m_ds;
       };
 
       /// Creates a new scope then pops it on destruction
@@ -610,21 +611,20 @@ namespace chaiscript
         Stack_Push_Pop(const Stack_Push_Pop &) = delete;
         Stack_Push_Pop& operator=(const Stack_Push_Pop &) = delete;
 
-        Stack_Push_Pop(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_de)
-          : m_de(t_de)
+        Stack_Push_Pop(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ds)
+          : m_ds(t_ds)
         {
-          m_de.new_stack();
+          m_ds.get()->new_stack(m_ds.get().stack_holder());
         }
 
         ~Stack_Push_Pop()
         {
-          m_de.pop_stack();
+          m_ds.get()->pop_stack(m_ds.get().stack_holder());
         }
 
 
         private:
-
-        chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &m_de;
+          std::reference_wrapper<const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State> m_ds;
       };
     }
   }

include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_engine.hpp

@@ -36,15 +36,16 @@
 #else
 #ifdef CHAISCRIPT_WINDOWS
 #define VC_EXTRA_LEAN
+#if !defined(WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN)
 #define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
-#include <Windows.h>
+#endif
+#include <windows.h>
 #endif
 #endif
 
 
 #include "../dispatchkit/exception_specification.hpp"
 #include "chaiscript_parser.hpp"
-#include "chaiscript_prelude.chai"
 
 namespace chaiscript
 {
@@ -285,14 +286,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
 
 
-    const Boxed_Value internal_eval_ast(const AST_NodePtr &t_ast)
-    {
-      try {
-        return t_ast->eval(m_engine);
-      } catch (const exception::eval_error &t_ee) {
-        throw Boxed_Value(t_ee);
-      }
-    }
+
 
     /// Evaluates the given file and looks in the 'use' paths
     const Boxed_Value internal_eval_file(const std::string &t_filename) {
@@ -356,57 +350,58 @@ namespace chaiscript
         add(t_lib);
       }
 
-      m_engine.add(fun(&chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine::dump_system, std::ref(m_engine)), "dump_system");
-      m_engine.add(fun(&chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine::dump_object, std::ref(m_engine)), "dump_object");
-      m_engine.add(fun(&chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine::is_type, std::ref(m_engine)), "is_type");
-      m_engine.add(fun(&chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine::type_name, std::ref(m_engine)), "type_name");
-      m_engine.add(fun(&chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine::function_exists, std::ref(m_engine)), "function_exists");
-      m_engine.add(fun(&chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine::get_function_objects, std::ref(m_engine)), "get_functions");
-      m_engine.add(fun(&chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine::get_scripting_objects, std::ref(m_engine)), "get_objects");
-      m_engine.add(chaiscript::make_shared<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, dispatch::Dynamic_Proxy_Function>(
+      m_engine.add(fun([this](){ m_engine.dump_system(); }), "dump_system");
+      m_engine.add(fun([this](const Boxed_Value &t_bv){ m_engine.dump_object(t_bv); }), "dump_object");
+      m_engine.add(fun([this](const Boxed_Value &t_bv, const std::string &t_type){ return m_engine.is_type(t_bv, t_type); }), "is_type");
+      m_engine.add(fun([this](const Boxed_Value &t_bv){ return m_engine.type_name(t_bv); }), "type_name");
+      m_engine.add(fun([this](const std::string &t_f){ return m_engine.function_exists(t_f); }), "function_exists");
+      m_engine.add(fun([this](){ return m_engine.get_function_objects(); }), "get_functions");
+      m_engine.add(fun([this](){ return m_engine.get_scripting_objects(); }), "get_objects");
+
+      m_engine.add(
+          dispatch::make_dynamic_proxy_function(
               [this](const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &t_params) {
                 return m_engine.call_exists(t_params);
-              }), "call_exists");
+              })
+          , "call_exists");
 
 //      m_engine.add(fun<Boxed_Value (const dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base *, const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &)>(std::bind(&chaiscript::dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base::operator(), std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2, std::ref(m_engine.conversions()))), "call");
 //
-      m_engine.add(fun<Boxed_Value (const dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base &, const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &)>(
+      m_engine.add(fun(
             [=](const dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base &t_fun, const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &t_params) {
               return t_fun(t_params, this->m_engine.conversions());
             }), "call");
 
-      m_engine.add(fun(&chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine::get_type_name, std::ref(m_engine)), "name");
+      m_engine.add(fun([this](const Type_Info &t_ti){ return m_engine.get_type_name(t_ti); }), "name");
 
-      m_engine.add(fun(&chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine::get_type, std::ref(m_engine)), "type");
-      m_engine.add(fun<chaiscript::Type_Info (const std::string &)>([this](const std::string &t_type_name){ return this->m_engine.get_type(t_type_name, true); }), "type");
+      m_engine.add(fun([this](const std::string &t_type_name, bool t_throw){ return m_engine.get_type(t_type_name, t_throw); }), "type");
+      m_engine.add(fun([this](const std::string &t_type_name){ return m_engine.get_type(t_type_name, true); }), "type");
 
-      m_engine.add(fun<void(const Type_Info &, const Type_Info &, const std::function<Boxed_Value(const Boxed_Value &)> &)>(
+      m_engine.add(fun(
             [=](const Type_Info &t_from, const Type_Info &t_to, const std::function<Boxed_Value (const Boxed_Value &)> &t_func) {
               m_engine.add(chaiscript::type_conversion(t_from, t_to, t_func));
             }
           ), "add_type_conversion");
 
 
-      typedef std::string (ChaiScript::*load_mod_1)(const std::string&);
-      typedef void (ChaiScript::*load_mod_2)(const std::string&, const std::string&);
 
-      m_engine.add(fun(static_cast<load_mod_1>(&ChaiScript::load_module), this), "load_module");
-      m_engine.add(fun(static_cast<load_mod_2>(&ChaiScript::load_module), this), "load_module");
+      m_engine.add(fun([this](const std::string &t_module, const std::string &t_file){ return load_module(t_module, t_file); }), "load_module");
+      m_engine.add(fun([this](const std::string &t_module){ return load_module(t_module); }), "load_module");
 
-      m_engine.add(fun(&ChaiScript::use, this), "use");
-      m_engine.add(fun(&ChaiScript::internal_eval_file, this), "eval_file");
-      m_engine.add(fun(&ChaiScript::internal_eval, this), "eval");
-      m_engine.add(fun(&ChaiScript::internal_eval_ast, this), "eval");
+      m_engine.add(fun([this](const std::string &t_file){ return use(t_file); }), "use");
+      m_engine.add(fun([this](const std::string &t_file){ return internal_eval_file(t_file); }), "eval_file");
+      m_engine.add(fun([this](const std::string &t_str){ return internal_eval(t_str); }), "eval");
+      m_engine.add(fun([this](const AST_NodePtr &t_ast){ return eval(t_ast); }), "eval");
+      m_engine.add(fun(&parse), "parse");
 
       m_engine.add(fun(&ChaiScript::version_major), "version_major");
       m_engine.add(fun(&ChaiScript::version_minor), "version_minor");
       m_engine.add(fun(&ChaiScript::version_patch), "version_patch");
       m_engine.add(fun(&ChaiScript::version), "version");
 
-      m_engine.add(fun(&ChaiScript::add_global_const, this), "add_global_const");
-      m_engine.add(fun(&ChaiScript::add_global, this), "add_global");
+      m_engine.add(fun([this](const Boxed_Value &t_bv, const std::string &t_name){ add_global_const(t_bv, t_name); }), "add_global_const");
+      m_engine.add(fun([this](const Boxed_Value &t_bv, const std::string &t_name){ add_global(t_bv, t_name); }), "add_global");
 
-      do_eval(ChaiScript_Prelude::chaiscript_prelude(), "standard prelude");
     }
 
 
@@ -518,6 +513,28 @@ namespace chaiscript
       build_eval_system(ModulePtr());
     }
 
+
+    const Boxed_Value eval(const AST_NodePtr &t_ast)
+    {
+      try {
+        return t_ast->eval(m_engine);
+      } catch (const exception::eval_error &t_ee) {
+        throw Boxed_Value(t_ee);
+      }
+    }
+
+    static AST_NodePtr parse(const std::string &t_input)
+    {
+      parser::ChaiScript_Parser parser;
+      if (parser.parse(t_input, "PARSE")) {
+        //parser.show_match_stack();
+        return parser.optimized_ast();
+      } else {
+        throw chaiscript::exception::eval_error("Unknown error while parsing");
+      }
+    }
+
+
     static int version_major()
     {
       return chaiscript::version_major;

include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_eval.hpp

@@ -44,19 +44,37 @@ namespace chaiscript
     namespace detail
     {
       /// Helper function that will set up the scope around a function call, including handling the named function parameters
-      static Boxed_Value eval_function(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss, const AST_NodePtr &t_node, const std::vector<std::string> &t_param_names, const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &t_vals, const std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value> &t_locals=std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value>()) {
-        chaiscript::eval::detail::Scope_Push_Pop spp(t_ss);
+      static Boxed_Value eval_function(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss, const AST_NodePtr &t_node, const std::vector<std::string> &t_param_names, const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &t_vals, const std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value> *t_locals=nullptr) {
+        chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State state(t_ss);
 
-        for (const auto &local : t_locals) {
-          t_ss.add_object(local.first, local.second);
+        const Boxed_Value *thisobj = [&]() -> const Boxed_Value *{
+          auto &stack = t_ss.get_stack_data(state.stack_holder()).back();
+          if (!stack.empty() && stack.back().first == "__this") {
+            return &stack.back().second;
+          } else if (!t_vals.empty()) {
+            return &t_vals[0];
+          } else {
+            return nullptr;
+          }
+        }();
+
+        chaiscript::eval::detail::Stack_Push_Pop tpp(state);
+        if (thisobj) state.add_object("this", *thisobj);
+
+        if (t_locals) {
+          for (const auto &local : *t_locals) {
+            state.add_object(local.first, local.second);
+          }
         }
 
         for (size_t i = 0; i < t_param_names.size(); ++i) {
-          t_ss.add_object(t_param_names[i], t_vals[i]);
+          if (t_param_names[i] != "this") {
+            state.add_object(t_param_names[i], t_vals[i]);
+          }
         }
 
         try {
-          return t_node->eval(t_ss);
+          return t_node->eval(state);
         } catch (detail::Return_Value &rv) {
           return std::move(rv.retval);
         } 
@@ -71,10 +89,10 @@ namespace chaiscript
       { }
 
         virtual ~Binary_Operator_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
-          return do_oper(t_ss, m_oper, text,
-              this->children[0]->eval(t_ss),
-              this->children[1]->eval(t_ss));
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
+          auto lhs = this->children[0]->eval(t_ss);
+          auto rhs = this->children[1]->eval(t_ss);
+          return do_oper(t_ss, m_oper, text, lhs, rhs);
         }
 
         virtual std::string pretty_print() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE 
@@ -83,7 +101,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         }
 
       protected:
-        Boxed_Value do_oper(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss, 
+        Boxed_Value do_oper(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss, 
             Operators::Opers t_oper, const std::string &t_oper_string, const Boxed_Value &t_lhs, const Boxed_Value &t_rhs) const
         {
           try {
@@ -100,26 +118,26 @@ namespace chaiscript
             } else {
               chaiscript::eval::detail::Function_Push_Pop fpp(t_ss);
               fpp.save_params({t_lhs, t_rhs});
-              chaiscript::eval::detail::Stack_Push_Pop spp(t_ss);
-              return t_ss.call_function(t_oper_string, t_lhs, t_rhs);
+              return t_ss->call_function(t_oper_string, m_loc, {t_lhs, t_rhs});
             }
           }
           catch(const exception::dispatch_error &e){
-            throw exception::eval_error("Can not find appropriate '" + t_oper_string + "' operator.", e.parameters, e.functions, false, t_ss);
+            throw exception::eval_error("Can not find appropriate '" + t_oper_string + "' operator.", e.parameters, e.functions, false, *t_ss);
           }
         }
 
       private:
         Operators::Opers m_oper;
+        mutable std::atomic_uint_fast32_t m_loc;
     };
 
     struct Int_AST_Node : public AST_Node {
       public:
         Int_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text, Parse_Location t_loc, Boxed_Value t_bv) :
           AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Int, std::move(t_loc)), 
-          m_value(std::move(t_bv)) { }
+          m_value(std::move(t_bv)) { assert(text != ""); }
         virtual ~Int_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
           return m_value;
         }
 
@@ -134,7 +152,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Float, std::move(t_loc)),
           m_value(std::move(t_bv)) { }
         virtual ~Float_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
           return m_value;
         }
 
@@ -147,17 +165,17 @@ namespace chaiscript
       public:
         Id_AST_Node(const std::string &t_ast_node_text, Parse_Location t_loc) :
           AST_Node(t_ast_node_text, AST_Node_Type::Id, std::move(t_loc)),
-          m_value(get_value(t_ast_node_text))
+          m_value(get_value(t_ast_node_text)), m_loc(0)
       { }
 
         virtual ~Id_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
           if (!m_value.is_undef())
           {
             return m_value;
           } else {
             try {
-              return t_ss.get_object(this->text);
+              return t_ss->get_object(this->text, m_loc);
             }
             catch (std::exception &) {
               throw exception::eval_error("Can not find object: " + this->text);
@@ -170,21 +188,22 @@ namespace chaiscript
         {
           if (t_text == "true") {
             return const_var(true);
-          }
-          else if (t_text == "false") {
+          } else if (t_text == "false") {
             return const_var(false);
-          }
-          else if (t_text == "Infinity") {
+          } else if (t_text == "Infinity") {
             return const_var(std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
-          }
-          else if (t_text == "NaN") {
+          } else if (t_text == "NaN") {
             return const_var(std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN());
+          } else if (t_text == "_") {
+            return Boxed_Value(std::make_shared<dispatch::Placeholder_Object>());
           } else {
             return Boxed_Value();
           }
         }
 
         Boxed_Value m_value;
+
+        mutable std::atomic_uint_fast32_t m_loc;
     };
 
     struct Char_AST_Node : public AST_Node {
@@ -219,7 +238,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         Fun_Call_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text, Parse_Location t_loc, std::vector<AST_NodePtr> t_children) :
           AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Fun_Call, std::move(t_loc), std::move(t_children)) { }
         virtual ~Fun_Call_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
           chaiscript::eval::detail::Function_Push_Pop fpp(t_ss);
 
           std::vector<Boxed_Value> params;
@@ -234,17 +253,16 @@ namespace chaiscript
           Boxed_Value fn(this->children[0]->eval(t_ss));
 
           try {
-            chaiscript::eval::detail::Stack_Push_Pop spp(t_ss);
-            return (*t_ss.boxed_cast<const Const_Proxy_Function &>(fn))(params, t_ss.conversions());
+            return (*t_ss->boxed_cast<const Const_Proxy_Function &>(fn))(params, t_ss->conversions());
           }
           catch(const exception::dispatch_error &e){
-            throw exception::eval_error(std::string(e.what()) + " with function '" + this->children[0]->text + "'", e.parameters, e.functions, false, t_ss);
+            throw exception::eval_error(std::string(e.what()) + " with function '" + this->children[0]->text + "'", e.parameters, e.functions, false, *t_ss);
           }
           catch(const exception::bad_boxed_cast &){
             try {
-              Const_Proxy_Function f = t_ss.boxed_cast<const Const_Proxy_Function &>(fn);
+              Const_Proxy_Function f = t_ss->boxed_cast<const Const_Proxy_Function &>(fn);
               // handle the case where there is only 1 function to try to call and dispatch fails on it
-              throw exception::eval_error("Error calling function '" + this->children[0]->text + "'", params, {f}, false, t_ss);
+              throw exception::eval_error("Error calling function '" + this->children[0]->text + "'", params, {f}, false, *t_ss);
             } catch (const exception::bad_boxed_cast &) {
               throw exception::eval_error("'" + this->children[0]->pretty_print() + "' does not evaluate to a function.");
             }
@@ -282,96 +300,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
     };
 
-    struct Fun_Lookup_AST_Node : public AST_Node {
-      public:
-        Fun_Lookup_AST_Node(const std::string &t_fun_name)
-         : AST_Node(t_fun_name, 0, Parse_Location("<EVAL>"))
-        {
-        }
 
-        virtual ~Fun_Lookup_AST_Node() {}
-
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
-          try {
-            Boxed_Value bv = t_ss.get_object(text);
-            t_ss.add_object(text, bv);
-            std::cout << " Saved fun lookup: " << text << '\n';
-            return bv;
-          } catch (...) {
-            return Boxed_Value();
-          }
-        }
-    };
-
-
-
-
-
-    /// Used in the context of in-string ${} evals, so that no new scope is created
-    struct Inplace_Fun_Call_AST_Node : public AST_Node {
-      public:
-        Inplace_Fun_Call_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text, Parse_Location t_loc, std::vector<AST_NodePtr> t_children) :
-          AST_Node(t_ast_node_text, AST_Node_Type::Inplace_Fun_Call, std::move(t_loc), std::move(t_children)) 
-        { assert(children.size() == 2); }
-
-        virtual ~Inplace_Fun_Call_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
-          std::vector<Boxed_Value> params;
-          chaiscript::eval::detail::Function_Push_Pop fpp(t_ss);
-
-          for (const auto &child : this->children[1]->children) {
-            params.push_back(child->eval(t_ss));
-          }
-
-
-          Const_Proxy_Function fn;
-          try {
-            Boxed_Value bv = this->children[0]->eval(t_ss);
-            try {
-              fn = t_ss.boxed_cast<const Const_Proxy_Function &>(bv);
-            } catch (const exception::bad_boxed_cast &) {
-              throw exception::eval_error("'" + this->children[0]->pretty_print() + "' does not evaluate to a function.");
-            }
-            return (*fn)(params, t_ss.conversions());
-          }
-          catch(const exception::dispatch_error &e){
-            throw exception::eval_error(std::string(e.what()) + " with function '" + this->children[0]->text + "'", e.parameters, e.functions, false, t_ss);
-          }
-          catch(const exception::bad_boxed_cast &){
-            // handle the case where there is only 1 function to try to call and dispatch fails on it
-            throw exception::eval_error("Error calling function '" + this->children[0]->text + "'", params, {fn}, false, t_ss);
-          }
-          catch(const exception::arity_error &e){
-            throw exception::eval_error(std::string(e.what()) + " with function '" + this->children[0]->text + "'");
-          }
-          catch(const exception::guard_error &e){
-            throw exception::eval_error(std::string(e.what()) + " with function '" + this->children[0]->text + "'");
-          }
-          catch(detail::Return_Value &rv) {
-            return rv.retval;
-          }
-        }
-
-        virtual std::string pretty_print() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE 
-        {
-          std::ostringstream oss;
-          int count = 0;
-          for (const auto &child : this->children) {
-            oss << child->pretty_print();
-
-            if (count == 0)
-            {
-              oss << "(";
-            }
-            ++count;
-          }
-
-          oss << ")";
-
-          return oss.str();
-        }
-
-    };
 
     struct Arg_AST_Node : public AST_Node {
       public:
@@ -438,17 +367,17 @@ namespace chaiscript
           return retval;
         }
 
-        static std::pair<std::string, Type_Info> get_arg_type(const AST_NodePtr &t_node, chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) 
+        static std::pair<std::string, Type_Info> get_arg_type(const AST_NodePtr &t_node, const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) 
         {
           if (t_node->children.size() < 2)
           {
             return std::pair<std::string, Type_Info>();
           } else {
-            return std::pair<std::string, Type_Info>(t_node->children[0]->text, t_ss.get_type(t_node->children[0]->text, false));
+            return std::pair<std::string, Type_Info>(t_node->children[0]->text, t_ss->get_type(t_node->children[0]->text, false));
           }
         }
 
-        static dispatch::Param_Types get_arg_types(const AST_NodePtr &t_node, chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) {
+        static dispatch::Param_Types get_arg_types(const AST_NodePtr &t_node, const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) {
           std::vector<std::pair<std::string, Type_Info>> retval;
 
           for (const auto &child : t_node->children)
@@ -468,9 +397,11 @@ namespace chaiscript
         { assert(children.size() == 3); }
 
         Operators::Opers m_oper;
+        mutable std::atomic_uint_fast32_t m_loc;
+        mutable std::atomic_uint_fast32_t m_clone_loc;
 
         virtual ~Equation_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
           chaiscript::eval::detail::Function_Push_Pop fpp(t_ss);
           Boxed_Value rhs = this->children[2]->eval(t_ss); 
           Boxed_Value lhs = this->children[0]->eval(t_ss);
@@ -503,35 +434,36 @@ namespace chaiscript
                 } else {
                   if (!rhs.is_return_value())
                   {
-                    rhs = t_ss.call_function("clone", rhs);
+                    rhs = t_ss->call_function("clone", m_clone_loc, {rhs});
                   }
                   rhs.reset_return_value();
                 }
               }
 
               try {
-                return t_ss.call_function(this->children[1]->text, std::move(lhs), rhs);
+                return t_ss->call_function(this->children[1]->text, m_loc, {std::move(lhs), rhs});
               }
               catch(const exception::dispatch_error &e){
-                throw exception::eval_error("Unable to find appropriate'" + this->children[1]->text + "' operator.", e.parameters, e.functions, false, t_ss);
+                throw exception::eval_error("Unable to find appropriate'" + this->children[1]->text + "' operator.", e.parameters, e.functions, false, *t_ss);
               }
             }
             catch(const exception::dispatch_error &e){
-              throw exception::eval_error("Missing clone or copy constructor for right hand side of equation", e.parameters, e.functions, false, t_ss);
+              throw exception::eval_error("Missing clone or copy constructor for right hand side of equation", e.parameters, e.functions, false, *t_ss);
             }
           }
           else if (this->children[1]->text == ":=") {
             if (lhs.is_undef() || Boxed_Value::type_match(lhs, rhs)) {
               lhs.assign(rhs);
+              lhs.reset_return_value();
             } else {
               throw exception::eval_error("Mismatched types in equation");
             }
           }
           else {
             try {
-              return t_ss.call_function(this->children[1]->text, std::move(lhs), rhs);
+              return t_ss->call_function(this->children[1]->text, m_loc, {std::move(lhs), rhs});
             } catch(const exception::dispatch_error &e){
-              throw exception::eval_error("Unable to find appropriate'" + this->children[1]->text + "' operator.", e.parameters, e.functions, false, t_ss);
+              throw exception::eval_error("Unable to find appropriate'" + this->children[1]->text + "' operator.", e.parameters, e.functions, false, *t_ss);
             }
           }
 
@@ -544,7 +476,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         Global_Decl_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text, Parse_Location t_loc, std::vector<AST_NodePtr> t_children) :
           AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Global_Decl, std::move(t_loc), std::move(t_children)) { }
         virtual ~Global_Decl_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
 
           const std::string &idname =
             [&]()->const std::string &{
@@ -556,7 +488,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
             }();
 
           try {
-            return t_ss.add_global_no_throw(Boxed_Value(), idname);
+            return t_ss->add_global_no_throw(Boxed_Value(), idname);
           }
           catch (const exception::reserved_word_error &) {
             throw exception::eval_error("Reserved word used as global '" + idname + "'");
@@ -571,7 +503,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         Var_Decl_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text, Parse_Location t_loc, std::vector<AST_NodePtr> t_children) :
           AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Var_Decl, std::move(t_loc), std::move(t_children)) { }
         virtual ~Var_Decl_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
           if (this->children[0]->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Reference)
           {
             return this->children[0]->eval(t_ss);
@@ -605,18 +537,17 @@ namespace chaiscript
         Array_Call_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text, Parse_Location t_loc, std::vector<AST_NodePtr> t_children) :
           AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Array_Call, std::move(t_loc), std::move(t_children)) { }
         virtual ~Array_Call_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
           chaiscript::eval::detail::Function_Push_Pop fpp(t_ss);
 
           std::vector<Boxed_Value> params{children[0]->eval(t_ss), children[1]->eval(t_ss)};
 
           try {
-            chaiscript::eval::detail::Stack_Push_Pop spp(t_ss);
             fpp.save_params(params);
-            return t_ss.call_function("[]", params);
+            return t_ss->call_function("[]", m_loc, params);
           }
           catch(const exception::dispatch_error &e){
-            throw exception::eval_error("Can not find appropriate array lookup operator '[]'.", e.parameters, e.functions, false, t_ss );
+            throw exception::eval_error("Can not find appropriate array lookup operator '[]'.", e.parameters, e.functions, false, *t_ss );
           }
 
         }
@@ -635,6 +566,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
           return oss.str();
         }
+
+        mutable std::atomic_uint_fast32_t m_loc;
     };
 
     struct Dot_Access_AST_Node : public AST_Node {
@@ -646,9 +579,10 @@ namespace chaiscript
               children[2]->children[0]->text:children[2]->text) { }
 
         virtual ~Dot_Access_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
           chaiscript::eval::detail::Function_Push_Pop fpp(t_ss);
 
+
           Boxed_Value retval = children[0]->eval(t_ss);
           std::vector<Boxed_Value> params{retval};
 
@@ -663,16 +597,14 @@ namespace chaiscript
           fpp.save_params(params);
 
           try {
-            chaiscript::eval::detail::Stack_Push_Pop spp(t_ss);
-            t_ss.add_object("this", retval);
-            retval = t_ss.call_member(m_fun_name, std::move(params), has_function_params);
+            retval = t_ss->call_member(m_fun_name, m_loc, std::move(params), has_function_params);
           }
           catch(const exception::dispatch_error &e){
             if (e.functions.empty())
             {
               throw exception::eval_error("'" + m_fun_name + "' is not a function.");
             } else {
-              throw exception::eval_error(std::string(e.what()) + " for function '" + m_fun_name + "'", e.parameters, e.functions, true, t_ss);
+              throw exception::eval_error(std::string(e.what()) + " for function '" + m_fun_name + "'", e.parameters, e.functions, true, *t_ss);
             }
           }
           catch(detail::Return_Value &rv) {
@@ -681,10 +613,10 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
           if (this->children[2]->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Array_Call) {
             try {
-              retval = t_ss.call_function("[]", retval, this->children[2]->children[1]->eval(t_ss));
+              retval = t_ss->call_function("[]", m_array_loc, {retval, this->children[2]->children[1]->eval(t_ss)});
             }
             catch(const exception::dispatch_error &e){
-              throw exception::eval_error("Can not find appropriate array lookup operator '[]'.", e.parameters, e.functions, true, t_ss);
+              throw exception::eval_error("Can not find appropriate array lookup operator '[]'.", e.parameters, e.functions, true, *t_ss);
             }
           }
 
@@ -692,6 +624,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
         }
 
       private:
+        mutable std::atomic_uint_fast32_t m_loc;
+        mutable std::atomic_uint_fast32_t m_array_loc;
         std::string m_fun_name;
     };
 
@@ -702,7 +636,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           m_value(const_var(text)) { }
         virtual ~Quoted_String_AST_Node() {}
 
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
           return m_value;
         }
 
@@ -723,7 +657,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           m_value(const_var(char(text.at(0)))) { }
 
         virtual ~Single_Quoted_String_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
           return m_value;
         }
 
@@ -744,7 +678,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
         virtual ~Lambda_AST_Node() {}
 
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
 
           const auto captures = [&]()->std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value>{
             std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value> named_captures;
@@ -759,13 +693,17 @@ namespace chaiscript
           const auto param_types = Arg_List_AST_Node::get_arg_types(this->children[1], t_ss);
 
           const auto &lambda_node = this->children.back();
+          std::reference_wrapper<chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine> engine(*t_ss);
 
-          return Boxed_Value(chaiscript::make_shared<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, dispatch::Dynamic_Proxy_Function>(
-                [&t_ss, lambda_node, param_names, captures](const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &t_params)
-                {
-                  return detail::eval_function(t_ss, lambda_node, param_names, t_params, captures);
-                },
-                static_cast<int>(numparams), lambda_node, param_types));
+          return Boxed_Value(
+              dispatch::make_dynamic_proxy_function(
+                  [engine, lambda_node, param_names, captures](const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &t_params)
+                  {
+                    return detail::eval_function(engine, lambda_node, param_names, t_params, &captures);
+                  },
+                  static_cast<int>(numparams), lambda_node, param_types
+                )
+              );
         }
 
       private:
@@ -779,7 +717,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Block, std::move(t_loc), std::move(t_children)) { }
         virtual ~Block_AST_Node() {}
 
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
           chaiscript::eval::detail::Scope_Push_Pop spp(t_ss);
 
           const auto num_children = children.size();
@@ -797,7 +735,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Def, std::move(t_loc), std::move(t_children)) { }
 
         virtual ~Def_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
           std::vector<std::string> t_param_names;
           size_t numparams = 0;
           AST_NodePtr guardnode;
@@ -822,25 +760,29 @@ namespace chaiscript
             }
           }
 
-          std::shared_ptr<dispatch::Dynamic_Proxy_Function> guard;
+          std::reference_wrapper<chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine> engine(*t_ss);
+          std::shared_ptr<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base> guard;
           if (guardnode) {
-            guard = std::make_shared<dispatch::Dynamic_Proxy_Function>
-              ([&t_ss, guardnode, t_param_names](const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &t_params)
-                                                    {
-                                                      return detail::eval_function(t_ss, guardnode, t_param_names, t_params);
-                                                    }, static_cast<int>(numparams), guardnode);
+            guard = dispatch::make_dynamic_proxy_function(
+                [engine, guardnode, t_param_names](const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &t_params)
+                {
+                  return detail::eval_function(engine, guardnode, t_param_names, t_params);
+                },
+                static_cast<int>(numparams), guardnode);
           }
 
           try {
             const std::string & l_function_name = this->children[0]->text;
             const std::string & l_annotation = this->annotation?this->annotation->text:"";
             const auto & func_node = this->children.back();
-            t_ss.add(chaiscript::make_shared<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, dispatch::Dynamic_Proxy_Function>
-                        ([&t_ss, guardnode, func_node, t_param_names](const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &t_params)
-                                                      {
-                                                        return detail::eval_function(t_ss, func_node, t_param_names, t_params);
-                                                      }, static_cast<int>(numparams), this->children.back(),
-                                                         param_types, l_annotation, guard), l_function_name);
+            t_ss->add(
+                dispatch::make_dynamic_proxy_function(
+                  [engine, guardnode, func_node, t_param_names](const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &t_params)
+                  {
+                    return detail::eval_function(engine, func_node, t_param_names, t_params);
+                  },
+                  static_cast<int>(numparams), this->children.back(),
+                  param_types, l_annotation, guard), l_function_name);
           }
           catch (const exception::reserved_word_error &e) {
             throw exception::eval_error("Reserved word used as function name '" + e.word() + "'");
@@ -857,7 +799,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         While_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text, Parse_Location t_loc, std::vector<AST_NodePtr> t_children) :
           AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::While, std::move(t_loc), std::move(t_children)) { }
         virtual ~While_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
           chaiscript::eval::detail::Scope_Push_Pop spp(t_ss);
 
           try {
@@ -883,7 +825,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         Class_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text, Parse_Location t_loc, std::vector<AST_NodePtr> t_children) :
           AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Class, std::move(t_loc), std::move(t_children)) { }
         virtual ~Class_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
           chaiscript::eval::detail::Scope_Push_Pop spp(t_ss);
 
           /// \todo do this better
@@ -902,7 +844,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::If, std::move(t_loc), std::move(t_children)) 
           { assert(children.size() == 3); }
         virtual ~Ternary_Cond_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
           if (get_bool_condition(children[0]->eval(t_ss))) {
             return children[1]->eval(t_ss);
           }
@@ -918,7 +860,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         If_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text, Parse_Location t_loc, std::vector<AST_NodePtr> t_children) :
           AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::If, std::move(t_loc), std::move(t_children)) { }
         virtual ~If_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
 
           if (get_bool_condition(children[0]->eval(t_ss))) {
             return children[1]->eval(t_ss);
@@ -951,7 +893,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           { assert(children.size() == 4); }
         virtual ~For_AST_Node() {}
 
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
           chaiscript::eval::detail::Scope_Push_Pop spp(t_ss);
 
           try {
@@ -983,7 +925,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         Switch_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text, Parse_Location t_loc, std::vector<AST_NodePtr> t_children) :
           AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Switch, std::move(t_loc), std::move(t_children)) { }
         virtual ~Switch_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
           bool breaking = false;
           size_t currentCase = 1;
           bool hasMatched = false;
@@ -997,7 +939,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
               if (this->children[currentCase]->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Case) {
                 //This is a little odd, but because want to see both the switch and the case simultaneously, I do a downcast here.
                 try {
-                  if (hasMatched || boxed_cast<bool>(t_ss.call_function("==", match_value, this->children[currentCase]->children[0]->eval(t_ss)))) {
+                  if (hasMatched || boxed_cast<bool>(t_ss->call_function("==", m_loc, {match_value, this->children[currentCase]->children[0]->eval(t_ss)}))) {
                     this->children[currentCase]->eval(t_ss);
                     hasMatched = true;
                   }
@@ -1008,7 +950,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
               }
               else if (this->children[currentCase]->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Default) {
                 this->children[currentCase]->eval(t_ss);
-                breaking = true;
+                hasMatched = true;
               }
             }
             catch (detail::Break_Loop &) {
@@ -1018,6 +960,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
           }
           return Boxed_Value();
         }
+
+        mutable std::atomic_uint_fast32_t m_loc;
     };
 
     struct Case_AST_Node : public AST_Node {
@@ -1027,7 +971,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         { assert(children.size() == 2); /* how many children does it have? */ }
 
         virtual ~Case_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
           chaiscript::eval::detail::Scope_Push_Pop spp(t_ss);
 
           children[1]->eval(t_ss);
@@ -1042,7 +986,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Default, std::move(t_loc), std::move(t_children))
         { assert(children.size() == 1); }
         virtual ~Default_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
           chaiscript::eval::detail::Scope_Push_Pop spp(t_ss);
 
           children[0]->eval(t_ss);
@@ -1057,12 +1001,17 @@ namespace chaiscript
         Inline_Array_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text, Parse_Location t_loc, std::vector<AST_NodePtr> t_children) :
           AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Inline_Array, std::move(t_loc), std::move(t_children)) { }
         virtual ~Inline_Array_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
           try {
             std::vector<Boxed_Value> vec;
             if (!children.empty()) {
               for (const auto &child : children[0]->children) {
-                vec.push_back(t_ss.call_function("clone", child->eval(t_ss)));
+                auto obj = child->eval(t_ss);
+                if (!obj.is_return_value()) {
+                  vec.push_back(t_ss->call_function("clone", m_loc, {obj}));
+                } else {
+                  vec.push_back(std::move(obj));
+                }
               }
             }
             return const_var(std::move(vec));
@@ -1076,6 +1025,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
         {
           return "[" + AST_Node::pretty_print() + "]";
         }
+
+        mutable std::atomic_uint_fast32_t m_loc;
     };
 
     struct Inline_Map_AST_Node : public AST_Node {
@@ -1083,22 +1034,27 @@ namespace chaiscript
         Inline_Map_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text, Parse_Location t_loc, std::vector<AST_NodePtr> t_children) :
           AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Inline_Map, std::move(t_loc), std::move(t_children)) { }
         virtual ~Inline_Map_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
           try {
             std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value> retval;
 
             for (const auto &child : children[0]->children) {
-              Boxed_Value bv = t_ss.call_function("clone", child->children[1]->eval(t_ss));
-              retval[t_ss.boxed_cast<std::string>(child->children[0]->eval(t_ss))] = std::move(bv);
+              auto obj = child->children[1]->eval(t_ss);
+              if (!obj.is_return_value()) {
+                obj = t_ss->call_function("clone", m_loc, {obj});
+              }
+
+              retval[t_ss->boxed_cast<std::string>(child->children[0]->eval(t_ss))] = std::move(obj);
             }
 
             return const_var(std::move(retval));
           }
           catch (const exception::dispatch_error &e) {
-            throw exception::eval_error("Can not find appropriate copy constructor or 'clone' while inserting into Map.", e.parameters, e.functions, false, t_ss);
+            throw exception::eval_error("Can not find appropriate copy constructor or 'clone' while inserting into Map.", e.parameters, e.functions, false, *t_ss);
           }
         }
 
+        mutable std::atomic_uint_fast32_t m_loc;
     };
 
     struct Return_AST_Node : public AST_Node {
@@ -1106,7 +1062,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         Return_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text, Parse_Location t_loc, std::vector<AST_NodePtr> t_children) :
           AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Return, std::move(t_loc), std::move(t_children)) { }
         virtual ~Return_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
           if (!this->children.empty()) {
             throw detail::Return_Value(children[0]->eval(t_ss));
           }
@@ -1122,12 +1078,23 @@ namespace chaiscript
         File_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text, Parse_Location t_loc, std::vector<AST_NodePtr> t_children) :
           AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::File, std::move(t_loc), std::move(t_children)) { }
         virtual ~File_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
-          const auto num_children = children.size();
-          for (size_t i = 0; i < num_children-1; ++i) {
-            children[i]->eval(t_ss);
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
+          try {
+            const auto num_children = children.size();
+
+            if (num_children > 0) {
+              for (size_t i = 0; i < num_children-1; ++i) {
+                children[i]->eval(t_ss);
+              }
+              return children.back()->eval(t_ss);
+            } else {
+              return Boxed_Value();
+            }
+          } catch (const detail::Continue_Loop &) {
+            throw exception::eval_error("Unexpected `continue` statement outside of a loop");
+          } catch (const detail::Break_Loop &) {
+            throw exception::eval_error("Unexpected `break` statement outside of a loop");
           }
-          return children.back()->eval(t_ss);
         }
     };
 
@@ -1137,7 +1104,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Reference, std::move(t_loc), std::move(t_children))
         { assert(children.size() == 1); }
 
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
           try {
             Boxed_Value bv;
             t_ss.add_object(this->children[0]->text, bv);
@@ -1159,27 +1126,27 @@ namespace chaiscript
         { }
 
         virtual ~Prefix_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
           Boxed_Value bv(children[1]->eval(t_ss));
 
           try {
             // short circuit arithmetic operations
-            if (m_oper != Operators::invalid && bv.get_type_info().is_arithmetic())
+            if (m_oper != Operators::invalid && m_oper != Operators::bitwise_and && bv.get_type_info().is_arithmetic())
             {
-              return Boxed_Number::do_oper(m_oper, std::move(bv));
+              return Boxed_Number::do_oper(m_oper, bv);
             } else {
               chaiscript::eval::detail::Function_Push_Pop fpp(t_ss);
-              chaiscript::eval::detail::Stack_Push_Pop spp(t_ss);
               fpp.save_params({bv});
-              return t_ss.call_function(children[0]->text, std::move(bv));
+              return t_ss->call_function(children[0]->text, m_loc, {std::move(bv)});
             }
           } catch (const exception::dispatch_error &e) {
-            throw exception::eval_error("Error with prefix operator evaluation: '" + children[0]->text + "'", e.parameters, e.functions, false, t_ss);
+            throw exception::eval_error("Error with prefix operator evaluation: '" + children[0]->text + "'", e.parameters, e.functions, false, *t_ss);
           }
         }
 
       private:
         Operators::Opers m_oper;
+        mutable std::atomic_uint_fast32_t m_loc;
     };
 
     struct Break_AST_Node : public AST_Node {
@@ -1187,7 +1154,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         Break_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text, Parse_Location t_loc, std::vector<AST_NodePtr> t_children) :
           AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Break, std::move(t_loc), std::move(t_children)) { }
         virtual ~Break_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
           throw detail::Break_Loop();
         }
     };
@@ -1197,7 +1164,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         Continue_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text, Parse_Location t_loc, std::vector<AST_NodePtr> t_children) :
           AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Continue, std::move(t_loc), std::move(t_children)) { }
         virtual ~Continue_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
           throw detail::Continue_Loop();
         }
     };
@@ -1210,7 +1177,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         { }
 
         virtual ~Noop_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
           // It's a no-op, that evaluates to "true"
           return m_value;
         }
@@ -1238,17 +1205,18 @@ namespace chaiscript
         Inline_Range_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text, Parse_Location t_loc, std::vector<AST_NodePtr> t_children) :
           AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Inline_Range, std::move(t_loc), std::move(t_children)) { }
         virtual ~Inline_Range_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
           try {
-            return t_ss.call_function("generate_range",
-                children[0]->children[0]->children[0]->eval(t_ss),
-                children[0]->children[0]->children[1]->eval(t_ss));
+            auto oper1 = children[0]->children[0]->children[0]->eval(t_ss);
+            auto oper2 = children[0]->children[0]->children[1]->eval(t_ss);
+            return t_ss->call_function("generate_range", m_loc, {oper1, oper2});
           }
           catch (const exception::dispatch_error &e) {
-            throw exception::eval_error("Unable to generate range vector, while calling 'generate_range'", e.parameters, e.functions, false, t_ss);
+            throw exception::eval_error("Unable to generate range vector, while calling 'generate_range'", e.parameters, e.functions, false, *t_ss);
           }
         }
 
+        mutable std::atomic_uint_fast32_t m_loc;
     };
 
     struct Annotation_AST_Node : public AST_Node {
@@ -1264,7 +1232,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Try, std::move(t_loc), std::move(t_children)) { }
         virtual ~Try_AST_Node() {}
 
-        Boxed_Value handle_exception(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss, const Boxed_Value &t_except) const
+        Boxed_Value handle_exception(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss, const Boxed_Value &t_except) const
         {
           Boxed_Value retval;
 
@@ -1286,7 +1254,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
               if (dispatch::Param_Types(
                     std::vector<std::pair<std::string, Type_Info>>{Arg_List_AST_Node::get_arg_type(catch_block->children[0], t_ss)}
-                    ).match(std::vector<Boxed_Value>{t_except}, t_ss.conversions()))
+                    ).match(std::vector<Boxed_Value>{t_except}, t_ss->conversions()))
               {
                 t_ss.add_object(name, t_except);
 
@@ -1325,7 +1293,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           return retval;
         }
 
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
           Boxed_Value retval;
 
           chaiscript::eval::detail::Scope_Push_Pop spp(t_ss);
@@ -1340,9 +1308,14 @@ namespace chaiscript
             }
             throw;
           }
+          catch (const std::runtime_error &e) {
+            retval = handle_exception(t_ss, Boxed_Value(std::ref(e)));
+          }
+          catch (const std::out_of_range &e) {
+            retval = handle_exception(t_ss, Boxed_Value(std::ref(e)));
+          }
           catch (const std::exception &e) {
             retval = handle_exception(t_ss, Boxed_Value(std::ref(e)));
-
           }
           catch (Boxed_Value &e) {
             retval = handle_exception(t_ss, e);
@@ -1383,11 +1356,11 @@ namespace chaiscript
         Method_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text, Parse_Location t_loc, std::vector<AST_NodePtr> t_children) :
           AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Method, std::move(t_loc), std::move(t_children)) { }
         virtual ~Method_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
 
           AST_NodePtr guardnode;
 
-          const auto d = t_ss.get_parent_locals();
+          const auto d = t_ss->get_parent_locals();
           const auto itr = d.find("_current_class_name");
           const auto class_offset = (itr != d.end())?-1:0;
           const std::string & class_name = (itr != d.end())?std::string(boxed_cast<std::string>(itr->second)):this->children[0]->text;
@@ -1415,39 +1388,48 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
           const size_t numparams = t_param_names.size();
 
-          std::shared_ptr<dispatch::Dynamic_Proxy_Function> guard;
+          std::shared_ptr<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base> guard;
+          std::reference_wrapper<chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine> engine(*t_ss);
           if (guardnode) {
-            guard = std::make_shared<dispatch::Dynamic_Proxy_Function>
-              (std::bind(chaiscript::eval::detail::eval_function,
-                         std::ref(t_ss), guardnode,
-                         t_param_names, std::placeholders::_1, std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value>()), static_cast<int>(numparams), guardnode);
+            guard = dispatch::make_dynamic_proxy_function(
+                [engine, t_param_names, guardnode](const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &t_params) {
+                  return chaiscript::eval::detail::eval_function(engine, guardnode, t_param_names, t_params);
+                }, 
+                static_cast<int>(numparams), guardnode);
           }
 
           try {
             const std::string & l_annotation = annotation?annotation->text:"";
-
             const std::string & function_name = children[static_cast<size_t>(1 + class_offset)]->text;
+            auto node = children.back();
 
             if (function_name == class_name) {
               param_types.push_front(class_name, Type_Info());
-              t_ss.add(std::make_shared<dispatch::detail::Dynamic_Object_Constructor>(class_name, std::make_shared<dispatch::Dynamic_Proxy_Function>(std::bind(chaiscript::eval::detail::eval_function,
-                        std::ref(t_ss), children.back(), t_param_names, std::placeholders::_1, std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value>()), 
-                      static_cast<int>(numparams), children.back(), param_types, l_annotation, guard)), 
+
+              t_ss->add(
+                  std::make_shared<dispatch::detail::Dynamic_Object_Constructor>(class_name,
+                    dispatch::make_dynamic_proxy_function(
+                        [engine, t_param_names, node](const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &t_params) {
+                          return chaiscript::eval::detail::eval_function(engine, node, t_param_names, t_params);
+                        },
+                        static_cast<int>(numparams), node, param_types, l_annotation, guard
+                      )
+                    ),
                   function_name);
 
             } else {
-
               // if the type is unknown, then this generates a function that looks up the type
               // at runtime. Defining the type first before this is called is better
-              auto type = t_ss.get_type(class_name, false);
+              auto type = t_ss->get_type(class_name, false);
               param_types.push_front(class_name, type);
 
-              t_ss.add(
-                  std::make_shared<dispatch::detail::Dynamic_Object_Function>(class_name, 
-                    std::make_shared<dispatch::Dynamic_Proxy_Function>(std::bind(chaiscript::eval::detail::eval_function,
-                                                                        std::ref(t_ss), children.back(),
-                                                                        t_param_names, std::placeholders::_1, std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value>()), static_cast<int>(numparams), children.back(),
-                                                              param_types, l_annotation, guard), type), function_name);
+              t_ss->add(std::make_shared<dispatch::detail::Dynamic_Object_Function>(class_name,
+                    dispatch::make_dynamic_proxy_function(
+                      [engine, t_param_names, node](const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &t_params) {
+                        return chaiscript::eval::detail::eval_function(engine, node, t_param_names, t_params);
+                      },
+                      static_cast<int>(numparams), node, param_types, l_annotation, guard), type), 
+                  function_name);
             }
           }
           catch (const exception::reserved_word_error &e) {
@@ -1465,23 +1447,22 @@ namespace chaiscript
         Attr_Decl_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text, Parse_Location t_loc, std::vector<AST_NodePtr> t_children) :
           AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Attr_Decl, std::move(t_loc), std::move(t_children)) { }
         virtual ~Attr_Decl_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE 
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE 
         {
-          const auto &d = t_ss.get_parent_locals();
+          const auto &d = t_ss->get_parent_locals();
           const auto itr = d.find("_current_class_name");
           const auto class_offset = (itr != d.end())?-1:0;
           std::string class_name = (itr != d.end())?std::string(boxed_cast<std::string>(itr->second)):this->children[0]->text;
 
           try {
-            t_ss.add(
+            std::string attr_name = this->children[static_cast<size_t>(1 + class_offset)]->text;
+
+            t_ss->add(
                 std::make_shared<dispatch::detail::Dynamic_Object_Function>(
                      std::move(class_name),
-                     fun(std::function<Boxed_Value (dispatch::Dynamic_Object &)>(
-                         std::bind(static_cast<Boxed_Value &(dispatch::Dynamic_Object::*)(const std::string &)>(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_attr), 
-                             std::placeholders::_1,
-                             this->children[static_cast<size_t>(1 + class_offset)]->text
-                             ))
-                     ),
+                     fun([attr_name](dispatch::Dynamic_Object &t_obj) {
+                           return t_obj.get_attr(attr_name);
+                         }),
                      true
 
                 ), this->children[static_cast<size_t>(1 + class_offset)]->text);
@@ -1505,7 +1486,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         { assert(children.size() == 3); }
 
         virtual ~Logical_And_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
           return const_var(get_bool_condition(children[0]->eval(t_ss))
               && get_bool_condition(children[2]->eval(t_ss)));
         }
@@ -1522,7 +1503,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Logical_Or, std::move(t_loc), std::move(t_children)) 
         { assert(children.size() == 3); }
         virtual ~Logical_Or_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
+        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
           return const_var(get_bool_condition(children[0]->eval(t_ss))
               || get_bool_condition(children[2]->eval(t_ss)));
         }

include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_prelude.chai

@@ -41,25 +41,25 @@ def new(x) {
 }
 
 def clone(double x) {
-  double(x).copy_var_attrs(x)
+  double(x).clone_var_attrs(x)
 }
 
 def clone(string x) {
-  string(x).copy_var_attrs(x)
+  string(x).clone_var_attrs(x)
 }
 
 def clone(vector x) {
-  vector(x).copy_var_attrs(x)
+  vector(x).clone_var_attrs(x)
 }
 
 
 def clone(int x) {
-  int(x).copy_var_attrs(x)
+  int(x).clone_var_attrs(x)
 }
 
 def clone(x) : function_exists(type_name(x)) && call_exists(eval(type_name(x)), x)
 {
-  eval(type_name(x))(x).copy_var_attrs(x);
+  eval(type_name(x))(x).clone_var_attrs(x);
 }
 
 
@@ -127,18 +127,6 @@ def even(x)
 } 
 
 
-# Pushes the second value onto the container first value while making a clone of the value
-def push_back(container, x) : call_exists(push_back_ref, container, x) 
-{ 
-  container.push_back_ref(clone(x))
-} 
-
-# Pushes the second value onto the front of the container first value while making a clone of the value
-def push_front(container, x) : call_exists(push_front_ref, container, x) 
-{ 
-  container.push_front_ref(clone(x)) 
-} 
-
 # Inserts the third value at the position of the second value into the container of the first
 # while making a clone. 
 def insert_at(container, pos, x) 
@@ -157,11 +145,6 @@ def reverse(container) {
   retval; 
 }
 
-# Return a range from a range 
-def range(r) : call_exists(empty, r) && call_exists(pop_front, r) && call_exists(pop_back, r) && call_exists(back, r) && call_exists(front, r) 
-{
-  clone(r);
-}
 
 def range(r) : call_exists(range_internal, r)
 {
@@ -170,6 +153,13 @@ def range(r) : call_exists(range_internal, r)
   ri;
 }
 
+# Return a range from a range 
+def range(r) : call_exists(empty, r) && call_exists(pop_front, r) && call_exists(pop_back, r) && call_exists(back, r) && call_exists(front, r) 
+{
+  clone(r);
+}
+
+
 # The retro attribute that contains the underlying range 
 attr retro::m_range; 
 

include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_prelude_docs.hpp

@@ -718,14 +718,14 @@ Object drop_while(Range c, Function f);
 Object reduce(Range c, Function f);
 
 
-/// \brief Takes elements from Range c that match function f, return them.
+/// \brief Takes elements from Container c that match function f, return them.
 ///
 /// Example:
 /// \code
 /// eval> filter([1, 2, 3, 4], odd)
 /// [1, 3]
 /// \endcode
-Object filter(Range c, Function f);
+Object filter(Container c, Function f);
 
 
 /// \brief Joins the elements of the Range c into a string, delimiting each with the delim string.

include/chaiscript/utility/json.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,647 @@
+// From github.com/nbsdx/SimpleJSON. 
+// Released under the DWTFYW PL
+//
+
+
+#pragma once
+
+#ifndef SIMPLEJSON_HPP
+#define SIMPLEJSON_HPP
+
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cctype>
+#include <string>
+#include <deque>
+#include <map>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <iostream>
+
+namespace json {
+
+using std::map;
+using std::deque;
+using std::string;
+using std::enable_if;
+using std::initializer_list;
+using std::is_same;
+using std::is_convertible;
+using std::is_integral;
+using std::is_floating_point;
+
+namespace {
+    string json_escape( const string &str ) {
+        string output;
+        for( unsigned i = 0; i < str.length(); ++i )
+            switch( str[i] ) {
+                case '\"': output += "\\\""; break;
+                case '\\': output += "\\\\"; break;
+                case '\b': output += "\\b";  break;
+                case '\f': output += "\\f";  break;
+                case '\n': output += "\\n";  break;
+                case '\r': output += "\\r";  break;
+                case '\t': output += "\\t";  break;
+                default  : output += str[i]; break;
+            }
+        return output;
+    }
+}
+
+class JSON
+{
+    union BackingData {
+        BackingData( double d ) : Float( d ){}
+        BackingData( long   l ) : Int( l ){}
+        BackingData( bool   b ) : Bool( b ){}
+        BackingData( string s ) : String( new string( s ) ){}
+        BackingData()           : Int( 0 ){}
+
+        deque<JSON>        *List;
+        map<string,JSON>   *Map;
+        string             *String;
+        double              Float;
+        long                Int;
+        bool                Bool;
+    } Internal;
+
+    public:
+        enum class Class {
+            Null,
+            Object,
+            Array,
+            String,
+            Floating,
+            Integral,
+            Boolean
+        };
+
+        template <typename Container>
+        class JSONWrapper {
+            Container *object;
+
+            public:
+                JSONWrapper( Container *val ) : object( val ) {}
+                JSONWrapper( std::nullptr_t )  : object( nullptr ) {}
+
+                typename Container::iterator begin() { return object ? object->begin() : typename Container::iterator(); }
+                typename Container::iterator end() { return object ? object->end() : typename Container::iterator(); }
+                typename Container::const_iterator begin() const { return object ? object->begin() : typename Container::iterator(); }
+                typename Container::const_iterator end() const { return object ? object->end() : typename Container::iterator(); }
+        };
+
+        template <typename Container>
+        class JSONConstWrapper {
+            const Container *object;
+
+            public:
+                JSONConstWrapper( const Container *val ) : object( val ) {}
+                JSONConstWrapper( std::nullptr_t )  : object( nullptr ) {}
+
+                typename Container::const_iterator begin() const { return object ? object->begin() : typename Container::const_iterator(); }
+                typename Container::const_iterator end() const { return object ? object->end() : typename Container::const_iterator(); }
+        };
+
+        JSON() : Internal(), Type( Class::Null ){}
+
+        explicit JSON(Class type)
+            : Internal(), Type(Class::Null)
+        {
+            SetType( type );
+        }
+
+        JSON( initializer_list<JSON> list ) 
+            : Internal(), Type(Class::Null)
+        {
+            SetType( Class::Object );
+            for( auto i = list.begin(), e = list.end(); i != e; ++i, ++i )
+                operator[]( i->ToString() ) = *std::next( i );
+        }
+
+        JSON( JSON&& other )
+            : Internal( other.Internal )
+            , Type( other.Type )
+        { other.Type = Class::Null; other.Internal.Map = nullptr; }
+
+        JSON& operator=( JSON&& other ) {
+            Internal = other.Internal;
+            Type = other.Type;
+            other.Internal.Map = nullptr;
+            other.Type = Class::Null;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        JSON( const JSON &other ) {
+            switch( other.Type ) {
+            case Class::Object:
+                Internal.Map = 
+                    new map<string,JSON>( other.Internal.Map->begin(),
+                                          other.Internal.Map->end() );
+                break;
+            case Class::Array:
+                Internal.List = 
+                    new deque<JSON>( other.Internal.List->begin(),
+                                      other.Internal.List->end() );
+                break;
+            case Class::String:
+                Internal.String = 
+                    new string( *other.Internal.String );
+                break;
+            default:
+                Internal = other.Internal;
+            }
+            Type = other.Type;
+        }
+
+        JSON& operator=( const JSON &other ) {
+            if (&other == this) return *this;
+
+            switch( other.Type ) {
+            case Class::Object:
+                Internal.Map = 
+                    new map<string,JSON>( other.Internal.Map->begin(),
+                                          other.Internal.Map->end() );
+                break;
+            case Class::Array:
+                Internal.List = 
+                    new deque<JSON>( other.Internal.List->begin(),
+                                      other.Internal.List->end() );
+                break;
+            case Class::String:
+                Internal.String = 
+                    new string( *other.Internal.String );
+                break;
+            default:
+                Internal = other.Internal;
+            }
+            Type = other.Type;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        ~JSON() {
+            switch( Type ) {
+            case Class::Array:
+                delete Internal.List;
+                break;
+            case Class::Object:
+                delete Internal.Map;
+                break;
+            case Class::String:
+                delete Internal.String;
+                break;
+            default:;
+            }
+        }
+
+        template <typename T>
+        JSON( T b, typename enable_if<is_same<T,bool>::value>::type* = 0 ) : Internal( b ), Type( Class::Boolean ){}
+
+        template <typename T>
+        JSON( T i, typename enable_if<is_integral<T>::value && !is_same<T,bool>::value>::type* = 0 ) : Internal( long(i) ), Type( Class::Integral ){}
+
+        template <typename T>
+        JSON( T f, typename enable_if<is_floating_point<T>::value>::type* = 0 ) : Internal( double(f) ), Type( Class::Floating ){}
+
+        template <typename T>
+        JSON( T s, typename enable_if<is_convertible<T,string>::value>::type* = 0 ) : Internal( string( s ) ), Type( Class::String ){}
+
+        JSON( std::nullptr_t ) : Internal(), Type( Class::Null ){}
+
+        static JSON Make( Class type ) {
+            return JSON(type);
+        }
+
+        static JSON Load( const string & );
+
+        template <typename T>
+        void append( T arg ) {
+            SetType( Class::Array ); Internal.List->emplace_back( arg );
+        }
+
+        template <typename T, typename... U>
+        void append( T arg, U... args ) {
+            append( arg ); append( args... );
+        }
+
+        template <typename T>
+            typename enable_if<is_same<T,bool>::value, JSON&>::type operator=( T b ) {
+                SetType( Class::Boolean ); Internal.Bool = b; return *this;
+            }
+
+        template <typename T>
+            typename enable_if<is_integral<T>::value && !is_same<T,bool>::value, JSON&>::type operator=( T i ) {
+                SetType( Class::Integral ); Internal.Int = i; return *this;
+            }
+
+        template <typename T>
+            typename enable_if<is_floating_point<T>::value, JSON&>::type operator=( T f ) {
+                SetType( Class::Floating ); Internal.Float = f; return *this;
+            }
+
+        template <typename T>
+            typename enable_if<is_convertible<T,string>::value, JSON&>::type operator=( T s ) {
+                SetType( Class::String ); *Internal.String = string( s ); return *this;
+            }
+
+        JSON& operator[]( const string &key ) {
+            SetType( Class::Object ); return Internal.Map->operator[]( key );
+        }
+
+        JSON& operator[]( const size_t index ) {
+            SetType( Class::Array );
+            if( index >= Internal.List->size() ) Internal.List->resize( index + 1 );
+            return Internal.List->operator[]( index );
+        }
+
+        JSON &at( const string &key ) {
+            return operator[]( key );
+        }
+
+        const JSON &at( const string &key ) const {
+            return Internal.Map->at( key );
+        }
+
+        JSON &at( unsigned index ) {
+            return operator[]( index );
+        }
+
+        const JSON &at( unsigned index ) const {
+            return Internal.List->at( index );
+        }
+
+        int length() const {
+            if( Type == Class::Array )
+                return static_cast<int>(Internal.List->size());
+            else
+                return -1;
+        }
+
+        bool hasKey( const string &key ) const {
+            if( Type == Class::Object )
+                return Internal.Map->find( key ) != Internal.Map->end();
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        int size() const {
+            if( Type == Class::Object )
+                return static_cast<int>(Internal.Map->size());
+            else if( Type == Class::Array )
+                return static_cast<int>(Internal.List->size());
+            else
+                return -1;
+        }
+
+        Class JSONType() const { return Type; }
+
+        /// Functions for getting primitives from the JSON object.
+        bool IsNull() const { return Type == Class::Null; }
+
+        string ToString() const { bool b; return ToString( b ); }
+        string ToString( bool &ok ) const {
+            ok = (Type == Class::String);
+            return ok ? *Internal.String : string("");
+        }
+
+        double ToFloat() const { bool b; return ToFloat( b ); }
+        double ToFloat( bool &ok ) const {
+            ok = (Type == Class::Floating);
+            return ok ? Internal.Float : 0.0;
+        }
+
+        long ToInt() const { bool b; return ToInt( b ); }
+        long ToInt( bool &ok ) const {
+            ok = (Type == Class::Integral);
+            return ok ? Internal.Int : 0;
+        }
+
+        bool ToBool() const { bool b; return ToBool( b ); }
+        bool ToBool( bool &ok ) const {
+            ok = (Type == Class::Boolean);
+            return ok ? Internal.Bool : false;
+        }
+
+        JSONWrapper<map<string,JSON>> ObjectRange() {
+            if( Type == Class::Object )
+                return JSONWrapper<map<string,JSON>>( Internal.Map );
+            return JSONWrapper<map<string,JSON>>( nullptr );
+        }
+
+        JSONWrapper<deque<JSON>> ArrayRange() {
+            if( Type == Class::Array )
+                return JSONWrapper<deque<JSON>>( Internal.List );
+            return JSONWrapper<deque<JSON>>( nullptr );
+        }
+
+        JSONConstWrapper<map<string,JSON>> ObjectRange() const {
+            if( Type == Class::Object )
+                return JSONConstWrapper<map<string,JSON>>( Internal.Map );
+            return JSONConstWrapper<map<string,JSON>>( nullptr );
+        }
+
+
+        JSONConstWrapper<deque<JSON>> ArrayRange() const { 
+            if( Type == Class::Array )
+                return JSONConstWrapper<deque<JSON>>( Internal.List );
+            return JSONConstWrapper<deque<JSON>>( nullptr );
+        }
+
+        string dump( int depth = 1, string tab = "  ") const {
+            switch( Type ) {
+                case Class::Null:
+                    return "null";
+                case Class::Object: {
+                    string pad = "";
+                    for( int i = 0; i < depth; ++i, pad += tab );
+
+                    string s = "{\n";
+                    bool skip = true;
+                    for( auto &p : *Internal.Map ) {
+                        if( !skip ) s += ",\n";
+                        s += ( pad + "\"" + p.first + "\" : " + p.second.dump( depth + 1, tab ) );
+                        skip = false;
+                    }
+                    s += ( "\n" + pad.erase( 0, 2 ) + "}" ) ;
+                    return s;
+                }
+                case Class::Array: {
+                    string s = "[";
+                    bool skip = true;
+                    for( auto &p : *Internal.List ) {
+                        if( !skip ) s += ", ";
+                        s += p.dump( depth + 1, tab );
+                        skip = false;
+                    }
+                    s += "]";
+                    return s;
+                }
+                case Class::String:
+                    return "\"" + json_escape( *Internal.String ) + "\"";
+                case Class::Floating:
+                    return std::to_string( Internal.Float );
+                case Class::Integral:
+                    return std::to_string( Internal.Int );
+                case Class::Boolean:
+                    return Internal.Bool ? "true" : "false";
+            }
+
+            throw std::runtime_error("Unhandled JSON type");
+        }
+
+        friend std::ostream& operator<<( std::ostream&, const JSON & );
+
+    private:
+        void SetType( Class type ) {
+            if( type == Type )
+                return;
+
+            switch( Type ) {
+            case Class::Object: delete Internal.Map;    break;
+            case Class::Array:  delete Internal.List;   break;
+            case Class::String: delete Internal.String; break;
+            default:;
+            }
+
+            switch( type ) {
+            case Class::Null:      Internal.Map    = nullptr;                break;
+            case Class::Object:    Internal.Map    = new map<string,JSON>(); break;
+            case Class::Array:     Internal.List   = new deque<JSON>();     break;
+            case Class::String:    Internal.String = new string();           break;
+            case Class::Floating:  Internal.Float  = 0.0;                    break;
+            case Class::Integral:  Internal.Int    = 0;                      break;
+            case Class::Boolean:   Internal.Bool   = false;                  break;
+            }
+
+            Type = type;
+        }
+
+    private:
+
+        Class Type;
+};
+
+JSON Array() {
+    return JSON::Make( JSON::Class::Array );
+}
+
+template <typename... T>
+JSON Array( T... args ) {
+    JSON arr = JSON::Make( JSON::Class::Array );
+    arr.append( args... );
+    return arr;
+}
+
+JSON Object() {
+    return JSON::Make( JSON::Class::Object );
+}
+
+std::ostream& operator<<( std::ostream &os, const JSON &json ) {
+    os << json.dump();
+    return os;
+}
+
+namespace {
+    JSON parse_next( const string &, size_t & );
+
+    void consume_ws( const string &str, size_t &offset ) {
+        while( isspace( str[offset] ) ) ++offset;
+    }
+
+    JSON parse_object( const string &str, size_t &offset ) {
+        JSON Object = JSON::Make( JSON::Class::Object );
+
+        ++offset;
+        consume_ws( str, offset );
+        if( str[offset] == '}' ) {
+            ++offset; return Object;
+        }
+
+        for (;offset<str.size();) {
+            JSON Key = parse_next( str, offset );
+            consume_ws( str, offset );
+            if( str[offset] != ':' ) {
+                throw std::runtime_error(std::string("JSON ERROR: Object: Expected colon, found '") + str[offset] + "'\n");
+            }
+            consume_ws( str, ++offset );
+            JSON Value = parse_next( str, offset );
+            Object[Key.ToString()] = Value;
+
+            consume_ws( str, offset );
+            if( str[offset] == ',' ) {
+                ++offset; continue;
+            }
+            else if( str[offset] == '}' ) {
+                ++offset; break;
+            }
+            else {
+                throw std::runtime_error(std::string("JSON ERROR: Object: Expected comma, found '") + str[offset] + "'\n");
+            }
+        }
+
+        return Object;
+    }
+
+    JSON parse_array( const string &str, size_t &offset ) {
+        JSON Array = JSON::Make( JSON::Class::Array );
+        unsigned index = 0;
+
+        ++offset;
+        consume_ws( str, offset );
+        if( str[offset] == ']' ) {
+            ++offset; return Array;
+        }
+
+        for (;offset < str.size();) {
+            Array[index++] = parse_next( str, offset );
+            consume_ws( str, offset );
+
+            if( str[offset] == ',' ) {
+                ++offset; continue;
+            }
+            else if( str[offset] == ']' ) {
+                ++offset; break;
+            }
+            else {
+              throw std::runtime_error(std::string("JSON ERROR: Array: Expected ',' or ']', found '") + str[offset] + "'\n");
+            }
+        }
+
+        return Array;
+    }
+
+    JSON parse_string( const string &str, size_t &offset ) {
+        string val;
+        for( char c = str[++offset]; c != '\"' ; c = str[++offset] ) {
+            if( c == '\\' ) {
+                switch( str[ ++offset ] ) {
+                case '\"': val += '\"'; break;
+                case '\\': val += '\\'; break;
+                case '/' : val += '/' ; break;
+                case 'b' : val += '\b'; break;
+                case 'f' : val += '\f'; break;
+                case 'n' : val += '\n'; break;
+                case 'r' : val += '\r'; break;
+                case 't' : val += '\t'; break;
+                case 'u' : {
+                    val += "\\u" ;
+                    for( unsigned i = 1; i <= 4; ++i ) {
+                        c = str[offset+i];
+                        if( (c >= '0' && c <= '9') || (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f') || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F') )
+                            val += c;
+                        else {
+                            throw std::runtime_error(std::string("JSON ERROR: String: Expected hex character in unicode escape, found '") + c + "'");
+                        }
+                    }
+                    offset += 4;
+                } break;
+                default  : val += '\\'; break;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+                val += c;
+        }
+        ++offset;
+        return JSON(val);
+    }
+
+    JSON parse_number( const string &str, size_t &offset ) {
+        JSON Number;
+        string val, exp_str;
+        char c = '\0';
+        bool isDouble = false;
+        long exp = 0;
+        for (; offset < str.size() ;) {
+            c = str[offset++];
+            if( (c == '-') || (c >= '0' && c <= '9') )
+                val += c;
+            else if( c == '.' ) {
+                val += c; 
+                isDouble = true;
+            }
+            else
+                break;
+        }
+        if( offset < str.size() && (c == 'E' || c == 'e' )) {
+            c = str[ offset++ ];
+            if( c == '-' ) { exp_str += '-';}
+            else if( c == '+' ) { }
+            else --offset;
+
+            for (; offset < str.size() ;) {
+                c = str[ offset++ ];
+                if( c >= '0' && c <= '9' )
+                    exp_str += c;
+                else if( !isspace( c ) && c != ',' && c != ']' && c != '}' ) {
+                    throw std::runtime_error(std::string("JSON ERROR: Number: Expected a number for exponent, found '") + c + "'");
+                }
+                else
+                    break;
+            }
+            exp = std::stol( exp_str );
+        }
+        else if( offset < str.size() && (!isspace( c ) && c != ',' && c != ']' && c != '}' )) {
+            throw std::runtime_error(std::string("JSON ERROR: Number: unexpected character '") + c + "'");
+        }
+        --offset;
+
+        if( isDouble )
+            Number = std::stod( val ) * std::pow( 10, exp );
+        else {
+            if( !exp_str.empty() )
+                Number = std::stol( val ) * std::pow( 10, exp );
+            else
+                Number = std::stol( val );
+        }
+        return Number;
+    }
+
+    JSON parse_bool( const string &str, size_t &offset ) {
+        JSON Bool;
+        if( str.substr( offset, 4 ) == "true" ) {
+            offset += 4;
+            Bool = true;
+        } else if( str.substr( offset, 5 ) == "false" ) {
+            offset += 5;
+            Bool = false;
+        } else {
+            throw std::runtime_error(std::string("JSON ERROR: Bool: Expected 'true' or 'false', found '") + str.substr( offset, 5 ) + "'");
+        }
+        return Bool;
+    }
+
+    JSON parse_null( const string &str, size_t &offset ) {
+        if( str.substr( offset, 4 ) != "null" ) {
+            throw std::runtime_error(std::string("JSON ERROR: Null: Expected 'null', found '") + str.substr( offset, 4 ) + "'");
+        }
+        offset += 4;
+        return JSON();
+    }
+
+    JSON parse_next( const string &str, size_t &offset ) {
+        char value;
+        consume_ws( str, offset );
+        value = str[offset];
+        switch( value ) {
+            case '[' : return parse_array( str, offset );
+            case '{' : return parse_object( str, offset );
+            case '\"': return parse_string( str, offset );
+            case 't' :
+            case 'f' : return parse_bool( str, offset );
+            case 'n' : return parse_null( str, offset );
+            default  : if( ( value <= '9' && value >= '0' ) || value == '-' )
+                           return parse_number( str, offset );
+        }
+        throw std::runtime_error(std::string("JSON ERROR: Parse: Unexpected starting character '") + value + "'");
+    }
+}
+
+JSON JSON::Load( const string &str ) {
+    size_t offset = 0;
+    return parse_next( str, offset );
+}
+
+} // End Namespace json
+
+
+#endif 

include/chaiscript/utility/json_wrap.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+#ifndef CHAISCRIPT_SIMPLEJSON_WRAP_HPP
+#define CHAISCRIPT_SIMPLEJSON_WRAP_HPP
+
+#include "json.hpp"
+
+namespace chaiscript
+{
+  class json_wrap
+  {
+    public:
+
+      static ModulePtr library(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+      {
+
+        m->add(chaiscript::fun([](const std::string &t_str) { return from_json(t_str); }), "from_json");
+        m->add(chaiscript::fun(&json_wrap::to_json), "to_json");
+
+        return m;
+
+      }
+
+    private:
+
+      static Boxed_Value from_json(const json::JSON &t_json)
+      {
+        switch( t_json.JSONType() ) {
+          case json::JSON::Class::Null:
+            return Boxed_Value();
+          case json::JSON::Class::Object:
+            {
+              std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value> m;
+
+              for (const auto &p : t_json.ObjectRange())
+              {
+                m.insert(std::make_pair(p.first, from_json(p.second)));
+              }
+
+              return Boxed_Value(m);
+            }
+          case json::JSON::Class::Array:
+            {
+              std::vector<Boxed_Value> vec;
+
+              for (const auto &p : t_json.ArrayRange()) 
+              {
+                vec.emplace_back(from_json(p));
+              }
+
+              return Boxed_Value(vec);
+            }
+          case json::JSON::Class::String:
+            return Boxed_Value(t_json.ToString());
+          case json::JSON::Class::Floating:
+            return Boxed_Value(t_json.ToFloat());
+          case json::JSON::Class::Integral:
+            return Boxed_Value(t_json.ToInt());
+          case json::JSON::Class::Boolean:
+            return Boxed_Value(t_json.ToBool());
+        }
+
+        throw std::runtime_error("Unknown JSON type");
+      }
+
+      static Boxed_Value from_json(const std::string &t_json)
+      {
+        return from_json( json::JSON::Load(t_json) );
+      }
+
+      static std::string to_json(const Boxed_Value &t_bv)
+      {
+        return to_json_object(t_bv).dump();
+      }
+
+      static json::JSON to_json_object(const Boxed_Value &t_bv)
+      {
+        try {
+          const std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value> m = chaiscript::boxed_cast<const std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value> &>(t_bv);
+
+          json::JSON obj;
+          for (const auto &o : m)
+          {
+            obj[o.first] = to_json_object(o.second);
+          }
+          return obj;
+        } catch (const chaiscript::exception::bad_boxed_cast &) {
+          // not a map
+        }
+
+        try {
+          const std::vector<Boxed_Value> v = chaiscript::boxed_cast<const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &>(t_bv);
+
+          json::JSON obj;
+          for (size_t i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i)
+          {
+            obj[i] = to_json_object(v[i]);
+          }
+          return obj;
+        } catch (const chaiscript::exception::bad_boxed_cast &) {
+          // not a vector
+        }
+
+
+        try {
+          Boxed_Number bn(t_bv);
+          json::JSON obj;
+          if (Boxed_Number::is_floating_point(t_bv))
+          {
+            obj = bn.get_as<double>();
+          } else {
+            obj = bn.get_as<long>();
+          }
+          return obj;
+        } catch (const chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast &) {
+          // not a number
+        }
+
+        try {
+          bool b = boxed_cast<bool>(t_bv);
+          json::JSON obj;
+          obj = b;
+          return obj;
+        } catch (const chaiscript::exception::bad_boxed_cast &) {
+          // not a bool
+        }
+
+        try {
+          std::string s = boxed_cast<std::string>(t_bv);
+          json::JSON obj;
+          obj = s;
+          return obj;
+        } catch (const chaiscript::exception::bad_boxed_cast &) {
+          // not a string
+        }
+
+
+        try {
+          const chaiscript::dispatch::Dynamic_Object &o = boxed_cast<const dispatch::Dynamic_Object &>(t_bv);
+
+          json::JSON obj;
+          for (const auto &attr : o.get_attrs())
+          {
+            obj[attr.first] = to_json_object(attr.second);
+          }
+          return obj;
+        } catch (const chaiscript::exception::bad_boxed_cast &) {
+          // not a dynamic object
+        }
+
+        throw std::runtime_error("Unknown object type to convert to JSON");
+      }
+
+
+  };
+
+
+}
+
+#endif

readme.md

@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
-Master Status: [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/ChaiScript/ChaiScript.png?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/ChaiScript/ChaiScript) [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/ChaiScript/ChaiScript/badge.png?branch=master)](https://coveralls.io/r/ChaiScript/ChaiScript?branch=master)
+Master Status: [![Linux Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/ChaiScript/ChaiScript.png?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/ChaiScript/ChaiScript) [![Windows Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/6u3r4s81kkjqmsqw?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/lefticus/chaiscript) [![codecov.io](http://codecov.io/github/ChaiScript/ChaiScript/coverage.svg?branch=master)](http://codecov.io/github/ChaiScript/ChaiScript?branch=master)
 
-Develop Status: [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/ChaiScript/ChaiScript.png?branch=develop)](https://travis-ci.org/ChaiScript/ChaiScript) [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/ChaiScript/ChaiScript/badge.png?branch=develop)](https://coveralls.io/r/ChaiScript/ChaiScript?branch=develop)
+Develop Status: [![Linux Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/ChaiScript/ChaiScript.png?branch=develop)](https://travis-ci.org/ChaiScript/ChaiScript) [![Windows Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/6u3r4s81kkjqmsqw/branch/develop?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/lefticus/chaiscript/branch/develop) [![codecov.io](http://codecov.io/github/ChaiScript/ChaiScript/coverage.svg?branch=develop)](http://codecov.io/github/ChaiScript/ChaiScript?branch=develop)
 
+<a href="https://scan.coverity.com/projects/5297">
+  <img alt="Coverity Scan Build Status"
+       src="https://img.shields.io/coverity/scan/5297.svg"/>
+</a>
 
 ChaiScript
 

releasenotes.md

@@ -1,6 +1,33 @@
 Notes:
 =======
-Current Version: 5.7.0
+Current Version: 5.7.1
+
+### Changes since 5.7.0
+* Build time reduction
+* Build size reduction
+* Performance increases
+* Fixed ~20 crash-bugs found with fuzzy testing #194
+  * Let unhandled exceptions propogate to user
+  * Report eval_error when break statement is not in loop
+  * Fix handling of 0 length scripts closes #193
+  * Don't crash on arity mismatch - Specifically affects the case where no overloads exist for a given function
+  * Fix error printing for `bind` calls
+  * Handle unexpected continue statement
+  * Check arity during bind
+  * Don't allow arith conversion on variadic function
+  * Correct `bind` parameter match count
+  * Add in expected Boxed_Value exception cases
+  * Check access to AST, don't allow `;` in func def
+  * Don't attempt arithmetic unary & call
+  * Don't crash on 0 param call to `bind`
+  * Catch errors during member function dispatch
+  * Properly handle type of const bool &
+* Automatic deduction of lambda type signatures
+* Work with non-polymorphic parent/child conversions
+* Move to codecov for coverage reporting
+* Add `.at` method for Map objects
+* Various corrections for support of move-only objects
+
 
 ### Changes since 5.6.0
 

samples/test_num_exceptions.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#include <chaiscript/chaiscript.hpp>
+#include <chaiscript/chaiscript_stdlib.hpp>
+#include <chaiscript/dispatchkit/bootstrap_stl.hpp>
+#include <chaiscript/dispatchkit/function_call.hpp>
+
+int main( int /*argc*/ , char * /*argv*/[] )
+{
+  chaiscript::ChaiScript ch( chaiscript::Std_Lib::library( ) );
+
+  static const char script[ ] =
+    R""(
+
+      class Rectangle
+      {
+        def Rectangle() { }
+      }
+
+      var rect = Rectangle( );
+
+    )"";
+
+  try
+  {
+    ch.eval( script );
+  }
+  catch ( std::exception e )
+  {
+    printf( " >>> Exception thrown: %s \n" , e.what( ) );
+  }
+
+  return 1;
+}

src/main.cpp

@@ -297,6 +297,8 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   chai.add(chaiscript::fun(&get_eval_error), "get_eval_error");
   chai.add(chaiscript::fun(&now), "now");
 
+  bool eval_error_ok = false;
+  bool boxed_exception_ok = false;
 
   for (int i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {
     if ( i == 0 && argc > 1 ) {
@@ -324,9 +326,15 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
         arg += line + '\n' ;
       }
     } else if ( arg == "-v" || arg == "--version" ) {
-      arg = "version()" ;
+      arg = "print(version())" ;
     } else if ( arg == "-h" || arg == "--help" ) {
       arg = "help(-1)";
+    } else if ( arg == "-e" || arg == "--evalerrorok" ) {
+      eval_error_ok = true;
+      continue;
+    } else if ( arg == "--exception" ) {
+      boxed_exception_ok = true;
+      continue;
     } else if ( arg == "-i" || arg == "--interactive" ) {
       mode = eInteractive ;
     } else if ( arg.find('-') == 0 ) {
@@ -352,12 +360,23 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
     catch (const chaiscript::exception::eval_error &ee) {
       std::cout << ee.pretty_print();
       std::cout << '\n';
-      return EXIT_FAILURE;
+
+      if (!eval_error_ok) {
+        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+      }
     }
-    catch (std::exception &e) {
-      std::cout << e.what() << '\n';
-      return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    catch (const chaiscript::Boxed_Value &e) {
+      std::cout << "Unhandled exception thrown of type " << e.get_type_info().name() << '\n';
+
+      if (!boxed_exception_ok) {
+        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+      }
     }
+
+//    catch (std::exception &e) {
+//      std::cout << e.what() << '\n';
+//      return EXIT_FAILURE;
+//    }
   }
 
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;

src/stl_extra.cpp

@@ -23,7 +23,11 @@
 
 CHAISCRIPT_MODULE_EXPORT chaiscript::ModulePtr create_chaiscript_module_stl_extra()
 {
-  return chaiscript::bootstrap::standard_library::list_type<std::list<chaiscript::Boxed_Value> >("List");
+
+  auto module = chaiscript::bootstrap::standard_library::list_type<std::list<chaiscript::Boxed_Value> >("List");
+  module->add(chaiscript::bootstrap::standard_library::vector_type<std::vector<uint16_t> >("u16vector"));
+  module->add(chaiscript::vector_conversion<std::vector<uint16_t>>());
+  return module;
 }
 
 #ifdef __llvm__

src/test_module.cpp

@@ -34,6 +34,11 @@ class TestBaseType
     int mdarray[2][3][5];
     std::function<int (int)> func_member;
 
+    void set_string_val(std::string &t_str)
+    {
+      t_str = "42";
+    }
+
   private:
     TestBaseType &operator=(const TestBaseType &) = delete;
 };
@@ -52,6 +57,7 @@ class Type2
       return m_bt.val;
     }
 
+
     const char *get_str() const
     {
       return m_str.c_str();
@@ -171,6 +177,7 @@ CHAISCRIPT_MODULE_EXPORT  chaiscript::ModulePtr create_chaiscript_module_test_mo
   m->add(chaiscript::fun(&TestBaseType::val), "val");
   m->add(chaiscript::fun(&TestBaseType::const_val), "const_val");
   m->add(chaiscript::fun(&TestBaseType::base_only_func), "base_only_func");
+  m->add(chaiscript::fun(&TestBaseType::set_string_val), "set_string_val");
 
 #ifndef CHAISCRIPT_MSVC_12
   // we cannot support these in MSVC_12 because of a bug in the implementation of

unittests/bool_comparisons.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+
+assert_true(true == true)
+assert_false(true == false)
+assert_true(true != false)
+assert_true(false != true)
+assert_true(false || true)
+assert_true(true || false)
+assert_false(true && false)
+assert_false(false && true)
+assert_true(!false)
+assert_false(!true)
+

unittests/compiled_tests.cpp

@@ -37,8 +37,7 @@ TEST_CASE("C++11 Lambdas Can Be Registered")
   // in an std::function or provide the signature
   chaiscript::ChaiScript chai;
 
-  // provide the signature
-  chai.add(chaiscript::fun<std::string ()>([] { return "hello"; } ), "f1");
+  chai.add(chaiscript::fun([]()->std::string { return "hello"; } ), "f1");
 
   // wrap
   chai.add(chaiscript::fun(std::function<std::string ()>([] { return "world"; } )), "f2");
@@ -723,3 +722,83 @@ TEST_CASE("Object lifetime test 2")
   CHECK(_script.eval<std::string>("to_string(test2.x)") == "10");
 
 }
+
+
+
+
+///// Non-polymorphic base class conversions
+class Non_Poly_Base {};
+class Non_Poly_Derived : public Non_Poly_Base {};
+int myfunction(Non_Poly_Base *)
+{
+  return 2;
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("Test Derived->Base with non-polymorphic classes")
+{
+  chaiscript::ChaiScript chai;
+  chai.add(chaiscript::base_class<Non_Poly_Base, Non_Poly_Derived>());
+  Non_Poly_Derived d;
+  chai.add(chaiscript::var(&d), "d");
+  chai.add(chaiscript::fun(&myfunction), "myfunction");
+  CHECK(chai.eval<int>("myfunction(d)") == 2);
+}
+
+
+struct TestCppVariableScope
+{
+  void print()
+  {
+    std::cout << "Printed" << std::endl;
+  }
+};
+
+TEST_CASE("Variable Scope When Calling From C++")
+{
+  chaiscript::ChaiScript chai;
+  chai.add(chaiscript::user_type<TestCppVariableScope>(), "Test");
+  chai.add(chaiscript::constructor<TestCppVariableScope()>(), "Test");
+  chai.add(chaiscript::fun(&TestCppVariableScope::print), "print");
+  chai.eval(R"(var t := Test();
+
+      def func()
+      {
+        t.print();
+      }
+
+      )");
+
+  CHECK_THROWS(chai.eval("func()"));
+
+  chai.eval("dump_object(t)");
+
+  auto func = chai.eval<std::function<void()>>("func");
+  CHECK_THROWS(func());
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("Variable Scope When Calling From C++ 2")
+{
+  chaiscript::ChaiScript chai;
+  chai.eval("var obj = 2;");
+  auto func = chai.eval<std::function<void()>>("fun(){ return obj; }");
+  CHECK_THROWS(func());
+}
+
+void ulonglong(unsigned long long i) {
+  std::cout << i << '\n';
+}
+
+
+void longlong(long long i) {
+  std::cout << i << '\n';
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("Test long long dispatch")
+{
+  chaiscript::ChaiScript chai;
+  chai.add(chaiscript::fun(&longlong), "longlong");
+  chai.add(chaiscript::fun(&ulonglong), "ulonglong");
+  chai.eval("longlong(15)");
+  chai.eval("ulonglong(15)");
+}
+

unittests/dynamic_object_dynamic_attrs_explicit.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+
+class MyClass {
+  def MyClass()
+  {
+    this.set_explicit(true);
+  }
+};
+
+var o = MyClass();
+
+assert_true(o.is_explicit());
+
+assert_throws("error", fun[o](){o.x = 2})
+

unittests/hex_escapes.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+
+assert_equal("\x39", "9")
+assert_equal("\x039", "9")
+assert_equal("\x39g", "9g")
+assert_equal("b\x39g", "b9g")
+

unittests/integer_literal_test.cpp

@@ -5,9 +5,10 @@
 template<typename T>
 bool test_literal(T val, const std::string &str)
 {
+  std::cout << "Comparing : " << val;
   chaiscript::ChaiScript chai;
   T val2 = chai.eval<T>(str);
-  std::cout << "Comparing : " << val << " " << val2 << '\n';
+  std::cout << " " << val2 << '\n';
   return val == val2;
 }
 
@@ -74,6 +75,39 @@ int main()
  && TEST_LITERAL(177777777777777777)
  && TEST_LITERAL(1777777777777777777)
 
+ && test_literal(0xF, "0b1111")
+ && test_literal(0xFF, "0b11111111")
+ && test_literal(0xFFF, "0b111111111111")
+ && test_literal(0xFFFF, "0b1111111111111111")
+ && test_literal(0xFFFFF, "0b11111111111111111111")
+ && test_literal(0xFFFFFF, "0b111111111111111111111111")
+ && test_literal(0xFFFFFFF, "0b1111111111111111111111111111")
+ && test_literal(0xFFFFFFFF, "0b11111111111111111111111111111111")
+ && test_literal(0xFFFFFFFFF, "0b111111111111111111111111111111111111")
+ && test_literal(0xFFFFFFFFFF, "0b1111111111111111111111111111111111111111")
+ && test_literal(0xFFFFFFFFFFF, "0b11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111")
+ && test_literal(0xFFFFFFFFFFFF, "0b111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111")
+ && test_literal(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFF, "0b1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111")
+ && test_literal(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFF, "0b11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111")
+ && test_literal(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF, "0b111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111")
+ && test_literal(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF, "0b1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111")
+
+ && test_literal(0x7, "0b111")
+ && test_literal(0x7F, "0b1111111")
+ && test_literal(0x7FF, "0b11111111111")
+ && test_literal(0x7FFF, "0b111111111111111")
+ && test_literal(0x7FFFF, "0b1111111111111111111")
+ && test_literal(0x7FFFFF, "0b11111111111111111111111")
+ && test_literal(0x7FFFFFF, "0b111111111111111111111111111")
+ && test_literal(0x7FFFFFFF, "0b1111111111111111111111111111111")
+ && test_literal(0x7FFFFFFFF, "0b11111111111111111111111111111111111")
+ && test_literal(0x7FFFFFFFFF, "0b111111111111111111111111111111111111111")
+ && test_literal(0x7FFFFFFFFFF, "0b1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111")
+ && test_literal(0x7FFFFFFFFFFF, "0b11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111")
+ && test_literal(0x7FFFFFFFFFFFF, "0b111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111")
+ && test_literal(0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFF, "0b1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111")
+ && test_literal(0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFF, "0b11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111")
+ && test_literal(0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF, "0b111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111")
 )
   {
     return EXIT_SUCCESS;

unittests/json_1.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+
+
+assert_true(from_json("null").is_var_null())

unittests/json_10.chai

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+assert_equal(from_json("\"This is a\\n\\nMultiline string\""), "This is a\n\nMultiline string")

unittests/json_11.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+assert_equal(from_json(
+"{\n" +
+"    \"T1\" : \"Value With a Quote : \\\"\",\n" +
+"    \"T2\" : \"Value With a Rev Solidus : \\/\",\n" +
+"    \"T3\" : \"Value with a Solidus : \\\\\",\n" +
+"    \"T4\" : \"Value with a Backspace : \\b\",\n" +
+"    \"T5\" : \"Value with a Formfeed : \\f\",\n" +
+"    \"T6\" : \"Value with a Newline : \\n\",\n" +
+"    \"T7\" : \"Value with a Carriage Return : \\r\",\n" +
+"    \"T8\" : \"Value with a Horizontal Tab : \\t\"\n" +
+"}"), [ "T1" : "Value With a Quote : \"", "T2" : "Value With a Rev Solidus : /", "T3" : "Value with a Solidus : \\", "T4" : "Value with a Backspace : \b", "T5" : "Value with a Formfeed : \f", "T6" : "Value with a Newline : \n", "T7" : "Value with a Carriage Return : \r", "T8" : "Value with a Horizontal Tab : \t" ]);
+
+
+

unittests/json_12.chai

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+assert_equal(from_json("\"\""), "")

unittests/json_13.chai

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+assert_equal(from_json("1.20E+2"), 1.20e2)

unittests/json_2.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+
+assert_true(from_json("true"))
+

unittests/json_3.chai

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+assert_equal(from_json("100"), 100)

unittests/json_4.chai

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+assert_equal(from_json("1.234"), 1.234)

unittests/json_5.chai

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+assert_equal(from_json("\"StringTest\""), "StringTest")

unittests/json_6.chai

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+assert_equal(from_json("{}"), Map())

unittests/json_7.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+assert_equal(from_json("\n" + 
+"{\n" +
+"    \"Key\" : \"Value\"\n" +
+"}\n"), ["Key":"Value"])

unittests/json_8.chai

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+assert_equal(from_json("[]"), [])

unittests/json_9.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+assert_equal(from_json("[1,2,3]"), [1,2,3])
+

unittests/json_roundtrip.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+
+var m = ["a" : 1, "b" : [ 1, 2, 3 ], "c" : [1, "a string", ["d" : 15.4]]]
+
+assert_equal(from_json(to_json(m)), m)
+
+

unittests/list_push_back.chai

@@ -6,3 +6,9 @@ x.push_back("A")
 
 assert_equal(3, x.front());
 assert_equal("A", x.back());
+
+
+// push_back newly constructed return value that's non-copyable
+x.push_back(async(fun(){}))
+
+

unittests/list_push_front.chai

@@ -6,3 +6,8 @@ x.push_front("A")
 
 assert_equal("A", x.front());
 assert_equal(3, x.back());
+
+// push_back newly constructed return value that's non-copyable
+x.push_front(async(fun(){}))
+
+

unittests/map_access.chai

@@ -1,2 +1,19 @@
 auto x = ["bob":2, "fred":3]
 assert_equal(3, x["fred"])
+
+
+try {
+  auto m = ["bob":2, "fred":3];
+  m.at("tom");
+  assert_true(false);
+} catch (out_of_range e) {
+  print("out_of_range")
+  assert_true(true);
+} catch (e) {
+  print("other")
+  dump_object(e);
+  assert_true(false);
+}
+
+
+assert_equal(["bob":2, "fred":3].at("fred"), 3);

unittests/non_const_param.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+load_module("test_module")
+
+var t2 = TestBaseType();
+
+var s = "5";
+t2.set_string_val(s);
+assert_equal(s, "42")
+

unittests/number_suffixes.chai

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ assert_equal(true, int_type.bare_equal(1.get_type_info()))
 assert_equal(true, unsigned_int_type.bare_equal(1u.get_type_info()))
 assert_equal(true, unsigned_long_type.bare_equal(1lu.get_type_info()))
 assert_equal(true, long_type.bare_equal(1l.get_type_info()))
-assert_equal(true, int64_t_type.bare_equal(1ll.get_type_info()))
-assert_equal(true, uint64_t_type.bare_equal(1ull.get_type_info()))
+assert_equal(true, long_long_type.bare_equal(1ll.get_type_info()))
+assert_equal(true, unsigned_long_long_type.bare_equal(1ull.get_type_info()))
 
 assert_equal(true, double_type.bare_equal(1.6.get_type_info()))
 assert_equal(true, float_type.bare_equal(1.6f.get_type_info()))

unittests/octal_escapes.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+
+assert_equal("\71", "9")
+assert_equal("\071", "9")
+assert_equal("\71a", "9a")
+assert_equal("b\71a", "b9a")
+

unittests/operator_overload3.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+
+
+def string::`/=`(double d) { this = "${this}/=${d}"; return this; }
+
+var s = "Hello World"
+s /= 2
+

unittests/operator_overload4.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+
+
+def string::`*`(double d) { return "${this} * ${d}"; }
+
+"Hello World" * 2
+

unittests/operator_parsing.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+assert_true(2>-1);
+assert_false(3<-2);
+assert_true(-1==-1);
+

unittests/order_of_operations.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+
+
+var s = ""
+
+s += to_string(fun[s](){ s += "3"; 3}() % fun[s](){ s += "2"; 2}());
+
+assert_equal(s, "321");

unittests/parser_test.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+auto p = parse("5 + 4");
+
+try {
+  assert_equal(eval(p), 9)
+} catch (e) {
+  print(e.pretty_print());
+  assert_true(false);
+}
+
+

unittests/switch_default_2.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+var total = 0;
+
+switch(2) { 
+  case (1) { 
+    total += 1; 
+  } 
+  default {
+    total += 16;
+  }
+  case (3) { 
+    total += 4;
+  } 
+  case (4) { 
+    total += 8; 
+  } 
+}
+
+assert_equal(total, 28)

unittests/type_info_test.cpp

@@ -5,33 +5,58 @@
 #include <iostream>
 #include <cstdlib>
 
-void test_type(const chaiscript::Type_Info &ti, bool t_is_const, bool t_is_pointer, bool t_is_reference, bool t_is_void,
-    bool t_is_undef)
+#ifdef CHAISCRIPT_MSVC
+#pragma warning(push)
+#pragma warning(disable : 4190 4640 28251 4702 6330)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wshadow"
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wold-style-cast"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __llvm__
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wreturn-type-c-linkage"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wold-style-cast"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wexit-time-destructors"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wfloat-equal"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wunreachable-code"
+#endif
+
+
+
+
+#define CATCH_CONFIG_MAIN
+
+#include "catch.hpp"
+
+
+TEST_CASE("Type_Info objects generate expected results")
 {
-  if (ti.is_const() == t_is_const
-      && ti.is_pointer() == t_is_pointer
-      && ti.is_reference() == t_is_reference
-      && ti.is_void() == t_is_void
-      && ti.is_undef() == t_is_undef)
+  const auto test_type = [](const chaiscript::Type_Info &ti, bool t_is_const, bool t_is_pointer, bool t_is_reference, bool t_is_void,
+    bool t_is_undef, bool t_is_arithmetic)
   {
-    return;
-  } else {
-    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-  }
-}
+    CHECK(ti.is_const() == t_is_const);
+    CHECK(ti.is_pointer() == t_is_pointer);
+    CHECK(ti.is_reference() == t_is_reference);
+    CHECK(ti.is_void() == t_is_void);
+    CHECK(ti.is_undef() == t_is_undef);
+    CHECK(ti.is_arithmetic() == t_is_arithmetic);
+  };
 
-
-int main()
-{
-  test_type(chaiscript::user_type<void>(), false, false, false, true, false);
-  test_type(chaiscript::user_type<const int>(), true, false, false, false, false);
-  test_type(chaiscript::user_type<const int &>(), true, false, true, false, false);
-  test_type(chaiscript::user_type<int>(), false, false, false, false, false);
-  test_type(chaiscript::user_type<int *>(), false, true, false, false, false);
-  test_type(chaiscript::user_type<const int *>(), true, true, false, false, false);
-  test_type(chaiscript::Type_Info(), false, false, false, false, true);
+  SECTION("void") {  test_type(chaiscript::user_type<void>(), false, false, false, true, false, false); }
+  SECTION("const int") { test_type(chaiscript::user_type<const int>(), true, false, false, false, false, true); }
+  SECTION("const int &") { test_type(chaiscript::user_type<const int &>(), true, false, true, false, false, true); }
+  SECTION("int") { test_type(chaiscript::user_type<int>(), false, false, false, false, false, true); }
+  SECTION("int *") { test_type(chaiscript::user_type<int *>(), false, true, false, false, false, false); }
+  SECTION("const int *") { test_type(chaiscript::user_type<const int *>(), true, true, false, false, false, false); }
+  SECTION("const bool &") { test_type(chaiscript::user_type<const bool &>(), true, false, true, false, false, false); }
+  SECTION("default") { test_type(chaiscript::Type_Info(), false, false, false, false, true, false); }
 
   std::cout << "Size of Type_Info " << sizeof(chaiscript::Type_Info) << '\n';
-
-  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
+
+
+

unittests/vector_assignment.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+var v = []
+v.push_back(3.4);
+v.push_back(1);
+v.push_back("bob");
+
+assert_true(v[0] == 3.4)
+assert_true(v[1] == 1)
+assert_true(v[2] == "bob")
+
+v[0] = 2.9
+v[1] = 3
+v[2] = "tom"
+
+assert_true(v[0] == 2.9)
+assert_true(v[1] == 3)
+assert_true(v[2] == "tom")
+
+

unittests/vector_assignment_3.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+
+var v = []
+v.push_back(int(1));
+v[0] = 3;
+

unittests/vector_push_back.chai

@@ -3,3 +3,18 @@ x.push_back(3)
 assert_equal(3, x.size())
 assert_equal(3, x.back())
 assert_equal(1, x.front())
+
+
+load_module("stl_extra")
+
+auto uint16v = u16vector();
+uint16v.push_back(1u);
+assert_equal(1, uint16v.front());
+
+
+// push_back newly constructed return value that's non-copyable
+
+var v = []
+v.push_back(async(fun(){}))
+
+