Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin/master' into develop

Performance test

.decent_ci-Linux.yaml

@@ -1,12 +1,24 @@
 compilers:
   - name: "clang"
     version: "3.5"
+    skip_packaging: true
     cmake_extra_flags: -DUSE_LIBCXX:BOOL=OFF -DBUILD_SAMPLES:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_PACKAGE:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_TESTING:BOOL=ON
+  - name: "clang"
+    build_tag: AddressSanitizer
+    version: "3.5"
+    skip_packaging: true
+    cmake_extra_flags: -DUSE_LIBCXX:BOOL=OFF -DBUILD_SAMPLES:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_PACKAGE:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_TESTING:BOOL=ON -DENABLE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER:BOOL=ON
+  - name: "clang"
+    build_tag: ThreadSanitizer
+    version: "3.5"
+    skip_packaging: true
+    cmake_extra_flags: -DUSE_LIBCXX:BOOL=OFF -DBUILD_SAMPLES:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_PACKAGE:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_TESTING:BOOL=ON -DENABLE_THREAD_SANITIZER:BOOL=ON
   - name: "gcc"
     version: "4.8"
     cmake_extra_flags: -DBUILD_PACKAGE:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_TESTING:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_TESTING:BOOL=ON
   - name: "gcc"
     version: "4.6"
+    skip_packaging: true
     cmake_extra_flags: -DBUILD_SAMPLES:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_PACKAGE:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_TESTING:BOOL=ON
   - name: cppcheck
     compiler_extra_flags: --enable=all -I include --inline-suppr

.decent_ci-MacOS.yaml

@@ -4,4 +4,5 @@ compilers:
   - name: clang
     build_type: Debug
     cmake_extra_flags: -DBUILD_SAMPLES:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_PACKAGE:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_TESTING:BOOL=ON -DCOMMIT_SHA=$COMMIT_SHA
+    skip_packaging: true
 

.decent_ci-Windows.yaml

@@ -3,11 +3,13 @@ compilers:
     version: 14
     cmake_extra_flags: -DBUILD_SAMPLES:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_PACKAGE:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_TESTING:BOOL=ON -DCOMMIT_SHA=%COMMIT_SHA%
     compiler_extra_flags: /ANALYZE
+    skip_packaging: true
   - name: Visual Studio
     version: 14
     architecture: Win64
     cmake_extra_flags: -DBUILD_SAMPLES:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_PACKAGE:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_TESTING:BOOL=ON -DCOMMIT_SHA=%COMMIT_SHA%
     compiler_extra_flags: /ANALYZE
+    skip_packaging: true
   - name: Visual Studio
     version: 12
     cmake_extra_flags: -DBUILD_SAMPLES:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_PACKAGE:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_TESTING:BOOL=ON -DCOMMIT_SHA=%COMMIT_SHA%

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -36,11 +36,38 @@ if(CMAKE_COMPILER_IS_GNUCC OR "${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID}" STREQUAL "Clang")
     set(LINKER_FLAGS "${LINKER_FLAGS} -fsanitize=address")
   endif()
 
+  option(ENABLE_MEMORY_SANITIZER "Enable memory sanitizer testing in gcc/clang" FALSE)
+  if(ENABLE_MEMORY_SANITIZER)
+    add_definitions(-fsanitize=memory -g)
+    set(LINKER_FLAGS "${LINKER_FLAGS} -fsanitize=memory")
+  endif()
+
   option(ENABLE_UNDEFINED_SANITIZER "Enable undefined behavior sanitizer testing in gcc/clang" FALSE)
   if(ENABLE_UNDEFINED_SANITIZER)
     add_definitions(-fsanitize=undefined -g)
     set(LINKER_FLAGS "${LINKER_FLAGS} -fsanitize=undefined")
   endif()
+
+  option(ENABLE_LTO "Enable Link Time Optimization" FALSE)
+
+  if (ENABLE_LTO)
+    add_definitions(-flto)
+    set(LINKER_FLAGS "${LINKER_FLAGS} -flto")
+  endif()
+
+  option(PROFILE_GENERATE "Generate profile data" FALSE)
+  if (PROFILE_GENERATE)
+    add_definitions(-fprofile-generate)
+    set(LINKER_FLAGS "${LINKER_FLAGS} -fprofile-generate")
+  endif()
+
+  option(PROFILE_USE "Use profile data" FALSE)
+  if (PROFILE_USE)
+    add_definitions(-fprofile-use)
+    set(LINKER_FLAGS "${LINKER_FLAGS} -fprofile-use")
+  endif()
+
+
 endif()
 
 list(APPEND CPACK_SOURCE_IGNORE_FILES "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}")
@@ -54,8 +81,8 @@ set(CPACK_RESOURCE_FILE_README "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/readme.md")
 set(CPACK_PACKAGE_DESCRIPTION_FILE "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/description.txt")
 
 set(CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MAJOR 5)
-set(CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MINOR 4)
-set(CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_PATCH 0)
+set(CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MINOR 5)
+set(CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_PATCH 1)
 
 set(CPACK_PACKAGE_EXECUTABLES "chai;ChaiScript Eval")
 set(CPACK_PACKAGE_VENDOR "ChaiScript.com")
@@ -133,7 +160,7 @@ else()
 endif()
 
 if("${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID}" STREQUAL "Clang")
-  option(USE_LIBCXX "Use clang's libcxx" FALSE)
+  option(USE_LIBCXX "Use clang's libcxx" TRUE)
 
   if(USE_LIBCXX)
     add_definitions(-stdlib=libc++)
@@ -154,7 +181,7 @@ endif()
 include_directories(include)
 
 
-set(Chai_INCLUDES include/chaiscript/chaiscript.hpp include/chaiscript/chaiscript_threading.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bad_boxed_cast.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bind_first.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bootstrap.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bootstrap_stl.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/boxed_cast.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/boxed_cast_helper.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/boxed_number.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/boxed_value.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/dispatchkit.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/dynamic_cast_conversion.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/dynamic_object.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/exception_specification.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/function_call.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/function_call_detail.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/handle_return.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/operators.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/proxy_constructors.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/proxy_functions.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/proxy_functions_detail.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/register_function.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/type_info.hpp include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_algebraic.hpp include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_common.hpp include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_engine.hpp include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_eval.hpp include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_parser.hpp include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_prelude.chai include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_prelude_docs.hpp include/chaiscript/utility/utility.hpp)
+set(Chai_INCLUDES include/chaiscript/chaiscript.hpp include/chaiscript/chaiscript_threading.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bad_boxed_cast.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bind_first.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bootstrap.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bootstrap_stl.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/boxed_cast.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/boxed_cast_helper.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/boxed_number.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/boxed_value.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/dispatchkit.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/type_conversions.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/dynamic_object.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/exception_specification.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/function_call.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/function_call_detail.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/handle_return.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/operators.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/proxy_constructors.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/proxy_functions.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/proxy_functions_detail.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/register_function.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/type_info.hpp include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_algebraic.hpp include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_common.hpp include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_engine.hpp include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_eval.hpp include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_parser.hpp include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_prelude.chai include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_prelude_docs.hpp include/chaiscript/utility/utility.hpp)
 
 set_source_files_properties(${Chai_INCLUDES} PROPERTIES HEADER_FILE_ONLY TRUE)
 
@@ -205,6 +232,8 @@ if(BUILD_SAMPLES)
   target_link_libraries(memory_leak_test ${LIBS})
   add_executable(inheritance samples/inheritance.cpp)
   target_link_libraries(inheritance ${LIBS})
+  add_executable(fun_call_performance samples/fun_call_performance.cpp)
+  target_link_libraries(fun_call_performance ${LIBS})
 endif()
 
 
@@ -267,6 +296,10 @@ if(BUILD_TESTING)
     target_link_libraries(object_lifetime_test ${LIBS})
     add_test(NAME Object_Lifetime_Test COMMAND object_lifetime_test)
 
+    add_executable(object_lifetime_test2 unittests/object_lifetime_test2.cpp)
+    target_link_libraries(object_lifetime_test2 ${LIBS})
+    add_test(NAME Object_Lifetime_Test2 COMMAND object_lifetime_test2)
+
     add_executable(function_ordering_test unittests/function_ordering_test.cpp)
     target_link_libraries(function_ordering_test ${LIBS})
     add_test(NAME Function_Ordering_Test COMMAND function_ordering_test)

include/chaiscript/chaiscript_defines.hpp

@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@
 
 namespace chaiscript {
   static const int version_major = 5;
-  static const int version_minor = 4;
-  static const int version_patch = 0;
+  static const int version_minor = 5;
+  static const int version_patch = 1;
 }
 
 #endif

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/any.hpp

@@ -44,20 +44,31 @@ namespace chaiscript {
       private:
         struct Data
         {
+          Data(const std::type_info &t_type) 
+            : m_type(t_type)
+          {
+          }
 
           Data &operator=(const Data &) = delete;
 
           virtual ~Data() {}
 
           virtual void *data() = 0;
+          const std::type_info &type() const
+          {
+            return m_type;
+          }
+
           virtual std::unique_ptr<Data> clone() const = 0;
+          const std::type_info &m_type;
         };
 
         template<typename T>
           struct Data_Impl : Data
           {
             explicit Data_Impl(T t_type)
-              : m_data(std::move(t_type))
+              : Data(typeid(T)),
+                m_data(std::move(t_type))
             {
             }
 
@@ -79,21 +90,19 @@ namespace chaiscript {
           };
 
         std::unique_ptr<Data> m_data;
-        mutable std::array<uint8_t, 15> m_smallSize;
-        bool m_isSmall = false;
-        const std::type_info *m_type = &typeid(void);
 
       public:
         // construct/copy/destruct
         Any() = default;
 
         Any(const Any &t_any) 
-          : m_data(t_any.m_data?t_any.m_data->clone():nullptr),
-            m_smallSize(t_any.m_smallSize),
-            m_isSmall(t_any.m_isSmall),
-            m_type(t_any.m_type)
-        {
-
+        { 
+          if (!t_any.empty())
+          {
+            m_data = t_any.m_data->clone(); 
+          } else {
+            m_data.reset();
+          }
         }
 
 #if _MSC_VER  != 1800
@@ -102,31 +111,13 @@ namespace chaiscript {
 #endif
 
         template<typename ValueType,
-          typename = typename std::enable_if<!std::is_same<Any, typename std::decay<ValueType>::type>::value>::type,
-          typename = typename std::enable_if< std::is_trivial<typename std::decay<ValueType>::type>::value>::type,
-          typename = typename std::enable_if<sizeof(typename std::decay<ValueType>::type) <= sizeof(decltype(m_smallSize)) >::type>
+          typename = typename std::enable_if<!std::is_same<Any, typename std::decay<ValueType>::type>::value>::type>
         explicit Any(ValueType &&t_value)
-          : m_isSmall(true), m_type(&typeid(typename std::decay<ValueType>::type))
-        {
-          m_smallSize.fill(0);
-          *(static_cast<typename std::decay<ValueType>::type *>(static_cast<void *>(m_smallSize.data()))) = t_value;
-          // std::cout << "Setting type: " << typeid(typename std::decay<ValueType>::type).name() << " "  << t_value << " actual val: " << *(static_cast<typename std::decay<ValueType>::type *>(static_cast<void *>(m_smallSize.data()))) << " cast: " << cast<typename std::decay<ValueType>::type>() << "\n";
-        }
-
-        template<typename ValueType,
-          typename = typename std::enable_if<!std::is_same<Any, typename std::decay<ValueType>::type>::value>::type,
-          typename = typename std::enable_if< 
-            !std::is_trivial<typename std::decay<ValueType>::type>::value
-            || !(sizeof(typename std::decay<ValueType>::type) <= sizeof(decltype(m_smallSize))) >::type>
-        explicit Any(ValueType &&t_value)
-          : m_data(std::unique_ptr<Data>(new Data_Impl<typename std::decay<ValueType>::type>(std::forward<ValueType>(t_value)))),
-            m_isSmall(false),
-            m_type(&typeid(typename std::decay<ValueType>::type))
+          : m_data(std::unique_ptr<Data>(new Data_Impl<typename std::decay<ValueType>::type>(std::forward<ValueType>(t_value))))
         {
         }
 
 
-
         Any & operator=(const Any &t_any)
         {
           Any copy(t_any);
@@ -137,20 +128,14 @@ namespace chaiscript {
         template<typename ToType>
           ToType &cast() const
           {
-            if (m_isSmall && typeid(ToType) == *m_type)
+            if (m_data && typeid(ToType) == m_data->type())
             {
-              return *static_cast<ToType *>(static_cast<void *>(m_smallSize.data()));
-            } else if (!m_isSmall && m_data && typeid(ToType) == *m_type) {
               return *static_cast<ToType *>(m_data->data());
             } else {
               throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
             }
           }
 
-        const std::type_info &type() const
-        {
-          return *m_type;
-        }
 
         ~Any()
         {
@@ -159,31 +144,25 @@ namespace chaiscript {
         // modifiers
         Any & swap(Any &t_other)
         {
-          std::swap(t_other.m_smallSize, m_smallSize);
-          std::swap(t_other.m_isSmall, m_isSmall);
           std::swap(t_other.m_data, m_data);
-          std::swap(t_other.m_type, m_type);
           return *this;
         }
 
         // queries
         bool empty() const
         {
-          return !bool(m_data) && !m_isSmall;
+          return !bool(m_data);
         }
 
-        void *data() const
+        const std::type_info & type() const
         {
-          if (m_isSmall)
+          if (m_data)
           {
-            return static_cast<void *>(m_smallSize.data());
-          } else if (m_data) {
-            return m_data->data();
+            return m_data->type();
           } else {
-            return nullptr;
+            return typeid(void);
           }
         }
-
     };
 
   }

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bad_boxed_cast.hpp

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <typeinfo>
 
+#include "../chaiscript_defines.hpp"
 #include "type_info.hpp"
 
 namespace chaiscript {
@@ -28,14 +29,14 @@ namespace chaiscript
     class bad_boxed_cast : public std::bad_cast
     {
       public:
-        bad_boxed_cast(const Type_Info &t_from, const std::type_info &t_to,
+        bad_boxed_cast(Type_Info t_from, const std::type_info &t_to,
             std::string t_what) CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
-          : from(t_from), to(&t_to), m_what(std::move(t_what))
+          : from(std::move(t_from)), to(&t_to), m_what(std::move(t_what))
         {
         }
 
-        bad_boxed_cast(const Type_Info &t_from, const std::type_info &t_to) CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
-          : from(t_from), to(&t_to), m_what("Cannot perform boxed_cast")
+        bad_boxed_cast(Type_Info t_from, const std::type_info &t_to)
+          : from(std::move(t_from)), to(&t_to), m_what("Cannot perform boxed_cast")
         {
         }
 

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bind_first.hpp

@@ -18,16 +18,16 @@ namespace chaiscript
     {
       static std::tuple<decltype(std::placeholders::_1),decltype(std::placeholders::_2),decltype(std::placeholders::_3),decltype(std::placeholders::_4),decltype(std::placeholders::_5),decltype(std::placeholders::_6),decltype(std::placeholders::_7),decltype(std::placeholders::_8),decltype(std::placeholders::_9),decltype(std::placeholders::_10)> placeholder() {
         return std::tuple<decltype(std::placeholders::_1),decltype(std::placeholders::_2),decltype(std::placeholders::_3),decltype(std::placeholders::_4),decltype(std::placeholders::_5),decltype(std::placeholders::_6),decltype(std::placeholders::_7),decltype(std::placeholders::_8),decltype(std::placeholders::_9),decltype(std::placeholders::_10)>(std::placeholders::_1,std::placeholders::_2,std::placeholders::_3,std::placeholders::_4,std::placeholders::_5,std::placeholders::_6,std::placeholders::_7,std::placeholders::_8,std::placeholders::_9,std::placeholders::_10);
-      };
+      }
     };
 
     template<int count, int maxcount, typename Sig>
       struct Bind_First
       {
         template<typename F, typename ... InnerParams>
-          static std::function<Sig> bind(F f, InnerParams ... innerparams)
+          static std::function<Sig> bind(F&& f, InnerParams ... innerparams)
           {
-            return Bind_First<count - 1, maxcount, Sig>::bind(f, innerparams..., std::get<maxcount - count>(Placeholder::placeholder()));
+            return Bind_First<count - 1, maxcount, Sig>::bind(std::forward<F>(f), innerparams..., std::get<maxcount - count>(Placeholder::placeholder()));
           } 
       };
 
@@ -35,37 +35,42 @@ namespace chaiscript
       struct Bind_First<0, maxcount, Sig>
       {
         template<typename F, typename ... InnerParams>
-          static std::function<Sig> bind(F f, InnerParams ... innerparams)
+          static std::function<Sig> bind(F&& f, InnerParams ... innerparams)
           {
-            return std::bind(f, innerparams...);
+    return std::bind(std::forward<F>(f), innerparams...);
           }
       };
 
 
     template<typename O, typename Ret, typename P1, typename ... Param>
-      std::function<Ret (Param...)> bind_first(Ret (*f)(P1, Param...), O o)
+      std::function<Ret (Param...)> bind_first(Ret (*f)(P1, Param...), O&& o)
       {
-        return Bind_First<sizeof...(Param), sizeof...(Param), Ret (Param...)>::bind(f, o);
+        return Bind_First<sizeof...(Param), sizeof...(Param), Ret (Param...)>::bind(f, std::forward<O>(o));
       }
 
     template<typename O, typename Ret, typename Class, typename ... Param>
-      std::function<Ret (Param...)> bind_first(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...), O o)
+      std::function<Ret (Param...)> bind_first(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...), O&& o)
       {
-        return Bind_First<sizeof...(Param), sizeof...(Param), Ret (Param...)>::bind(f, o);
+        return Bind_First<sizeof...(Param), sizeof...(Param), Ret (Param...)>::bind(f, std::forward<O>(o));
       }
 
     template<typename O, typename Ret, typename Class, typename ... Param>
-      std::function<Ret (Param...)> bind_first(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) const, O o)
+      std::function<Ret (Param...)> bind_first(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) const, O&& o)
       {
-        return Bind_First<sizeof...(Param), sizeof...(Param), Ret (Param...)>::bind(f, o);
+        return Bind_First<sizeof...(Param), sizeof...(Param), Ret (Param...)>::bind(f, std::forward<O>(o));
       }
 
     template<typename O, typename Ret, typename P1, typename ... Param>
-      std::function<Ret (Param...)> bind_first(const std::function<Ret (P1, Param...)> &f, O o)
+      std::function<Ret (Param...)> bind_first(const std::function<Ret (P1, Param...)> &f, O&& o)
       {
-        return Bind_First<sizeof...(Param), sizeof...(Param), Ret (Param...)>::bind(f, o);
+        return Bind_First<sizeof...(Param), sizeof...(Param), Ret (Param...)>::bind(f, std::forward<O>(o));
       }
 
+    template<typename O, typename Ret, typename P1, typename ... Param>
+      std::function<Ret (Param...)> bind_first(std::function<Ret (P1, Param...)> &&f, O&& o)
+      {
+        return Bind_First<sizeof...(Param), sizeof...(Param), Ret (Param...)>::bind(std::move(f), std::forward<O>(o));
+      }
 
   }
 }

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bootstrap.hpp

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 #include "boxed_number.hpp"
 #include "boxed_value.hpp"
 #include "dispatchkit.hpp"
-#include "dynamic_cast_conversion.hpp"
+#include "type_conversions.hpp"
 #include "dynamic_object.hpp"
 #include "operators.hpp"
 #include "proxy_constructors.hpp"
@@ -156,9 +156,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       return p;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Specific version of shared_ptr_clone just for Proxy_Functions
-     */
+    /// Specific version of shared_ptr_clone just for Proxy_Functions
     template<typename Type>
     std::shared_ptr<typename std::remove_const<Type>::type> 
         shared_ptr_unconst_clone(const std::shared_ptr<typename std::add_const<Type>::type> &p)
@@ -168,11 +166,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
 
 
-    /**
-    * Assignment function for shared_ptr objects, does not perform a copy of the
-    * object pointed to, instead maintains the shared_ptr concept.
-    * Similar to shared_ptr_clone. Used for Proxy_Function.
-    */
+    /// Assignment function for shared_ptr objects, does not perform a copy of the
+    /// object pointed to, instead maintains the shared_ptr concept.
+    /// Similar to shared_ptr_clone. Used for Proxy_Function.
     template<typename Type>
     Boxed_Value ptr_assign(Boxed_Value lhs, const std::shared_ptr<Type> &rhs)
     {
@@ -186,10 +182,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
       }
     }
 
-    /**
-    * Class consisting of only static functions. All default bootstrapping occurs
-    * from this class.
-    */
+    /// Class consisting of only static functions. All default bootstrapping occurs
+    /// from this class.
     class Bootstrap
     {
     private:
@@ -208,18 +202,16 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
       static void print(const std::string &s)
       {
-        std::cout << s;
+        fwrite(s.c_str(), 1, s.size(), stdout);
       }
 
       static void println(const std::string &s)
       {
-        std::cout << s << std::endl;
+        puts(s.c_str());
       }
 
 
-      /**
-      * Add all arithmetic operators for PODs
-      */
+      /// Add all arithmetic operators for PODs
       static void opers_arithmetic_pod(ModulePtr m = ModulePtr(new Module()))
       {
         m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::equals), "==");
@@ -259,11 +251,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
      }
 
-      /**
-      * Create a bound function object. The first param is the function to bind
-      * the remaining parameters are the args to bind into the
-      * result
-      */
+      /// Create a bound function object. The first param is the function to bind
+      /// the remaining parameters are the args to bind into the result
       static Boxed_Value bind_function(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params)
       {
         if (params.size() < 2)
@@ -273,7 +262,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
         Const_Proxy_Function f = boxed_cast<Const_Proxy_Function>(params[0]);
 
-        return Boxed_Value(Const_Proxy_Function(new dispatch::Bound_Function(f,
+        return Boxed_Value(Const_Proxy_Function(std::make_shared<dispatch::Bound_Function>(f,
           std::vector<Boxed_Value>(params.begin() + 1, params.end()))));
       }
 
@@ -318,9 +307,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         return e.what();
       }
 
-      /**
-       * Boolean specialization of internal to_string function 
-       */
+      /// Boolean specialization of internal to_string function
       static std::string bool_to_string(bool b)
       {
         if (b)
@@ -350,9 +337,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
       static bool has_parse_tree(const chaiscript::Const_Proxy_Function &t_pf)
       {
-        std::shared_ptr<const chaiscript::dispatch::Dynamic_Proxy_Function> pf
-          = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<const chaiscript::dispatch::Dynamic_Proxy_Function>(t_pf);
-        if (pf)
+        if (auto pf = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<const chaiscript::dispatch::Dynamic_Proxy_Function>(t_pf))
         {
           if (pf->get_parse_tree())
           {
@@ -367,9 +352,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
       static chaiscript::AST_NodePtr get_parse_tree(const chaiscript::Const_Proxy_Function &t_pf)
       {
-        std::shared_ptr<const chaiscript::dispatch::Dynamic_Proxy_Function> pf 
-          = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<const chaiscript::dispatch::Dynamic_Proxy_Function>(t_pf);
-        if (pf)
+        if (auto pf = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<const chaiscript::dispatch::Dynamic_Proxy_Function>(t_pf))
         {
           if (pf->get_parse_tree())
           {
@@ -460,7 +443,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         operators::assign<bool>(m);
         operators::equal<bool>(m);
 
-        m->add(fun(&to_string<const std::string &>), "to_string");
+        m->add(fun<std::string (const std::string &t_ss)>([](const std::string &s) -> std::string { return s; }), "to_string");
         m->add(fun(&Bootstrap::bool_to_string), "to_string");
         m->add(fun(&unknown_assign), "=");
         m->add(fun(&throw_exception), "throw");

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bootstrap_stl.hpp

@@ -278,9 +278,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
       template<typename ContainerType>
         ModulePtr container_type(const std::string &/*type*/, ModulePtr m = ModulePtr(new Module()))
         {
-          m->add(fun( std::function<size_t (const ContainerType *)>( [](const ContainerType *a) { return a->size(); } ) ), "size");
-          m->add(fun( std::function<bool (const ContainerType *)>( [](const ContainerType *a) { return a->empty(); } ) ), "empty");
-          m->add(fun( std::function<void (ContainerType *)>( [](ContainerType *a) { a->clear(); } ) ), "clear");
+          m->add(fun<size_t (const ContainerType *)>([](const ContainerType *a) { return a->size(); } ), "size");
+          m->add(fun<bool (const ContainerType *)>([](const ContainerType *a) { return a->empty(); } ), "empty");
+          m->add(fun<void (ContainerType *)>([](ContainerType *a) { a->clear(); } ), "clear");
           return m;
         }
 
@@ -493,24 +493,26 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
           if (typeid(VectorType) == typeid(std::vector<Boxed_Value>))
           {
-            m->eval("def Vector::`==`(rhs) : type_match(rhs, this) { \
-                       if ( rhs.size() != this.size() ) {    \
-                         return false;  \
-                       } else {  \
-                         auto r1 = range(this); \
-                         auto r2 = range(rhs);  \
-                         while (!r1.empty()) \
-                         {  \
-                           if (!eq(r1.front(), r2.front())) \
-                           {  \
-                             return false; \
-                           } \
-                           r1.pop_front(); \
-                           r2.pop_front(); \
-                         } \
-                       return true; \
-                     } \
-                   }");
+            m->eval(R"(
+                    def Vector::`==`(rhs) : type_match(rhs, this) {
+                       if ( rhs.size() != this.size() ) {
+                         return false;
+                       } else {
+                         auto r1 = range(this);
+                         auto r2 = range(rhs);
+                         while (!r1.empty())
+                         {
+                           if (!eq(r1.front(), r2.front()))
+                           {
+                             return false;
+                           }
+                           r1.pop_front();
+                           r2.pop_front();
+                         }
+                         true;
+                       }
+                   } )"
+                 );
           } 
 
           return m;

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/boxed_cast.hpp

@@ -14,11 +14,11 @@
 #include "bad_boxed_cast.hpp"
 #include "boxed_cast_helper.hpp"
 #include "boxed_value.hpp"
-#include "dynamic_cast_conversion.hpp"
+#include "type_conversions.hpp"
 #include "type_info.hpp"
 
 namespace chaiscript {
-class Dynamic_Cast_Conversions;
+class Type_Conversions;
 namespace detail {
 namespace exception {
 class bad_any_cast;
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
   /// assert(i == 5);
   /// \endcode
   template<typename Type>
-  typename detail::Cast_Helper<Type>::Result_Type boxed_cast(const Boxed_Value &bv, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions *t_conversions = nullptr)
+  typename detail::Cast_Helper<Type>::Result_Type boxed_cast(const Boxed_Value &bv, const Type_Conversions *t_conversions = nullptr)
   {
     try {
       return detail::Cast_Helper<Type>::cast(bv, t_conversions);
@@ -86,18 +86,18 @@ namespace chaiscript
 #pragma warning(disable : 4127)
 #endif
 
-      if (std::is_polymorphic<typename detail::Bare_Type<Type>::type>::value && t_conversions)
+      if (t_conversions && t_conversions->convertable_type<Type>())
       {
         try {
-          // std::cout << "trying an up conversion " << typeid(Type).name() << std::endl;
+          // std::cout << "trying an up conversion " << typeid(Type).name() << '\n';
           // We will not catch any bad_boxed_dynamic_cast that is thrown, let the user get it
           // either way, we are not responsible if it doesn't work
-          return detail::Cast_Helper<Type>::cast(t_conversions->boxed_dynamic_cast<Type>(bv), t_conversions);
+          return detail::Cast_Helper<Type>::cast(t_conversions->boxed_type_conversion<Type>(bv), t_conversions);
         } catch (...) {
           try {
-          //  std::cout << "trying a down conversion " << typeid(Type).name() << std::endl;
+          //  std::cout << "trying a down conversion " << typeid(Type).name() << '\n';
             // try going the other way - down the inheritance graph
-            return detail::Cast_Helper<Type>::cast(t_conversions->boxed_dynamic_down_cast<Type>(bv), t_conversions);
+            return detail::Cast_Helper<Type>::cast(t_conversions->boxed_type_down_conversion<Type>(bv), t_conversions);
           } catch (const chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast &) {
             throw exception::bad_boxed_cast(bv.get_type_info(), typeid(Type));
           }

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/boxed_cast_helper.hpp

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 namespace chaiscript 
 {
-  class Dynamic_Cast_Conversions;
+  class Type_Conversions;
 
   namespace detail
   {
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       {
         typedef typename std::reference_wrapper<typename std::add_const<Result>::type > Result_Type;
 
-        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions *)
+        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions *)
         {
           if (ob.get_type_info().bare_equal_type_info(typeid(Result)))
           {
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       struct Cast_Helper_Inner<const Result *>
       {
         typedef const Result * Result_Type;
-        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions *)
+        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions *)
         {
           if (ob.is_ref())
           {
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       struct Cast_Helper_Inner<Result *>
       {
         typedef Result * Result_Type;
-        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions *)
+        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions *)
         {
           if (ob.is_ref())
           {
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       {
         typedef Result& Result_Type;
 
-        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions *)
+        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions *)
         {
           if (!ob.get_type_info().is_const() && ob.get_type_info().bare_equal_type_info(typeid(Result)))
           {
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       {
         typedef typename std::shared_ptr<Result> Result_Type;
 
-        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions *)
+        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions *)
         {
           return ob.get().cast<std::shared_ptr<Result> >();
         }
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       {
         typedef typename std::shared_ptr<const Result> Result_Type;
 
-        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions *)
+        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions *)
         {
           if (!ob.get_type_info().is_const())
           {
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       {
         typedef const Boxed_Value & Result_Type;
 
-        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions *)
+        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions *)
         {
           return ob;
         }
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       {
         typedef Boxed_Value& Result_Type;
 
-        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions *)
+        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions *)
         {
           return const_cast<Boxed_Value &>(ob);
         }
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       {
         typedef typename Cast_Helper_Inner<T>::Result_Type Result_Type;
 
-        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions *t_conversions)
+        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions *t_conversions)
         {
           return Cast_Helper_Inner<T>::cast(ob, t_conversions);
         }

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/boxed_number.hpp

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #include "type_info.hpp"
 
 namespace chaiscript {
-class Dynamic_Cast_Conversions;
+class Type_Conversions;
 }  // namespace chaiscript
 
 namespace chaiscript 
@@ -826,31 +826,25 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
   namespace detail
   {
-    /**
-     * Cast_Helper for converting from Boxed_Value to Boxed_Number
-     */
+    /// Cast_Helper for converting from Boxed_Value to Boxed_Number
     template<>
       struct Cast_Helper<Boxed_Number>
       {
         typedef Boxed_Number Result_Type;
 
-        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions *)
+        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions *)
         {
           return Boxed_Number(ob);
         }
       };
 
-    /**
-     * Cast_Helper for converting from Boxed_Value to Boxed_Number
-     */
+    /// Cast_Helper for converting from Boxed_Value to Boxed_Number
     template<>
       struct Cast_Helper<const Boxed_Number &> : Cast_Helper<Boxed_Number>
       {
       };
       
-    /**
-     * Cast_Helper for converting from Boxed_Value to Boxed_Number
-     */
+    /// Cast_Helper for converting from Boxed_Value to Boxed_Number
     template<>
       struct Cast_Helper<const Boxed_Number> : Cast_Helper<Boxed_Number>
       {

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/boxed_value.hpp

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #include <type_traits>
 
 #include "../chaiscript_threading.hpp"
+#include "../chaiscript_defines.hpp"
 #include "any.hpp"
 #include "type_info.hpp"
 
@@ -66,6 +67,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         Data &operator=(Data &&rhs) = default;
 #endif
 
+
         Type_Info m_type_info;
         chaiscript::detail::Any m_obj;
         void *m_data_ptr;
@@ -76,7 +78,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
       struct Object_Data
       {
-        static std::shared_ptr<Data> get(Boxed_Value::Void_Type, bool, bool)
+        static std::shared_ptr<Data> get(Boxed_Value::Void_Type)
         {
           return std::make_shared<Data>(
                 detail::Get_Type_Info<void>::get(),
@@ -87,13 +89,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
         }
 
         template<typename T>
-          static std::shared_ptr<Data> get(const std::shared_ptr<T> *obj, bool, bool)
+          static std::shared_ptr<Data> get(const std::shared_ptr<T> *obj)
           {
             return get(*obj);
           }
 
         template<typename T>
-          static std::shared_ptr<Data> get(const std::shared_ptr<T> &obj, bool, bool)
+          static std::shared_ptr<Data> get(const std::shared_ptr<T> &obj)
           {
             return std::make_shared<Data>(
                   detail::Get_Type_Info<T>::get(), 
@@ -104,7 +106,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           }
 
         template<typename T>
-          static std::shared_ptr<Data> get(std::shared_ptr<T> &&obj, bool, bool)
+          static std::shared_ptr<Data> get(std::shared_ptr<T> &&obj)
           {
             auto ptr = obj.get();
             return std::make_shared<Data>(
@@ -122,7 +124,14 @@ namespace chaiscript
           }
 
         template<typename T>
-          static std::shared_ptr<Data> get(std::reference_wrapper<T> obj, bool, bool)
+          static std::shared_ptr<Data> get(const T *t)
+          {
+            return get(std::cref(*t));
+          }
+
+
+        template<typename T>
+          static std::shared_ptr<Data> get(std::reference_wrapper<T> obj)
           {
             auto p = &obj.get();
             return std::make_shared<Data>(
@@ -134,57 +143,22 @@ namespace chaiscript
           }
 
         template<typename T>
-          static std::shared_ptr<Data> get(T t, bool t_value_type, bool t_make_const)
+          static std::shared_ptr<Data> get(T t)
           {
-            typedef typename std::add_const<T>::type const_type;
-            if (t_make_const)
-            {
-              if (t_value_type)
-              {
-                chaiscript::detail::Any a(std::move(t));
-                return std::make_shared<Data>(
-                    detail::Get_Type_Info<const_type>::get(), 
-                    std::move(a),
-                    false,
-                    nullptr
-                    );
-              } else {
-                auto p = std::make_shared<const_type>(std::move(t));
-                auto ptr = p.get();
-                return std::make_shared<Data>(
-                    detail::Get_Type_Info<const_type>::get(), 
-                    chaiscript::detail::Any(std::move(p)),
-                    false,
-                    ptr
-                    );
-              }
-            } else {
-              if (t_value_type)
-              {
-                chaiscript::detail::Any a(std::move(t));
-                return std::make_shared<Data>(
-                    detail::Get_Type_Info<T>::get(), 
-                    std::move(a),
-                    false,
-                    nullptr
-                    );
-              } else {
-                auto p = std::make_shared<T>(std::move(t));
-                auto ptr = p.get();
-                return std::make_shared<Data>(
-                    detail::Get_Type_Info<T>::get(), 
-                    chaiscript::detail::Any(std::move(p)),
-                    false,
-                    ptr
-                    );
-              }
-            }
+            auto p = std::make_shared<T>(std::move(t));
+            auto ptr = p.get();
+            return std::make_shared<Data>(
+                  detail::Get_Type_Info<T>::get(), 
+                  chaiscript::detail::Any(std::move(p)),
+                  false,
+                  ptr
+                );
           }
 
         static std::shared_ptr<Data> get()
         {
           return std::make_shared<Data>(
-              Type_Info(),
+                Type_Info(),
                 chaiscript::detail::Any(),
                 false,
                 nullptr 
@@ -197,10 +171,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
       /// Basic Boxed_Value constructor
         template<typename T,
           typename = typename std::enable_if<!std::is_same<Boxed_Value, typename std::decay<T>::type>::value>::type>
-        explicit Boxed_Value(T &&t, bool t_make_const=false, bool t_value_type = std::is_trivial<typename std::decay<T>::type>::value)
-          : m_data(Object_Data::get(std::forward<T>(t), t_make_const, t_value_type))
+        explicit Boxed_Value(T &&t)
+          : m_data(Object_Data::get(std::forward<T>(t)))
         {
-          //std::cout << "typeid: " << typeid(T).name() << " is trivial " << std::is_trivial<typename std::decay<T>::type>::value << "\n";
         }
 
       /// Unknown-type constructor
@@ -273,22 +246,12 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
       void *get_ptr() const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
       {
-        if (m_data->m_data_ptr)
-        {
-          return m_data->m_data_ptr;
-        } else {
-          return m_data->m_obj.data();
-        }
+        return m_data->m_data_ptr;
       }
 
       const void *get_const_ptr() const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
       {
-        if (m_data->m_const_data_ptr)
-        {
-          return m_data->m_const_data_ptr;
-        } else {
-          return m_data->m_obj.data();
-        }
+        return m_data->m_const_data_ptr;
       }
 
       Boxed_Value get_attr(const std::string &t_name)
@@ -349,7 +312,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
     template<typename T>
       Boxed_Value const_var_impl(const T &t)
       {
-        return Boxed_Value(std::make_shared<typename std::add_const<T>::type >(t), true);
+        return Boxed_Value(std::make_shared<typename std::add_const<T>::type >(t));
       }
 
     /// \brief Takes a pointer to a value, adds const to the pointed to type and returns an immutable Boxed_Value.

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/dispatchkit.hpp

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 #include "boxed_cast.hpp"
 #include "boxed_cast_helper.hpp"
 #include "boxed_value.hpp"
-#include "dynamic_cast_conversion.hpp"
+#include "type_conversions.hpp"
 #include "dynamic_object.hpp"
 #include "proxy_constructors.hpp"
 #include "proxy_functions.hpp"
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         return *this;
       }
 
-      Module &add(Dynamic_Cast_Conversion d)
+      Module &add(Type_Conversion d)
       {
         m_conversions.push_back(std::move(d));
         return *this;
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       {
         if (!t_bv.is_const())
         {
-//          throw chaiscript::exception::global_non_const();
+          throw chaiscript::exception::global_non_const();
         }
 
         m_globals.emplace_back(std::move(t_bv), std::move(t_name));
@@ -166,9 +166,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
 
       //Add a bit of ChaiScript to eval during module implementation
-      Module &eval(std::string str)
+      Module &eval(const std::string &str)
       {
-        m_evals.push_back(std::move(str));
+        m_evals.push_back(str);
         return *this;
       }
 
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       std::vector<std::pair<Proxy_Function, std::string> > m_funcs;
       std::vector<std::pair<Boxed_Value, std::string> > m_globals;
       std::vector<std::string> m_evals;
-      std::vector<Dynamic_Cast_Conversion> m_conversions;
+      std::vector<Type_Conversion> m_conversions;
 
       template<typename T, typename InItr>
         static void apply(InItr begin, const InItr end, T &t) 
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
     {
       public:
         Dispatch_Function(std::vector<Proxy_Function> t_funcs)
-          : Proxy_Function_Base(build_type_infos(t_funcs)),
+          : Proxy_Function_Base(build_type_infos(t_funcs), calculate_arity(t_funcs)),
             m_funcs(std::move(t_funcs))
         {
         }
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         virtual bool operator==(const dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base &rhs) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
         {
           try {
-            const Dispatch_Function &dispatchfun = dynamic_cast<const Dispatch_Function &>(rhs);
+            const auto &dispatchfun = dynamic_cast<const Dispatch_Function &>(rhs);
             return m_funcs == dispatchfun.m_funcs;
           } catch (const std::bad_cast &) {
             return false;
@@ -280,15 +280,15 @@ namespace chaiscript
         }
 
 
-        virtual int get_arity() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        static int calculate_arity(const std::vector<Proxy_Function> &t_funcs)
         {
-          if (m_funcs.empty()) {
+          if (t_funcs.empty()) {
             return -1;
           }
 
-          const int arity = m_funcs.front()->get_arity();
+          const auto arity = t_funcs.front()->get_arity();
 
-          for (const auto &func : m_funcs)
+          for (const auto &func : t_funcs)
           {
             if (arity != func->get_arity())
             {
@@ -300,17 +300,10 @@ namespace chaiscript
           return arity;
         }
 
-        virtual bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        virtual bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
         {
-          for (const auto &func : m_funcs)
-          {
-            if (func->call_match(vals, t_conversions))
-            {
-              return true;
-            }
-          }
-
-          return false;
+          return std::any_of(m_funcs.cbegin(), m_funcs.cend(),
+                             [&vals, &t_conversions](const Proxy_Function &f){ return f->call_match(vals, t_conversions); });
         }
 
         virtual std::string annotation() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
@@ -319,9 +312,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
         }
 
       protected:
-        virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
         {
-          return dispatch::dispatch(m_funcs.begin(), m_funcs.end(), params, t_conversions);
+          return dispatch::dispatch(m_funcs, params, t_conversions);
         }
 
       private:
@@ -329,10 +322,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
         static std::vector<Type_Info> build_type_infos(const std::vector<Proxy_Function> &t_funcs)
         {
-          typedef std::vector<Proxy_Function> function_vec;
-
-          auto begin = t_funcs.begin();
-          const function_vec::const_iterator end = t_funcs.end();
+          auto begin = t_funcs.cbegin();
+          const auto &end = t_funcs.cend();
 
           if (begin != end)
           {
@@ -380,10 +371,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
   namespace detail
   {
-    /**
-     * Main class for the dispatchkit. Handles management
-     * of the object stack, functions and registered types.
-     */
+    /// Main class for the dispatchkit. Handles management
+    /// of the object stack, functions and registered types.
     class Dispatch_Engine
     {
       public:
@@ -420,7 +409,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           }
 
         /// Add a new conversion for upcasting to a base class
-        void add(const Dynamic_Cast_Conversion &d)
+        void add(const Type_Conversion &d)
         {
           m_conversions.add_conversion(d);
         }
@@ -437,12 +426,12 @@ namespace chaiscript
         void add(const Boxed_Value &obj, const std::string &name)
         {
           validate_object_name(name);
-          StackData &stack = get_stack_data();
+          auto &stack = get_stack_data();
 
-          for (int i = static_cast<int>(stack.size())-1; i >= 0; --i)
+          for (auto stack_elem = stack.rbegin(); stack_elem != stack.rend(); ++stack_elem)
           {
-            const auto itr = stack[i].find(name);
-            if (itr != stack[i].end())
+            auto itr = stack_elem->find(name);
+            if (itr != stack_elem->end())
             {
               itr->second = std::move(obj);
               return;
@@ -454,17 +443,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
 
         /// Adds a named object to the current scope
+        /// \warning This version does not check the validity of the name
+        /// it is meant for internal use only
         void add_object(const std::string &name, const Boxed_Value &obj) const
         {
-          StackData &stack = get_stack_data();
-          validate_object_name(name);
-
-          const Scope &scope = stack.back();
-          if (scope.find(name) != scope.end())
+          if (!get_stack_data().back().insert(std::make_pair(name, obj)).second)
           {
             throw chaiscript::exception::name_conflict_error(name);
-          } else {
-            stack.back().insert(std::make_pair(name, std::move(obj)));
           }
         }
 
@@ -474,7 +459,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           validate_object_name(name);
           if (!obj.is_const())
           {
-//            throw chaiscript::exception::global_non_const();
+            throw chaiscript::exception::global_non_const();
           }
 
           chaiscript::detail::threading::unique_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l(m_global_object_mutex);
@@ -508,11 +493,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
         void new_scope()
         {
           get_stack_data().emplace_back();
+          m_stack_holder->call_params.emplace_back();
         }
 
         /// Pops the current scope from the stack
         void pop_scope()
         {
+          m_stack_holder->call_params.pop_back();
           StackData &stack = get_stack_data();
           if (stack.size() > 1)
           {
@@ -546,13 +533,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
             return m_place_holder;
           }
 
-          StackData &stack = get_stack_data();
+          auto &stack = get_stack_data();
 
           // Is it in the stack?
-          for (int i = static_cast<int>(stack.size())-1; i >= 0; --i)
+          for (auto stack_elem = stack.rbegin(); stack_elem != stack.rend(); ++stack_elem)
           {
-            const auto stackitr = stack[i].find(name);
-            if (stackitr != stack[i].end())
+            const auto stackitr = stack_elem->find(name);
+            if (stackitr != stack_elem->end())
             {
               return stackitr->second;
             }
@@ -672,7 +659,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         ///          the current scope.
         std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value> get_parent_locals() const
         {
-          StackData &stack = get_stack_data();
+          auto &stack = get_stack_data();
           if (stack.size() > 1)
           {
             return stack[1];
@@ -684,8 +671,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
         /// \returns All values in the local thread state, added through the add() function
         std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value> get_locals() const
         {
-          StackData &stack = get_stack_data();
-          Scope &scope = stack.front();
+          auto &stack = get_stack_data();
+          auto &scope = stack.front();
           return scope;
         }
 
@@ -696,8 +683,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
         /// Any existing locals are removed and the given set of variables is added
         void set_locals(const std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value> &t_locals)
         {
-          StackData &stack = get_stack_data();
-          Scope &scope = stack.front();
+          auto &stack = get_stack_data();
+          auto &scope = stack.front();
           scope = t_locals;
         }
 
@@ -779,16 +766,14 @@ namespace chaiscript
           m_state.m_reserved_words.insert(name);
         }
 
-        const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &conversions() const
+        const Type_Conversions &conversions() const
         {
           return m_conversions;
         }
 
         Boxed_Value call_function(const std::string &t_name, const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params) const
         {
-          std::vector<Proxy_Function> functions = get_function(t_name);
-
-          return dispatch::dispatch(functions.begin(), functions.end(), params, m_conversions);
+          return dispatch::dispatch(get_function(t_name), params, m_conversions);
         }
 
         Boxed_Value call_function(const std::string &t_name) const
@@ -809,7 +794,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         /// Dump object info to stdout
         void dump_object(const Boxed_Value &o) const
         {
-          std::cout << (o.is_const()?"const ":"") << type_name(o) << std::endl;
+          std::cout << (o.is_const()?"const ":"") << type_name(o) << '\n';
         }
 
         /// Dump type info to stdout
@@ -843,14 +828,14 @@ namespace chaiscript
             }
           }
 
-          std::cout << ") " << std::endl;
+          std::cout << ") \n";
         }
 
         /// Returns true if a call can be made that consists of the first parameter
         /// (the function) with the remaining parameters as its arguments.
         Boxed_Value call_exists(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params)
         {
-          if (params.size() < 1)
+          if (params.empty())
           {
             throw chaiscript::exception::arity_error(static_cast<int>(params.size()), 1);
           }
@@ -863,7 +848,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         /// Dump all system info to stdout
         void dump_system() const
         {
-          std::cout << "Registered Types: " << std::endl;
+          std::cout << "Registered Types: \n";
           std::vector<std::pair<std::string, Type_Info> > types = get_types();
           for (std::vector<std::pair<std::string, Type_Info> >::const_iterator itr = types.begin();
               itr != types.end();
@@ -871,20 +856,20 @@ namespace chaiscript
           {
             std::cout << itr->first << ": ";
             std::cout << itr->second.bare_name();
-            std::cout << std::endl;
+            std::cout << '\n';
           }
 
-          std::cout << std::endl;  
+          std::cout << '\n';  
           std::vector<std::pair<std::string, Proxy_Function > > funcs = get_functions();
 
-          std::cout << "Functions: " << std::endl;
+          std::cout << "Functions: \n";
           for (std::vector<std::pair<std::string, Proxy_Function > >::const_iterator itr = funcs.begin();
               itr != funcs.end();
               ++itr)
           {
             dump_function(*itr);
           }
-          std::cout << std::endl;
+          std::cout << '\n';
         }
 
         /// return true if the Boxed_Value matches the registered type by name
@@ -928,15 +913,39 @@ namespace chaiscript
           m_state = t_state;
         }
 
+        void save_function_params(std::initializer_list<Boxed_Value> t_params)
+        {
+          Stack_Holder &s = *m_stack_holder;
+          s.call_params.back().insert(s.call_params.back().begin(), std::move(t_params));
+        }
+
+        void save_function_params(std::vector<Boxed_Value> &&t_params)
+        {
+          Stack_Holder &s = *m_stack_holder;
+
+          for (auto &&param : t_params)
+          {
+            s.call_params.back().insert(s.call_params.back().begin(), std::move(param));
+          }
+        }
+
         void save_function_params(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &t_params)
         {
           Stack_Holder &s = *m_stack_holder;
-          s.call_params.insert(s.call_params.begin(), t_params.begin(), t_params.end());
+          s.call_params.back().insert(s.call_params.back().begin(), t_params.begin(), t_params.end());
         }
 
         void new_function_call()
         {
-          ++m_stack_holder->call_depth;
+          Stack_Holder &s = *m_stack_holder;
+          if (s.call_depth == 0)
+          {
+            m_conversions.enable_conversion_saves(true);
+          }
+
+          ++s.call_depth;
+
+          save_function_params(m_conversions.take_saves());
         }
 
         void pop_function_call()
@@ -948,9 +957,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
           if (s.call_depth == 0)
           {
-            /// \todo Critical: this needs to be smarter, memory can expand quickly
-            ///       in tight loops involving function calls
-            s.call_params.clear();
+            s.call_params.back().clear();
+            m_conversions.enable_conversion_saves(false);
           }
         }
 
@@ -984,17 +992,17 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
         static bool function_less_than(const Proxy_Function &lhs, const Proxy_Function &rhs)
         {
-          const std::vector<Type_Info> &lhsparamtypes = lhs->get_param_types();
-          const std::vector<Type_Info> &rhsparamtypes = rhs->get_param_types();
+          const auto &lhsparamtypes = lhs->get_param_types();
+          const auto &rhsparamtypes = rhs->get_param_types();
 
-          const size_t lhssize = lhsparamtypes.size();
-          const size_t rhssize = rhsparamtypes.size();
+          const auto lhssize = lhsparamtypes.size();
+          const auto rhssize = rhsparamtypes.size();
 
-          const Type_Info boxed_type = user_type<Boxed_Value>();
-          const Type_Info boxed_pod_type = user_type<Boxed_Number>();
+          CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR auto boxed_type = user_type<Boxed_Value>();
+          CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR auto boxed_pod_type = user_type<Boxed_Number>();
 
-          std::shared_ptr<const dispatch::Dynamic_Proxy_Function> dynamic_lhs(std::dynamic_pointer_cast<const dispatch::Dynamic_Proxy_Function>(lhs));
-          std::shared_ptr<const dispatch::Dynamic_Proxy_Function> dynamic_rhs(std::dynamic_pointer_cast<const dispatch::Dynamic_Proxy_Function>(rhs));
+          auto dynamic_lhs(std::dynamic_pointer_cast<const dispatch::Dynamic_Proxy_Function>(lhs));
+          auto dynamic_rhs(std::dynamic_pointer_cast<const dispatch::Dynamic_Proxy_Function>(rhs));
 
           if (dynamic_lhs && dynamic_rhs)
           {
@@ -1141,15 +1149,16 @@ namespace chaiscript
             : call_depth(0)
           {
             stacks.emplace_back(1);
+            call_params.emplace_back();
           }
 
           std::deque<StackData> stacks;
 
-          std::list<Boxed_Value> call_params;
+          std::deque<std::list<Boxed_Value>> call_params;
           int call_depth;
         };
 
-        Dynamic_Cast_Conversions m_conversions;
+        Type_Conversions m_conversions;
         chaiscript::detail::threading::Thread_Storage<Stack_Holder> m_stack_holder;
 
 

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/dynamic_cast_conversion.hpp

@@ -1,294 +0,0 @@
-// This file is distributed under the BSD License.
-// See "license.txt" for details.
-// Copyright 2009-2012, Jonathan Turner (jonathan@emptycrate.com)
-// Copyright 2009-2014, Jason Turner (jason@emptycrate.com)
-// http://www.chaiscript.com
-
-#ifndef CHAISCRIPT_DYNAMIC_CAST_CONVERSION_HPP_
-#define CHAISCRIPT_DYNAMIC_CAST_CONVERSION_HPP_
-
-#include <memory>
-#include <set>
-#include <stdexcept>
-#include <string>
-#include <type_traits>
-#include <typeinfo>
-
-#include "../chaiscript_threading.hpp"
-#include "bad_boxed_cast.hpp"
-#include "boxed_cast_helper.hpp"
-#include "boxed_value.hpp"
-#include "type_info.hpp"
-
-namespace chaiscript
-{
-  namespace exception
-  {
-    class bad_boxed_dynamic_cast : public bad_boxed_cast
-    {
-      public:
-        bad_boxed_dynamic_cast(const Type_Info &t_from, const std::type_info &t_to,
-            const std::string &t_what) CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
-          : bad_boxed_cast(t_from, t_to, t_what)
-        {
-        }
-
-        bad_boxed_dynamic_cast(const Type_Info &t_from, const std::type_info &t_to) CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
-          : bad_boxed_cast(t_from, t_to)
-        {
-        }
-
-        bad_boxed_dynamic_cast(const std::string &w) CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
-          : bad_boxed_cast(w)
-        {
-        }
-
-        virtual ~bad_boxed_dynamic_cast() CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT {}
-    };
-  }
-
-  namespace detail
-  {
-    class Dynamic_Conversion
-    {
-      public:
-        virtual Boxed_Value convert(const Boxed_Value &derived) const = 0;
-        virtual Boxed_Value convert_down(const Boxed_Value &base) const = 0;
-
-        const Type_Info &base() const
-        {
-          return m_base;
-        }
-        const Type_Info &derived() const
-        {
-          return m_derived;
-        }
-
-      protected:
-        Dynamic_Conversion(const Type_Info &t_base, const Type_Info &t_derived)
-          : m_base(t_base), m_derived(t_derived)
-        {
-        }
-
-        virtual ~Dynamic_Conversion() {} 
-
-      private:
-        Type_Info m_base;
-        Type_Info m_derived;
-
-    };
-
-    template<typename From, typename To> 
-      class Dynamic_Caster
-      {
-        public: 
-          static Boxed_Value cast(const Boxed_Value &t_from)
-          {
-            if (t_from.get_type_info().bare_equal(user_type<From>()))
-            {
-              if (t_from.is_pointer())
-              {
-                // Dynamic cast out the contained boxed value, which we know is the type we want
-                if (t_from.is_const())
-                {
-                  std::shared_ptr<const To> data
-                    = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<const To>(detail::Cast_Helper<std::shared_ptr<const From> >::cast(t_from, nullptr));
-                  if (!data)
-                  {
-                    throw std::bad_cast();
-                  }
-
-                  return Boxed_Value(data);
-                } else {
-                  std::shared_ptr<To> data
-                    = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<To>(detail::Cast_Helper<std::shared_ptr<From> >::cast(t_from, nullptr));
-
-                  if (!data)
-                  {
-                    throw std::bad_cast();
-                  }
-
-                  return Boxed_Value(data);
-                }
-              } else {
-                // Pull the reference out of the contained boxed value, which we know is the type we want
-                if (t_from.is_const())
-                {
-                  const From &d = detail::Cast_Helper<const From &>::cast(t_from, nullptr);
-                  const To &data = dynamic_cast<const To &>(d);
-                  return Boxed_Value(std::cref(data));
-                } else {
-                  From &d = detail::Cast_Helper<From &>::cast(t_from, nullptr);
-                  To &data = dynamic_cast<To &>(d);
-                  return Boxed_Value(std::ref(data));
-                }
-              }
-            } else {
-              throw chaiscript::exception::bad_boxed_dynamic_cast(t_from.get_type_info(), typeid(To), "Unknown dynamic_cast_conversion");
-            }
-          }
-      };
-
-    template<typename Base, typename Derived>
-      class Dynamic_Conversion_Impl : public Dynamic_Conversion
-    {
-      public:
-        Dynamic_Conversion_Impl()
-          : Dynamic_Conversion(user_type<Base>(), user_type<Derived>())
-        {
-        }
-
-        virtual Boxed_Value convert_down(const Boxed_Value &t_base) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
-        {
-          return Dynamic_Caster<Base, Derived>::cast(t_base);
-        }
-
-        virtual Boxed_Value convert(const Boxed_Value &t_derived) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
-        {
-          return Dynamic_Caster<Derived, Base>::cast(t_derived);
-        }
-    };
-  }
-
-  class Dynamic_Cast_Conversions
-  {
-    public:
-      Dynamic_Cast_Conversions()
-      {
-      }
-
-      Dynamic_Cast_Conversions(const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_other)
-        : m_conversions(t_other.get_conversions())
-      {
-      }
-
-      void add_conversion(const std::shared_ptr<detail::Dynamic_Conversion> &conversion)
-      {
-        chaiscript::detail::threading::unique_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l(m_mutex);
-        m_conversions.insert(conversion);
-      }
-
-      template<typename Base, typename Derived>
-        bool dynamic_cast_converts() const
-        {
-          return dynamic_cast_converts(user_type<Base>(), user_type<Derived>());
-        }
-
-      bool dynamic_cast_converts(const Type_Info &base, const Type_Info &derived) const
-      {
-        return has_conversion(base, derived) || has_conversion(derived, base);
-      }
-
-      template<typename Base>
-        Boxed_Value boxed_dynamic_cast(const Boxed_Value &derived) const
-        {
-          try {
-            return get_conversion(user_type<Base>(), derived.get_type_info())->convert(derived);
-          } catch (const std::out_of_range &) {
-            throw exception::bad_boxed_dynamic_cast(derived.get_type_info(), typeid(Base), "No known conversion");
-          } catch (const std::bad_cast &) {
-            throw exception::bad_boxed_dynamic_cast(derived.get_type_info(), typeid(Base), "Unable to perform dynamic_cast operation");
-          }
-        }
-
-      template<typename Derived>
-        Boxed_Value boxed_dynamic_down_cast(const Boxed_Value &base) const
-        {
-          try {
-            return get_conversion(base.get_type_info(), user_type<Derived>())->convert_down(base);
-          } catch (const std::out_of_range &) {
-            throw exception::bad_boxed_dynamic_cast(base.get_type_info(), typeid(Derived), "No known conversion");
-          } catch (const std::bad_cast &) {
-            throw exception::bad_boxed_dynamic_cast(base.get_type_info(), typeid(Derived), "Unable to perform dynamic_cast operation");
-          }
-        }
-
-
-      bool has_conversion(const Type_Info &base, const Type_Info &derived) const
-      {
-        chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l(m_mutex);
-        return find(base, derived) != m_conversions.end();
-      }
-
-      std::shared_ptr<detail::Dynamic_Conversion> get_conversion(const Type_Info &base, const Type_Info &derived) const
-      {
-        chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l(m_mutex);
-
-        auto itr =
-          find(base, derived);
-
-        if (itr != m_conversions.end())
-        {
-          return *itr;
-        } else {
-          throw std::out_of_range("No such conversion exists from " + derived.bare_name() + " to " + base.bare_name());
-        }
-      }
-
-    private:
-      std::set<std::shared_ptr<detail::Dynamic_Conversion> >::const_iterator find(
-          const Type_Info &base, const Type_Info &derived) const
-      {
-        for (auto itr = m_conversions.begin();
-            itr != m_conversions.end();
-            ++itr)
-        {
-          if ((*itr)->base().bare_equal(base) && (*itr)->derived().bare_equal(derived))
-          {
-            return itr;
-          }
-        }
-
-        return m_conversions.end();
-      }
-
-      std::set<std::shared_ptr<detail::Dynamic_Conversion> > get_conversions() const
-      {
-        chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l(m_mutex);
-
-        return m_conversions;
-      }
-
-      mutable chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex m_mutex;
-      std::set<std::shared_ptr<detail::Dynamic_Conversion> > m_conversions;
-  };
-
-  typedef std::shared_ptr<chaiscript::detail::Dynamic_Conversion> Dynamic_Cast_Conversion;
-
-  /// \brief Used to register a base / parent class relationship with ChaiScript. Necessary if you
-  ///        want automatic conversions up your inheritance hierarchy.
-  ///
-  /// Create a new base class registration for applying to a module or to the ChaiScript engine
-  /// Currently, due to limitations in module loading on Windows, and for the sake of portability,
-  /// if you have a type that is introduced in a loadable module and is used by multiple modules
-  /// (through a tertiary dll that is shared between the modules, static linking the new type
-  /// into both loadable modules would not be portable), you need to register the base type
-  /// relationship in all modules that use the newly added type in a polymorphic way.
-  ///
-  /// Example:
-  /// \code
-  /// class Base
-  /// {};
-  /// class Derived : public Base
-  /// {};
-  ///
-  /// chaiscript::ChaiScript chai;
-  /// chai.add(chaiscript::base_class<Base, Derived>());
-  /// \endcode
-  /// 
-  template<typename Base, typename Derived>
-  Dynamic_Cast_Conversion base_class()
-  {
-    //Can only be used with related polymorphic types
-    //may be expanded some day to support conversions other than child -> parent
-    static_assert(std::is_base_of<Base,Derived>::value, "Classes are not related by inheritance");
-    static_assert(std::is_polymorphic<Base>::value, "Base class must be polymorphic");
-    static_assert(std::is_polymorphic<Derived>::value, "Derived class must be polymorphic");
-
-    return std::shared_ptr<detail::Dynamic_Conversion>(new detail::Dynamic_Conversion_Impl<Base, Derived>());
-  }
-
-}
-
-
-#endif

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/dynamic_object.hpp

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 #include "type_info.hpp"
 
 namespace chaiscript {
-class Dynamic_Cast_Conversions;
+class Type_Conversions;
 namespace dispatch {
 class Proxy_Function_Base;
 }  // namespace dispatch
@@ -64,18 +64,16 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
     namespace detail
     {
-      /**
-       * A Proxy_Function implementation designed for calling a function
-       * that is automatically guarded based on the first param based on the
-       * param's type name
-       */
+      /// A Proxy_Function implementation designed for calling a function
+      /// that is automatically guarded based on the first param based on the
+      /// param's type name
       class Dynamic_Object_Function : public Proxy_Function_Base
       {
         public:
           Dynamic_Object_Function(
               std::string t_type_name,
               const Proxy_Function &t_func)
-            : Proxy_Function_Base(t_func->get_param_types()),
+            : Proxy_Function_Base(t_func->get_param_types(), t_func->get_arity()),
             m_type_name(std::move(t_type_name)), m_func(t_func), m_doti(user_type<Dynamic_Object>())
           {
             assert( (t_func->get_arity() > 0 || t_func->get_arity() < 0)
@@ -86,7 +84,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
               std::string t_type_name,
               const Proxy_Function &t_func,
               const Type_Info &t_ti)
-            : Proxy_Function_Base(build_param_types(t_func->get_param_types(), t_ti)),
+            : Proxy_Function_Base(build_param_types(t_func->get_param_types(), t_ti), t_func->get_arity()),
               m_type_name(std::move(t_type_name)), m_func(t_func), m_ti(new Type_Info(t_ti)), m_doti(user_type<Dynamic_Object>())
           {
             assert( (t_func->get_arity() > 0 || t_func->get_arity() < 0)
@@ -96,11 +94,11 @@ namespace chaiscript
           virtual ~Dynamic_Object_Function() {}
 
           Dynamic_Object_Function &operator=(const Dynamic_Object_Function) = delete;
+          Dynamic_Object_Function(Dynamic_Object_Function &) = delete;
 
           virtual bool operator==(const Proxy_Function_Base &f) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
           {
-            const Dynamic_Object_Function *df = dynamic_cast<const Dynamic_Object_Function *>(&f);
-            if (df)
+            if (const auto *df = dynamic_cast<const Dynamic_Object_Function *>(&f))
             {
               return df->m_type_name == m_type_name && (*df->m_func) == (*m_func);
             } else {
@@ -108,7 +106,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
             }
           }
 
-          virtual bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+          virtual bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
           {
             if (dynamic_object_typename_match(vals, m_type_name, m_ti, t_conversions))
             {
@@ -123,12 +121,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
             return {m_func};
           }
 
-
-          virtual int get_arity() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
-          {
-            return m_func->get_arity();
-          }
-
           virtual std::string annotation() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
           {
             return m_func->annotation();
@@ -136,7 +128,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
 
         protected:
-          virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+          virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
           {
             if (dynamic_object_typename_match(params, m_type_name, m_ti, t_conversions))
             {
@@ -146,7 +138,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
             } 
           }
 
-          virtual bool compare_first_type(const Boxed_Value &bv, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+          virtual bool compare_first_type(const Boxed_Value &bv, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
           {
             return dynamic_object_typename_match(bv, m_type_name, m_ti, t_conversions);
           }
@@ -164,7 +156,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           }
 
           bool dynamic_object_typename_match(const Boxed_Value &bv, const std::string &name,
-              const std::shared_ptr<Type_Info> &ti, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions) const
+              const std::unique_ptr<Type_Info> &ti, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const
           {
             if (bv.get_type_info().bare_equal(m_doti))
             {
@@ -186,7 +178,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           }
 
           bool dynamic_object_typename_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &bvs, const std::string &name,
-              const std::shared_ptr<Type_Info> &ti, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions) const
+              const std::unique_ptr<Type_Info> &ti, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const
           {
             if (bvs.size() > 0)
             {
@@ -198,7 +190,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
           std::string m_type_name;
           Proxy_Function m_func;
-          std::shared_ptr<Type_Info> m_ti;
+          std::unique_ptr<Type_Info> m_ti;
           const Type_Info m_doti;
 
 
@@ -217,7 +209,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           Dynamic_Object_Constructor(
               std::string t_type_name,
               const Proxy_Function &t_func)
-            : Proxy_Function_Base(build_type_list(t_func->get_param_types())),
+            : Proxy_Function_Base(build_type_list(t_func->get_param_types()), t_func->get_arity() - 1),
               m_type_name(std::move(t_type_name)), m_func(t_func)
           {
             assert( (t_func->get_arity() > 0 || t_func->get_arity() < 0)
@@ -250,33 +242,24 @@ namespace chaiscript
             }
           }
 
-          virtual bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+          virtual bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
           {
-            std::vector<Boxed_Value> new_vals;
-            new_vals.push_back(Boxed_Value(Dynamic_Object(m_type_name)));
+            std::vector<Boxed_Value> new_vals{Boxed_Value(Dynamic_Object(m_type_name))};
             new_vals.insert(new_vals.end(), vals.begin(), vals.end());
 
             return m_func->call_match(new_vals, t_conversions);
           }    
 
-
-          virtual int get_arity() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
-          {
-            // "this" is not considered part of the arity
-            return m_func->get_arity() - 1; 
-          }
-
           virtual std::string annotation() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
           {
             return m_func->annotation();
           }
 
         protected:
-          virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+          virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
           {
-            std::vector<Boxed_Value> new_params;
-            chaiscript::Boxed_Value bv = var(Dynamic_Object(m_type_name));
-            new_params.push_back(bv);
+            auto bv = var(Dynamic_Object(m_type_name));
+            std::vector<Boxed_Value> new_params{bv};
             new_params.insert(new_params.end(), params.begin(), params.end());
 
             (*m_func)(new_params, t_conversions);

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/function_call.hpp

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 namespace chaiscript {
 class Boxed_Value;
-class Dynamic_Cast_Conversions;
+class Type_Conversions;
 namespace detail {
 template <typename T> struct Cast_Helper;
 }  // namespace detail
@@ -28,66 +28,56 @@ namespace chaiscript
 {
   namespace dispatch
   {
-    /**
-     * Build a function caller that knows how to dispatch on a set of functions
-     * example: 
-     * std::function<void (int)> f = 
-     *      build_function_caller(dispatchkit.get_function("print"));
-     * \returns A std::function object for dispatching
-     * \param[in] funcs the set of functions to dispatch on.
-     */
+    /// Build a function caller that knows how to dispatch on a set of functions
+    /// example:
+    /// std::function<void (int)> f =
+    ///      build_function_caller(dispatchkit.get_function("print"));
+    /// \returns A std::function object for dispatching
+    /// \param[in] funcs the set of functions to dispatch on.
     template<typename FunctionType>
       std::function<FunctionType>
-      functor(const std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function> &funcs, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions *t_conversions)
+      functor(const std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function> &funcs, const Type_Conversions *t_conversions)
       {
         FunctionType *p=nullptr;
         return detail::build_function_caller_helper(p, funcs, t_conversions);
       }
 
-    /**
-     * Build a function caller for a particular Proxy_Function object
-     * useful in the case that a function is being pass out from scripting back
-     * into code
-     * example: 
-     * void my_function(Proxy_Function f)
-     * {
-     *   std::function<void (int)> local_f = 
-     *      build_function_caller(f);
-     * }
-     * \returns A std::function object for dispatching
-     * \param[in] func A function to execute.
-     */
+    /// Build a function caller for a particular Proxy_Function object
+    /// useful in the case that a function is being pass out from scripting back
+    /// into code
+    /// example:
+    /// void my_function(Proxy_Function f)
+    /// {
+    ///   std::function<void (int)> local_f =
+    ///      build_function_caller(f);
+    /// }
+    /// \returns A std::function object for dispatching
+    /// \param[in] func A function to execute.
     template<typename FunctionType>
       std::function<FunctionType>
-      functor(Const_Proxy_Function func, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions *t_conversions)
+      functor(Const_Proxy_Function func, const Type_Conversions *t_conversions)
       {
-        std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function> funcs;
-        funcs.push_back(func);
-        return functor<FunctionType>(funcs, t_conversions);
+        return functor<FunctionType>(std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function>({func}), t_conversions);
       }
 
-    /**
-     * Helper for automatically unboxing a Boxed_Value that contains a function object
-     * and creating a typesafe C++ function caller from it.
-     */
+    /// Helper for automatically unboxing a Boxed_Value that contains a function object
+    /// and creating a typesafe C++ function caller from it.
     template<typename FunctionType>
       std::function<FunctionType>
-      functor(const Boxed_Value &bv, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions *t_conversions)
+      functor(const Boxed_Value &bv, const Type_Conversions *t_conversions)
       {
         return functor<FunctionType>(boxed_cast<Const_Proxy_Function >(bv, t_conversions), t_conversions);
       }
   }
 
   namespace detail{
-    /**
-     * Cast helper to handle automatic casting to const std::function &
-     */
+    /// Cast helper to handle automatic casting to const std::function &
     template<typename Signature>
       struct Cast_Helper<const std::function<Signature> &>
       {
         typedef std::function<Signature> Result_Type;
 
-        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions *t_conversions)
+        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions *t_conversions)
         {
           if (ob.get_type_info().bare_equal(user_type<Const_Proxy_Function>()))
           {
@@ -98,15 +88,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
         }
       };
 
-    /**
-     * Cast helper to handle automatic casting to std::function
-     */
+    /// Cast helper to handle automatic casting to std::function
     template<typename Signature>
       struct Cast_Helper<std::function<Signature> >
       {
         typedef std::function<Signature> Result_Type;
 
-        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions *t_conversions)
+        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions *t_conversions)
         {
           if (ob.get_type_info().bare_equal(user_type<Const_Proxy_Function>()))
           {
@@ -117,15 +105,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
         }
       };
 
-    /**
-     * Cast helper to handle automatic casting to const std::function
-     */
+    /// Cast helper to handle automatic casting to const std::function
     template<typename Signature>
       struct Cast_Helper<const std::function<Signature> >
       {
         typedef std::function<Signature> Result_Type;
 
-        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions *t_conversions)
+        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions *t_conversions)
         {
           if (ob.get_type_info().bare_equal(user_type<Const_Proxy_Function>()))
           {

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/function_call_detail.hpp

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #include "boxed_cast.hpp"
 #include "boxed_number.hpp"
 #include "boxed_value.hpp"
-#include "dynamic_cast_conversion.hpp"
+#include "type_conversions.hpp"
 #include "proxy_functions.hpp"
 
 namespace chaiscript
@@ -26,15 +26,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
   {
     namespace detail
     {
-      /**
-       * Internal helper class for handling the return
-       * value of a build_function_caller
-       */
+      /// Internal helper class for handling the return
+      /// value of a build_function_caller
       template<typename Ret, bool is_arithmetic>
         struct Function_Caller_Ret
         {
           static Ret call(const std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function> &t_funcs, 
-              const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions)
+              const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
           {
             return boxed_cast<Ret>(dispatch::dispatch(t_funcs, params, t_conversions));
           }
@@ -47,7 +45,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         struct Function_Caller_Ret<Ret, true>
         {
           static Ret call(const std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function> &t_funcs, 
-              const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions)
+              const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
           {
             return Boxed_Number(dispatch::dispatch(t_funcs, params, t_conversions)).get_as<Ret>();
           }
@@ -61,7 +59,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         struct Function_Caller_Ret<void, false>
         {
           static void call(const std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function> &t_funcs, 
-              const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions)
+              const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
           {
             dispatch::dispatch(t_funcs, params, t_conversions);
           }
@@ -73,7 +71,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       template<typename Ret, typename ... Param>
         struct Build_Function_Caller_Helper
         {
-          Build_Function_Caller_Helper(std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function> t_funcs, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions)
+          Build_Function_Caller_Helper(std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function> t_funcs, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
             : m_funcs(std::move(t_funcs)),
               m_conversions(t_conversions)
           {
@@ -90,13 +88,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
           }
 
           std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function> m_funcs;
-          Dynamic_Cast_Conversions m_conversions;
+          Type_Conversions m_conversions;
         };
 
 
 
       template<typename Ret, typename ... Params>
-        std::function<Ret (Params...)> build_function_caller_helper(Ret (Params...), const std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function> &funcs, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions *t_conversions)
+        std::function<Ret (Params...)> build_function_caller_helper(Ret (Params...), const std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function> &funcs, const Type_Conversions *t_conversions)
         {
           if (funcs.size() == 1)
           {
@@ -112,7 +110,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
             // we cannot make any other guesses or assumptions really, so continuing
           }
 
-          return std::function<Ret (Params...)>(Build_Function_Caller_Helper<Ret, Params...>(funcs, t_conversions?*t_conversions:Dynamic_Cast_Conversions()));
+          return std::function<Ret (Params...)>(Build_Function_Caller_Helper<Ret, Params...>(funcs, t_conversions?*t_conversions:Type_Conversions()));
         }
     }
   }

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/handle_return.hpp

@@ -48,6 +48,15 @@ namespace chaiscript
           }
         };
 
+      template<typename Ret>
+        struct Handle_Return<const Ret *>
+        {
+          static Boxed_Value handle(const Ret *p)
+          {
+            return Boxed_Value(p);
+          }
+        };
+
       template<typename Ret>
         struct Handle_Return<std::shared_ptr<Ret> &>
         {

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/proxy_functions.hpp

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #include "type_info.hpp"
 
 namespace chaiscript {
-class Dynamic_Cast_Conversions;
+class Type_Conversions;
 namespace exception {
 class bad_boxed_cast;
 struct arity_error;
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       public:
         virtual ~Proxy_Function_Base() {}
 
-        Boxed_Value operator()(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const chaiscript::Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions) const
+        Boxed_Value operator()(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const chaiscript::Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const
         {
           Boxed_Value bv = do_call(params, t_conversions);
           return bv;
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         const std::vector<Type_Info> &get_param_types() const { return m_types; }
 
         virtual bool operator==(const Proxy_Function_Base &) const = 0;
-        virtual bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions) const = 0;
+        virtual bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const = 0;
 
         bool has_arithmetic_param() const 
         {
@@ -82,15 +82,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
         //! Return true if the function is a possible match
         //! to the passed in values
-        bool filter(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions) const
+        bool filter(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const
         {
-          int arity = get_arity();
-
-          if (arity < 0)
+          if (m_arity < 0)
           {
             return true;
-          } else if (size_t(arity) == vals.size()) {
-            if (arity == 0)
+          } else if (size_t(m_arity) == vals.size()) {
+            if (m_arity == 0)
             {
               return true;
             } else {
@@ -102,11 +100,14 @@ namespace chaiscript
         }
 
         /// \returns the number of arguments the function takes or -1 if it is variadic
-        virtual int get_arity() const = 0;
+        int get_arity() const
+        {
+          return m_arity;
+        }
 
         virtual std::string annotation() const = 0;
 
-        static bool compare_type_to_param(const Type_Info &ti, const Boxed_Value &bv, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions)
+        static bool compare_type_to_param(const Type_Info &ti, const Boxed_Value &bv, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
         {
           if (ti.is_undef() 
               || ti.bare_equal(user_type<Boxed_Value>())
@@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
                 && (ti.bare_equal(user_type<Boxed_Number>())
                   || ti.bare_equal(bv.get_type_info())
                   || bv.get_type_info().bare_equal(user_type<std::shared_ptr<const Proxy_Function_Base> >())
-                  || t_conversions.dynamic_cast_converts(ti, bv.get_type_info()) 
+                  || t_conversions.converts(ti, bv.get_type_info()) 
                   )
                 )
              )
@@ -125,10 +126,10 @@ namespace chaiscript
           }
         }
       protected:
-        virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions) const = 0;
+        virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const = 0;
 
-        Proxy_Function_Base(std::vector<Type_Info> t_types)
-          : m_types(std::move(t_types)), m_has_arithmetic_param(false)
+        Proxy_Function_Base(std::vector<Type_Info> t_types, int t_arity)
+          : m_types(std::move(t_types)), m_has_arithmetic_param(false), m_arity(t_arity)
         {
           for (size_t i = 1; i < m_types.size(); ++i)
           {
@@ -141,7 +142,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
         }
 
-        virtual bool compare_first_type(const Boxed_Value &bv, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions) const
+        virtual bool compare_first_type(const Boxed_Value &bv, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const
         {
           const std::vector<Type_Info> &types = get_param_types();
 
@@ -175,7 +176,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
         std::vector<Type_Info> m_types;
         bool m_has_arithmetic_param;
-
+        int m_arity;
     };
   }
 
@@ -216,7 +217,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
             AST_NodePtr t_parsenode = AST_NodePtr(),
             std::string t_description = "",
             Proxy_Function t_guard = Proxy_Function())
-          : Proxy_Function_Base(build_param_type_list(t_arity)),
+          : Proxy_Function_Base(build_param_type_list(t_arity), t_arity),
             m_f(std::move(t_f)), m_arity(t_arity), m_description(std::move(t_description)), m_guard(std::move(t_guard)), m_parsenode(std::move(t_parsenode))
         {
         }
@@ -233,16 +234,12 @@ namespace chaiscript
                 && !this->m_guard && !prhs->m_guard);
         }
 
-        virtual bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        virtual bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
         {
           return (m_arity < 0 || vals.size() == size_t(m_arity))
             && test_guard(vals, t_conversions);
         }    
 
-        virtual int get_arity() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
-        {
-          return m_arity;
-        }
 
         Proxy_Function get_guard() const
         {
@@ -260,7 +257,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         }
 
       protected:
-        virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
         {
           if (m_arity < 0 || params.size() == size_t(m_arity))
           {
@@ -278,7 +275,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         }
 
       private:
-        bool test_guard(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions) const
+        bool test_guard(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const
         {
           if (m_guard)
           {
@@ -338,8 +335,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
       public:
         Bound_Function(const Const_Proxy_Function &t_f, 
             const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &t_args)
-          : Proxy_Function_Base(build_param_type_info(t_f, t_args)),
-            m_f(t_f), m_args(t_args), m_arity(t_f->get_arity()<0?-1:static_cast<int>(get_param_types().size())-1)
+          : Proxy_Function_Base(build_param_type_info(t_f, t_args), (t_f->get_arity()<0?-1:static_cast<int>(build_param_type_info(t_f, t_args).size())-1)),
+            m_f(t_f), m_args(t_args)
         {
           assert(m_f->get_arity() < 0 || m_f->get_arity() == static_cast<int>(m_args.size()));
         }
@@ -351,7 +348,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
         virtual ~Bound_Function() {}
 
-        virtual bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        virtual bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
         {
           return m_f->call_match(build_param_list(vals), t_conversions);
         }
@@ -395,11 +392,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
           return args;
         }
 
-        virtual int get_arity() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
-        {
-          return m_arity;
-        }
-
         virtual std::string annotation() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
         {
           return "Bound: " + m_f->annotation();
@@ -429,7 +421,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           return retval;
         }
 
-        virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
         {
           return (*m_f)(build_param_list(params), t_conversions);
         }
@@ -437,30 +429,24 @@ namespace chaiscript
       private:
         Const_Proxy_Function m_f;
         std::vector<Boxed_Value> m_args;
-        int m_arity;
     };
 
     class Proxy_Function_Impl_Base : public Proxy_Function_Base
     {
       public:
-        Proxy_Function_Impl_Base(std::vector<Type_Info> t_types)
-          : Proxy_Function_Base(std::move(t_types))
+        Proxy_Function_Impl_Base(const std::vector<Type_Info> &t_types)
+          : Proxy_Function_Base(t_types, static_cast<int>(t_types.size()) - 1)
         {
         }
 
         virtual ~Proxy_Function_Impl_Base() {}
 
-        virtual int get_arity() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
-        {
-          return static_cast<int>(m_types.size()) - 1;
-        }
-
         virtual std::string annotation() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
         {
           return "";
         }
 
-        virtual bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        virtual bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
         {
           if (int(vals.size()) != get_arity()) 
           {
@@ -470,7 +456,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           return compare_types(m_types, vals) || compare_types_with_cast(vals, t_conversions);
         }
 
-        virtual bool compare_types_with_cast(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions) const = 0;
+        virtual bool compare_types_with_cast(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const = 0;
     };
 
     /**
@@ -490,7 +476,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
         virtual ~Proxy_Function_Impl() {}
 
-        virtual bool compare_types_with_cast(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        virtual bool compare_types_with_cast(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
         {
           return detail::compare_types_cast(m_dummy_func, vals, t_conversions);
         }
@@ -506,7 +492,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         }
 
       protected:
-        virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions) const
+        virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const
         {
           return detail::Do_Call<typename std::function<Func>::result_type>::go(m_f, params, t_conversions);
         }
@@ -524,8 +510,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
     {
       public:
         Attribute_Access(T Class::* t_attr)
-          : Proxy_Function_Base(param_types()),
-          m_attr(t_attr)
+          : Proxy_Function_Base(param_types(), 1),
+            m_attr(t_attr)
         {
         }
 
@@ -543,13 +529,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           }
         }
 
-
-        virtual int get_arity() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
-        {
-          return 1;
-        }
-
-        virtual bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        virtual bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions &) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
         {
           if (vals.size() != 1)
           {
@@ -565,7 +545,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         }
 
       protected:
-        virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
         {
           if (params.size() == 1)
           {
@@ -622,7 +602,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
     {
       template<typename FuncType>
         bool types_match_except_for_arithmetic(const FuncType &t_func, const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &plist,
-            const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions)
+            const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
         {
           if (t_func->get_arity() != static_cast<int>(plist.size()))
           {
@@ -650,7 +630,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
       template<typename InItr>
         Boxed_Value dispatch_with_conversions(InItr begin, const InItr &end, const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &plist, 
-            const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions)
+            const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
         {
           InItr orig(begin);
 
@@ -712,17 +692,42 @@ namespace chaiscript
      * each function against the set of parameters, in order, until a matching
      * function is found or throw dispatch_error if no matching function is found
      */
-    template<typename InItr>
-      Boxed_Value dispatch(InItr begin, const InItr &end,
-          const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &plist, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions)
+    template<typename Funcs>
+      Boxed_Value dispatch(const Funcs &funcs,
+          const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &plist, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
       {
-        InItr orig(begin);
-        while (begin != end)
+
+        std::multimap<size_t, const Proxy_Function_Base *> ordered_funcs;
+
+        for (const auto &func : funcs)
+        {
+          size_t numdiffs = 0;
+          const auto arity = func->get_arity();
+
+          if (arity == -1)
+          {
+            numdiffs = plist.size();
+          } else if (arity == static_cast<int>(plist.size())) {
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < plist.size(); ++i)
+            {
+              if (!func->get_param_types()[i+1].bare_equal(plist[i].get_type_info()))
+              {
+                ++numdiffs;
+              }
+            }
+          } else {
+            continue;
+          }
+
+          ordered_funcs.insert(std::make_pair(numdiffs, func.get()));
+        }
+
+        for (const auto &func : ordered_funcs )
         {
           try {
-            if ((*begin)->filter(plist, t_conversions))
+            if (func.second->filter(plist, t_conversions))
             {
-              return (*(*begin))(plist, t_conversions);
+              return (*(func.second))(plist, t_conversions);
             }
           } catch (const exception::bad_boxed_cast &) {
             //parameter failed to cast, try again
@@ -732,22 +737,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
             //guard failed to allow the function to execute,
             //try again
           }
-          ++begin;
         }
 
-        return detail::dispatch_with_conversions(orig, end, plist, t_conversions);
-      }
-
-    /**
-     * Take a vector of functions and a vector of parameters. Attempt to execute
-     * each function against the set of parameters, in order, until a matching
-     * function is found or throw dispatch_error if no matching function is found
-     */
-    template<typename Funcs>
-      Boxed_Value dispatch(const Funcs &funcs,
-          const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &plist, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions)
-      {
-        return dispatch::dispatch(funcs.begin(), funcs.end(), plist, t_conversions);
+        return detail::dispatch_with_conversions(funcs.cbegin(), funcs.cend(), plist, t_conversions);
       }
   }
 }

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/proxy_functions_detail.hpp

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include "type_info.hpp"
 
 namespace chaiscript {
-class Dynamic_Cast_Conversions;
+class Type_Conversions;
 namespace exception {
 class bad_boxed_cast;
 }  // namespace exception
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       template<typename Param, typename ... Rest>
         struct Try_Cast<Param, Rest...>
         {
-          static void do_try(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, int generation, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions)
+          static void do_try(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, int generation, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
           {
             boxed_cast<Param>(params[generation], &t_conversions);
             Try_Cast<Rest...>::do_try(params, generation+1, t_conversions);
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       template<>
         struct Try_Cast<>
         {
-          static void do_try(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &, int, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &)
+          static void do_try(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &, int, const Type_Conversions &)
           {
           }
         };
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
        */
       template<typename Ret, typename ... Params>
         bool compare_types_cast(Ret (*)(Params...),
-             const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions)
+             const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
        {
           try {
             Try_Cast<Params...>::do_try(params, 0, t_conversions);
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
           template<typename ... InnerParams>
           static Ret do_call(const std::function<Ret (Params...)> &f,
-              const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions, InnerParams &&... innerparams)
+              const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions, InnerParams &&... innerparams)
           {
             return Call_Func<Ret, count - 1, Params...>::do_call(f, params, t_conversions, std::forward<InnerParams>(innerparams)..., params[sizeof...(Params) - count]);
           } 
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 #endif
           template<typename ... InnerParams>
             static Ret do_call(const std::function<Ret (Params...)> &f,
-                const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions, InnerParams &&... innerparams)
+                const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions, InnerParams &&... innerparams)
             {
               return f(boxed_cast<Params>(std::forward<InnerParams>(innerparams), &t_conversions)...);
             }
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
        */
       template<typename Ret, typename ... Params>
         Ret call_func(const std::function<Ret (Params...)> &f,
-            const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions)
+            const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
         {
           if (params.size() == sizeof...(Params))
           {
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       struct Do_Call
       {
         template<typename Fun>
-          static Boxed_Value go(const std::function<Fun> &fun, const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions)
+          static Boxed_Value go(const std::function<Fun> &fun, const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
           {
             return Handle_Return<Ret>::handle(call_func(fun, params, t_conversions));
           }
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       struct Do_Call<void>
       {
         template<typename Fun>
-          static Boxed_Value go(const std::function<Fun> &fun, const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Dynamic_Cast_Conversions &t_conversions)
+          static Boxed_Value go(const std::function<Fun> &fun, const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions &t_conversions)
           {
             call_func(fun, params, t_conversions);
             return Handle_Return<void>::handle();

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/type_conversions.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,443 @@
+// This file is distributed under the BSD License.
+// See "license.txt" for details.
+// Copyright 2009-2012, Jonathan Turner (jonathan@emptycrate.com)
+// Copyright 2009-2014, Jason Turner (jason@emptycrate.com)
+// http://www.chaiscript.com
+
+#ifndef CHAISCRIPT_DYNAMIC_CAST_CONVERSION_HPP_
+#define CHAISCRIPT_DYNAMIC_CAST_CONVERSION_HPP_
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <memory>
+#include <set>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <typeinfo>
+
+#include "../chaiscript_threading.hpp"
+#include "bad_boxed_cast.hpp"
+#include "boxed_cast_helper.hpp"
+#include "boxed_value.hpp"
+#include "type_info.hpp"
+
+namespace chaiscript
+{
+  namespace exception
+  {
+    class bad_boxed_dynamic_cast : public bad_boxed_cast
+    {
+      public:
+        bad_boxed_dynamic_cast(const Type_Info &t_from, const std::type_info &t_to,
+            const std::string &t_what) CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+          : bad_boxed_cast(t_from, t_to, t_what)
+        {
+        }
+
+        bad_boxed_dynamic_cast(const Type_Info &t_from, const std::type_info &t_to) CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+          : bad_boxed_cast(t_from, t_to)
+        {
+        }
+
+        bad_boxed_dynamic_cast(const std::string &w) CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+          : bad_boxed_cast(w)
+        {
+        }
+
+        virtual ~bad_boxed_dynamic_cast() CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT {}
+    };
+
+    class bad_boxed_type_cast : public bad_boxed_cast
+    {
+      public:
+        bad_boxed_type_cast(const Type_Info &t_from, const std::type_info &t_to,
+            const std::string &t_what) CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+          : bad_boxed_cast(t_from, t_to, t_what)
+        {
+        }
+
+        bad_boxed_type_cast(const Type_Info &t_from, const std::type_info &t_to) CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+          : bad_boxed_cast(t_from, t_to)
+        {
+        }
+
+        bad_boxed_type_cast(const std::string &w) CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+          : bad_boxed_cast(w)
+        {
+        }
+
+        virtual ~bad_boxed_type_cast() CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT {}
+    };
+  }
+
+
+  namespace detail
+  {
+    class Type_Conversion_Base
+    {
+      public:
+        virtual Boxed_Value convert(const Boxed_Value &from) const = 0;
+        virtual Boxed_Value convert_down(const Boxed_Value &to) const = 0;
+
+        const Type_Info &to() const
+        {
+          return m_to;
+        }
+        const Type_Info &from() const
+        {
+          return m_from;
+        }
+
+      protected:
+        Type_Conversion_Base(const Type_Info &t_to, const Type_Info &t_from)
+          : m_to(t_to), m_from(t_from)
+        {
+        }
+
+        virtual ~Type_Conversion_Base() {} 
+
+      private:
+        Type_Info m_to;
+        Type_Info m_from;
+
+    };
+
+    template<typename From, typename To> 
+      class Dynamic_Caster
+      {
+        public: 
+          static Boxed_Value cast(const Boxed_Value &t_from)
+          {
+            if (t_from.get_type_info().bare_equal(chaiscript::user_type<From>()))
+            {
+              if (t_from.is_pointer())
+              {
+                // Dynamic cast out the contained boxed value, which we know is the type we want
+                if (t_from.is_const())
+                {
+                  std::shared_ptr<const To> data
+                    = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<const To>(detail::Cast_Helper<std::shared_ptr<const From> >::cast(t_from, nullptr));
+                  if (!data)
+                  {
+                    throw std::bad_cast();
+                  }
+
+                  return Boxed_Value(data);
+                } else {
+                  std::shared_ptr<To> data
+                    = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<To>(detail::Cast_Helper<std::shared_ptr<From> >::cast(t_from, nullptr));
+
+                  if (!data)
+                  {
+                    throw std::bad_cast();
+                  }
+
+                  return Boxed_Value(data);
+                }
+              } else {
+                // Pull the reference out of the contained boxed value, which we know is the type we want
+                if (t_from.is_const())
+                {
+                  const From &d = detail::Cast_Helper<const From &>::cast(t_from, nullptr);
+                  const To &data = dynamic_cast<const To &>(d);
+                  return Boxed_Value(std::cref(data));
+                } else {
+                  From &d = detail::Cast_Helper<From &>::cast(t_from, nullptr);
+                  To &data = dynamic_cast<To &>(d);
+                  return Boxed_Value(std::ref(data));
+                }
+              }
+            } else {
+              throw chaiscript::exception::bad_boxed_dynamic_cast(t_from.get_type_info(), typeid(To), "Unknown dynamic_cast_conversion");
+            }
+          }
+      };
+
+    template<typename Base, typename Derived>
+      class Dynamic_Conversion_Impl : public Type_Conversion_Base
+    {
+      public:
+        Dynamic_Conversion_Impl()
+          : Type_Conversion_Base(chaiscript::user_type<Base>(), chaiscript::user_type<Derived>())
+        {
+        }
+
+        virtual Boxed_Value convert_down(const Boxed_Value &t_base) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        {
+          return Dynamic_Caster<Base, Derived>::cast(t_base);
+        }
+
+        virtual Boxed_Value convert(const Boxed_Value &t_derived) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        {
+          return Dynamic_Caster<Derived, Base>::cast(t_derived);
+        }
+    };
+
+
+    template<typename Callable>
+    class Type_Conversion_Impl : public Type_Conversion_Base
+    {
+      public:
+        Type_Conversion_Impl(Type_Info t_from, Type_Info t_to, Callable t_func)
+          : Type_Conversion_Base(std::move(t_to), std::move(t_from)),
+            m_func(std::move(t_func))
+        {
+        }
+
+        virtual Boxed_Value convert_down(const Boxed_Value &) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        {
+          throw chaiscript::exception::bad_boxed_type_cast("No conversion exists");
+        }
+
+        virtual Boxed_Value convert(const Boxed_Value &t_from) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        {
+          /// \todo better handling of errors from the conversion function
+          return m_func(t_from);
+        }
+
+      private:
+        Callable m_func;
+    };
+
+  }
+
+  class Type_Conversions
+  {
+    public:
+      struct Less_Than
+      {
+        bool operator()(const std::type_info *t_lhs, const std::type_info *t_rhs) const
+        {
+          return *t_lhs != *t_rhs && t_lhs->before(*t_rhs);
+        }
+      };
+
+      Type_Conversions()
+        : m_num_types(0),
+          m_thread_cache(this),
+          m_conversion_saves(this)
+      {
+      }
+
+      Type_Conversions(const Type_Conversions &t_other)
+        : m_conversions(t_other.get_conversions()), m_num_types(m_conversions.size()),
+          m_thread_cache(this),
+          m_conversion_saves(this)
+
+      {
+      }
+
+      const std::set<const std::type_info *, Less_Than> &thread_cache() const
+      {
+        auto &cache = *m_thread_cache;
+        if (cache.size() != m_num_types)
+        {
+          chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l(m_mutex);
+          cache = m_convertableTypes;
+        }
+
+        return cache;
+      }
+
+      void add_conversion(const std::shared_ptr<detail::Type_Conversion_Base> &conversion)
+      {
+        chaiscript::detail::threading::unique_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l(m_mutex);
+        /// \todo error if a conversion already exists
+        m_conversions.insert(conversion);
+        m_convertableTypes.insert({conversion->to().bare_type_info(), conversion->from().bare_type_info()});
+        m_num_types = m_convertableTypes.size();
+      }
+
+      template<typename T>
+        bool convertable_type() const
+        {
+          return thread_cache().count(user_type<T>().bare_type_info()) != 0;
+        }
+
+      template<typename To, typename From>
+        bool converts() const
+        {
+          return converts(user_type<To>(), user_type<From>());
+        }
+
+      bool converts(const Type_Info &to, const Type_Info &from) const
+      {
+        const auto &types = thread_cache();
+        if (types.count(to.bare_type_info()) != 0 && types.count(from.bare_type_info()) != 0)
+        {
+          return has_conversion(to, from) || has_conversion(from, to);
+        } else {
+          return false;
+        }
+
+      }
+
+      template<typename To>
+        Boxed_Value boxed_type_conversion(const Boxed_Value &from) const
+        {
+          try {
+            Boxed_Value ret = get_conversion(user_type<To>(), from.get_type_info())->convert(from);
+            if (m_conversion_saves->enabled) m_conversion_saves->saves.push_back(ret);
+            return ret;
+          } catch (const std::out_of_range &) {
+            throw exception::bad_boxed_dynamic_cast(from.get_type_info(), typeid(To), "No known conversion");
+          } catch (const std::bad_cast &) {
+            throw exception::bad_boxed_dynamic_cast(from.get_type_info(), typeid(To), "Unable to perform dynamic_cast operation");
+          }
+        }
+
+      template<typename From>
+        Boxed_Value boxed_type_down_conversion(const Boxed_Value &to) const
+        {
+          try {
+            Boxed_Value ret = get_conversion(to.get_type_info(), user_type<From>())->convert_down(to);
+            if (m_conversion_saves->enabled) m_conversion_saves->saves.push_back(ret);
+            return ret;
+          } catch (const std::out_of_range &) {
+            throw exception::bad_boxed_dynamic_cast(to.get_type_info(), typeid(From), "No known conversion");
+          } catch (const std::bad_cast &) {
+            throw exception::bad_boxed_dynamic_cast(to.get_type_info(), typeid(From), "Unable to perform dynamic_cast operation");
+          }
+        }
+
+      void enable_conversion_saves(bool t_val) 
+      {
+        m_conversion_saves->enabled = t_val;
+      }
+
+      std::vector<Boxed_Value> take_saves()
+      {
+        std::vector<Boxed_Value> ret;
+        std::swap(ret, m_conversion_saves->saves);
+        return ret;
+      }
+
+      bool has_conversion(const Type_Info &to, const Type_Info &from) const
+      {
+        chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l(m_mutex);
+        return find(to, from) != m_conversions.end();
+      }
+
+      std::shared_ptr<detail::Type_Conversion_Base> get_conversion(const Type_Info &to, const Type_Info &from) const
+      {
+        chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l(m_mutex);
+
+        auto itr = find(to, from);
+
+        if (itr != m_conversions.end())
+        {
+          return *itr;
+        } else {
+          throw std::out_of_range("No such conversion exists from " + from.bare_name() + " to " + to.bare_name());
+        }
+      }
+
+    private:
+      std::set<std::shared_ptr<detail::Type_Conversion_Base> >::const_iterator find(
+          const Type_Info &to, const Type_Info &from) const
+      {
+        return std::find_if(m_conversions.begin(), m_conversions.end(),
+              [&to, &from](const std::shared_ptr<detail::Type_Conversion_Base> &conversion)
+              {
+                return conversion->to().bare_equal(to) && conversion->from().bare_equal(from);
+              }
+        );
+      }
+
+      std::set<std::shared_ptr<detail::Type_Conversion_Base>> get_conversions() const
+      {
+        chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l(m_mutex);
+
+        return m_conversions;
+      }
+
+
+      struct Conversion_Saves
+      {
+        Conversion_Saves()
+          : enabled(false)
+        {}
+
+        bool enabled;
+        std::vector<Boxed_Value> saves;
+      };
+
+      mutable chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex m_mutex;
+      std::set<std::shared_ptr<detail::Type_Conversion_Base>> m_conversions;
+      std::set<const std::type_info *, Less_Than> m_convertableTypes;
+      std::atomic_size_t m_num_types;
+      chaiscript::detail::threading::Thread_Storage<std::set<const std::type_info *, Less_Than>> m_thread_cache;
+      chaiscript::detail::threading::Thread_Storage<Conversion_Saves> m_conversion_saves;
+  };
+
+  typedef std::shared_ptr<chaiscript::detail::Type_Conversion_Base> Type_Conversion;
+
+  /// \brief Used to register a to / parent class relationship with ChaiScript. Necessary if you
+  ///        want automatic conversions up your inheritance hierarchy.
+  ///
+  /// Create a new to class registration for applying to a module or to the ChaiScript engine
+  /// Currently, due to limitations in module loading on Windows, and for the sake of portability,
+  /// if you have a type that is introduced in a loadable module and is used by multiple modules
+  /// (through a tertiary dll that is shared between the modules, static linking the new type
+  /// into both loadable modules would not be portable), you need to register the type
+  /// relationship in all modules that use the newly added type in a polymorphic way.
+  ///
+  /// Example:
+  /// \code
+  /// class Base
+  /// {};
+  /// class Derived : public Base
+  /// {};
+  ///
+  /// chaiscript::ChaiScript chai;
+  /// chai.add(chaiscript::to_class<Base, Derived>());
+  /// \endcode
+  /// 
+  template<typename Base, typename Derived>
+  Type_Conversion base_class()
+  {
+    //Can only be used with related polymorphic types
+    //may be expanded some day to support conversions other than child -> parent
+    static_assert(std::is_base_of<Base,Derived>::value, "Classes are not related by inheritance");
+    static_assert(std::is_polymorphic<Base>::value, "Base class must be polymorphic");
+    static_assert(std::is_polymorphic<Derived>::value, "Derived class must be polymorphic");
+
+    return std::make_shared<detail::Dynamic_Conversion_Impl<Base, Derived>>();
+  }
+
+  template<typename Callable>
+    Type_Conversion type_conversion(const Type_Info &t_from, const Type_Info &t_to, 
+        const Callable &t_func)
+    {
+      return std::make_shared<detail::Type_Conversion_Impl<Callable>>(t_from, t_to, t_func);
+    }
+
+  template<typename From, typename To, typename Callable>
+    Type_Conversion type_conversion(const Callable &t_function)
+    {
+      auto func = [t_function](const Boxed_Value &t_bv) -> Boxed_Value {
+            // not even attempting to call boxed_cast so that we don't get caught in some call recursion
+            return chaiscript::Boxed_Value(t_function(detail::Cast_Helper<const From &>::cast(t_bv, nullptr)));
+          };
+
+      return std::make_shared<detail::Type_Conversion_Impl<decltype(func)>>(user_type<From>(), user_type<To>(), func);
+    }
+
+  template<typename From, typename To>
+    Type_Conversion type_conversion()
+    {
+      static_assert(std::is_convertible<From, To>::value, "Types are not automatically convertible");
+      auto func = [](const Boxed_Value &t_bv) -> Boxed_Value {
+            // not even attempting to call boxed_cast so that we don't get caught in some call recursion
+            auto &&from =  detail::Cast_Helper<From>::cast(t_bv, nullptr);
+            To to(from);
+            return chaiscript::Boxed_Value(to);
+          };
+
+      return std::make_shared<detail::Type_Conversion_Impl<decltype(func)>>(user_type<From>(), user_type<To>(), func);
+    }
+
+}
+
+
+#endif

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/type_info.hpp

@@ -111,6 +111,11 @@ namespace chaiscript
         }
       }
 
+      CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR const std::type_info *bare_type_info() const
+      {
+        return m_bare_type_info;
+      }
+
     private:
       const std::type_info *m_type_info;
       const std::type_info *m_bare_type_info;

include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_common.hpp

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
                 Comparison, Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division, Modulus, Array_Call, Dot_Access, Quoted_String, Single_Quoted_String,
                 Lambda, Block, Def, While, If, For, Inline_Array, Inline_Map, Return, File, Prefix, Break, Continue, Map_Pair, Value_Range,
                 Inline_Range, Annotation, Try, Catch, Finally, Method, Attr_Decl, Shift, Equality, Bitwise_And, Bitwise_Xor, Bitwise_Or, 
-                Logical_And, Logical_Or, Reference, Switch, Case, Default, Ternary_Cond, Noop, Class
+                Logical_And, Logical_Or, Reference, Switch, Case, Default, Ternary_Cond, Noop, Class, Binary
     };
   };
 
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
                                     "Comparison", "Addition", "Subtraction", "Multiplication", "Division", "Modulus", "Array_Call", "Dot_Access", "Quoted_String", "Single_Quoted_String",
                                     "Lambda", "Block", "Def", "While", "If", "For", "Inline_Array", "Inline_Map", "Return", "File", "Prefix", "Break", "Continue", "Map_Pair", "Value_Range",
                                     "Inline_Range", "Annotation", "Try", "Catch", "Finally", "Method", "Attr_Decl", "Shift", "Equality", "Bitwise_And", "Bitwise_Xor", "Bitwise_Or", 
-                                    "Logical_And", "Logical_Or", "Reference", "Switch", "Case", "Default", "Ternary Condition", "Noop"};
+                                    "Logical_And", "Logical_Or", "Reference", "Switch", "Case", "Default", "Ternary Condition", "Noop", "Class", "Binary"};
 
       return ast_node_types[ast_node_type];
     }
@@ -118,19 +118,19 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
         ss << what();
         if (call_stack.size() > 0) {
-          ss << "during evaluation at (" << fname(call_stack[0]) << " " << startpos(call_stack[0]) << ")" << std::endl;
-          ss << std::endl << detail << std::endl;
+          ss << "during evaluation at (" << fname(call_stack[0]) << " " << startpos(call_stack[0]) << ")\n";
+          ss << '\n' << detail << '\n';
           ss << "  " << fname(call_stack[0]) << " (" << startpos(call_stack[0]) << ") '" << pretty(call_stack[0]) << "'";
           for (size_t j = 1; j < call_stack.size(); ++j) {
             if (id(call_stack[j]) != chaiscript::AST_Node_Type::Block
                 && id(call_stack[j]) != chaiscript::AST_Node_Type::File)
             {
-              ss << std::endl;
+              ss << '\n';
               ss << "  from " << fname(call_stack[j]) << " (" << startpos(call_stack[j]) << ") '" << pretty(call_stack[j]) << "'";
             }
           }
         }
-        ss << std::endl;
+        ss << '\n';
         return ss.str();
       }
 
@@ -264,13 +264,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
         std::stringstream ss;
         if (t_functions.size() == 1)
         {
-          ss << "  Expected: " << format_types(t_functions[0], t_dot_notation, t_ss) << std::endl;
+          ss << "  Expected: " << format_types(t_functions[0], t_dot_notation, t_ss) << '\n';
         } else {
-          ss << "  " << t_functions.size() << " overloads available:" << std::endl;
+          ss << "  " << t_functions.size() << " overloads available:\n";
 
           for (const auto & t_function : t_functions)
           {
-            ss << "      " << format_types((t_function), t_dot_notation, t_ss) << std::endl;
+            ss << "      " << format_types((t_function), t_dot_notation, t_ss) << '\n';
           }
 
         }
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         std::ostringstream oss;
 
         oss << t_prepend << "(" << ast_node_type_to_string(this->identifier) << ") "
-            << this->text << " : " << this->start.line << ", " << this->start.column << std::endl;
+            << this->text << " : " << this->start.line << ", " << this->start.column << '\n';
 
         for (size_t j = 0; j < this->children.size(); ++j) {
           oss << this->children[j]->to_string(t_prepend + "  ");
@@ -549,6 +549,11 @@ namespace chaiscript
           m_de.save_function_params(t_params);
         }
 
+        void save_params(std::initializer_list<Boxed_Value> t_params)
+        {
+          m_de.save_function_params(std::move(t_params));
+        }
+
 
         private:
 

include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_engine.hpp

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #include "../dispatchkit/boxed_cast_helper.hpp"
 #include "../dispatchkit/boxed_value.hpp"
 #include "../dispatchkit/dispatchkit.hpp"
-#include "../dispatchkit/dynamic_cast_conversion.hpp"
+#include "../dispatchkit/type_conversions.hpp"
 #include "../dispatchkit/proxy_functions.hpp"
 #include "chaiscript_common.hpp"
 
@@ -353,6 +353,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
       m_engine.add(fun(&chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine::get_type_name, std::ref(m_engine)), "name");
 
+      m_engine.add(fun(&chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine::get_type, std::ref(m_engine)), "type");
+      m_engine.add(fun<void (const Type_Info &, const Type_Info &, const std::function<Boxed_Value (const Boxed_Value &)> &)> ( 
+            [=](const Type_Info &t_from, const Type_Info &t_to, const std::function<Boxed_Value (const Boxed_Value &)> &t_func) {
+              m_engine.add(chaiscript::type_conversion(t_from, t_to, t_func));
+            }
+          ), "add_type_conversion");
+
 
       typedef std::string (ChaiScript::*load_mod_1)(const std::string&);
       typedef void (ChaiScript::*load_mod_2)(const std::string&, const std::string&);
@@ -679,7 +686,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
     /// chaiscript::ChaiScript chai;
     /// chai.add(chaiscript::base_class<std::runtime_error, chaiscript::dispatch_error>());
     /// \endcode
-    ChaiScript &add(const Dynamic_Cast_Conversion &d)
+    ChaiScript &add(const Type_Conversion &d)
     {
       m_engine.add(d);
       return *this;
@@ -728,11 +735,11 @@ namespace chaiscript
           {
             try {
               const auto name = elem + prefix + t_module_name + postfix;
-              // std::cerr << "trying location: " << name << std::endl;
+              // std::cerr << "trying location: " << name << '\n';
               load_module(version_stripped_name, name);
               return name;
             } catch (const chaiscript::exception::load_module_error &e) {
-              // std::cerr << "error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+              // std::cerr << "error: " << e.what() << '\n';
               errors.push_back(e);
               // Try next set
             }

include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_eval.hpp

@@ -63,25 +63,21 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
     struct Binary_Operator_AST_Node : public AST_Node {
       public:
-        Binary_Operator_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text, int t_id, const std::shared_ptr<std::string> &t_fname, int t_start_line, int t_start_col, int t_end_line, int t_end_col) :
-          AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), t_id, t_fname, t_start_line, t_start_col, t_end_line, t_end_col)
+        Binary_Operator_AST_Node(const std::string &t_oper) :
+          AST_Node(t_oper, AST_Node_Type::Binary, std::make_shared<std::string>(""), 0, 0, 0, 0),
+          m_oper(Operators::to_operator(t_oper))
       { }
 
         virtual ~Binary_Operator_AST_Node() {}
         virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
-          return do_oper(t_ss, Operators::to_operator(children[1]->text), children[1]->text,
+          return do_oper(t_ss, m_oper, text,
               this->children[0]->eval(t_ss),
-              this->children[2]->eval(t_ss));
+              this->children[1]->eval(t_ss));
         }
 
         virtual std::string pretty_print() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE 
         {
-          if (children.size() == 3)
-          {
-            return "(" + this->children[0]->pretty_print() + " " + this->children[1]->text + " " + this->children[2]->pretty_print() + ")";
-          } else {
-            return "(" + this->children[0]->pretty_print() + " " + text + " " + this->children[1]->pretty_print() + ")";
-          }
+          return "(" + this->children[0]->pretty_print() + " " + text + " " + this->children[1]->pretty_print() + ")";
         }
 
       protected:
@@ -110,6 +106,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
             throw exception::eval_error("Can not find appropriate '" + t_oper_string + "' operator.", e.parameters, e.functions, false, t_ss);
           }
         }
+
+      private:
+        Operators::Opers m_oper;
     };
 
     struct Int_AST_Node : public AST_Node {
@@ -292,6 +291,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         virtual ~Inplace_Fun_Call_AST_Node() {}
         virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
           std::vector<Boxed_Value> params;
+          chaiscript::eval::detail::Function_Push_Pop fpp(t_ss);
 
           if ((this->children.size() > 1) && (this->children[1]->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Arg_List)) {
             for (const auto &child : this->children[1]->children) {
@@ -315,8 +315,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
           }
           catch(const exception::bad_boxed_cast &){
             // handle the case where there is only 1 function to try to call and dispatch fails on it
-            std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function> funcs;
-            funcs.push_back(fn);
             throw exception::eval_error("Error calling function '" + this->children[0]->text + "'", params, {fn}, false, t_ss);
           }
           catch(const exception::arity_error &e){
@@ -381,6 +379,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
         virtual ~Equation_AST_Node() {}
         virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
+          chaiscript::eval::detail::Function_Push_Pop fpp(t_ss);
           Boxed_Value retval = this->children.back()->eval(t_ss); 
 
 
@@ -453,7 +452,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           {
             return this->children[0]->eval(t_ss);
           } else {
-            std::string idname = this->children[0]->text;
+            const std::string &idname = this->children[0]->text;
 
             Boxed_Value bv;
             try {
@@ -476,72 +475,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
     };
 
-    struct Comparison_AST_Node : public Binary_Operator_AST_Node {
-      public:
-        Comparison_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text = "", const std::shared_ptr<std::string> &t_fname=std::shared_ptr<std::string>(), int t_start_line = 0, int t_start_col = 0, int t_end_line = 0, int t_end_col = 0) :
-          Binary_Operator_AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Comparison, t_fname, t_start_line, t_start_col, t_end_line, t_end_col) { }
-        virtual ~Comparison_AST_Node() {}
-    };
-
-    struct Addition_AST_Node : public Binary_Operator_AST_Node {
-      public:
-        Addition_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text = "+",
-            const std::shared_ptr<std::string> &t_fname=std::shared_ptr<std::string>(),
-            int t_start_line = 0, int t_start_col = 0, int t_end_line = 0, int t_end_col = 0) :
-          Binary_Operator_AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Addition, t_fname, t_start_line, t_start_col, t_end_line, t_end_col) { }
-        virtual ~Addition_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
-          return do_oper(t_ss, Operators::sum, "+", this->children[0]->eval(t_ss), this->children[1]->eval(t_ss));
-        }
-    };
-
-    struct Subtraction_AST_Node : public Binary_Operator_AST_Node {
-      public:
-        Subtraction_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text = "-",
-            const std::shared_ptr<std::string> &t_fname=std::shared_ptr<std::string>(), int t_start_line = 0,
-            int t_start_col = 0, int t_end_line = 0, int t_end_col = 0) :
-          Binary_Operator_AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Subtraction, t_fname, t_start_line, t_start_col, t_end_line, t_end_col) { }
-        virtual ~Subtraction_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
-          return do_oper(t_ss, Operators::difference, "-", this->children[0]->eval(t_ss), this->children[1]->eval(t_ss));
-        }
-    };
-
-    struct Multiplication_AST_Node : public Binary_Operator_AST_Node {
-      public:
-        Multiplication_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text = "*",
-            const std::shared_ptr<std::string> &t_fname=std::shared_ptr<std::string>(), int t_start_line = 0,
-            int t_start_col = 0, int t_end_line = 0, int t_end_col = 0) :
-          Binary_Operator_AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Multiplication, t_fname, t_start_line, t_start_col, t_end_line, t_end_col) { }
-        virtual ~Multiplication_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
-          return do_oper(t_ss, Operators::product, "*", this->children[0]->eval(t_ss), this->children[1]->eval(t_ss));
-        }
-    };
-
-    struct Division_AST_Node : public Binary_Operator_AST_Node {
-      public:
-        Division_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text = "/",
-            const std::shared_ptr<std::string> &t_fname=std::shared_ptr<std::string>(), int t_start_line = 0,
-            int t_start_col = 0, int t_end_line = 0, int t_end_col = 0) :
-          Binary_Operator_AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Division, t_fname, t_start_line, t_start_col, t_end_line, t_end_col) { }
-        virtual ~Division_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
-          return do_oper(t_ss, Operators::quotient, "/", this->children[0]->eval(t_ss), this->children[1]->eval(t_ss));
-        }
-    };
-
-    struct Modulus_AST_Node : public Binary_Operator_AST_Node {
-      public:
-        Modulus_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text = "%",
-            const std::shared_ptr<std::string> &t_fname=std::shared_ptr<std::string>(), int t_start_line = 0,
-            int t_start_col = 0, int t_end_line = 0, int t_end_col = 0) :
-          Binary_Operator_AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Modulus, t_fname, t_start_line, t_start_col, t_end_line, t_end_col) { }
-        virtual ~Modulus_AST_Node() {}
-        virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
-          return do_oper(t_ss, Operators::remainder, "%", this->children[0]->eval(t_ss), this->children[1]->eval(t_ss));
-        }
-    };
 
     struct Array_Call_AST_Node : public AST_Node {
       public:
@@ -594,11 +527,11 @@ namespace chaiscript
           AST_Node(t_ast_node_text, AST_Node_Type::Dot_Access, t_fname, t_start_line, t_start_col, t_end_line, t_end_col) { }
         virtual ~Dot_Access_AST_Node() {}
         virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE{
+          chaiscript::eval::detail::Function_Push_Pop fpp(t_ss);
           Boxed_Value retval = this->children[0]->eval(t_ss);
 
           if (this->children.size() > 1) {
             for (size_t i = 2; i < this->children.size(); i+=2) {
-              chaiscript::eval::detail::Function_Push_Pop fpp(t_ss);
               std::vector<Boxed_Value> params{retval};
 
               if (this->children[i]->children.size() > 1) {
@@ -1143,8 +1076,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
     struct Prefix_AST_Node : public AST_Node {
       public:
-        Prefix_AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text = "", const std::shared_ptr<std::string> &t_fname=std::shared_ptr<std::string>(), int t_start_line = 0, int t_start_col = 0, int t_end_line = 0, int t_end_col = 0) :
-          AST_Node(std::move(t_ast_node_text), AST_Node_Type::Prefix, t_fname, t_start_line, t_start_col, t_end_line, t_end_col)
+        Prefix_AST_Node(Operators::Opers t_oper) :
+          AST_Node("", AST_Node_Type::Prefix, std::make_shared<std::string>(""), 0, 0, 0, 0),
+          m_oper(t_oper)
         { }
 
         virtual ~Prefix_AST_Node() {}
@@ -1152,12 +1086,11 @@ namespace chaiscript
           chaiscript::eval::detail::Function_Push_Pop fpp(t_ss);
           Boxed_Value bv(this->children[1]->eval(t_ss));
 
-          Operators::Opers oper = Operators::to_operator(children[0]->text, true);
           try {
             // short circuit arithmetic operations
-            if (bv.get_type_info().is_arithmetic() && oper != Operators::invalid)
+            if (m_oper != Operators::invalid && bv.get_type_info().is_arithmetic())
             {
-              return Boxed_Number::do_oper(oper, std::move(bv));
+              return Boxed_Number::do_oper(m_oper, std::move(bv));
             } else {
               chaiscript::eval::detail::Stack_Push_Pop spp(t_ss);
               fpp.save_params({bv});
@@ -1168,6 +1101,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
           }
         }
 
+      private:
+        Operators::Opers m_oper;
     };
 
     struct Break_AST_Node : public AST_Node {
@@ -1511,40 +1446,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
     };
 
-    struct Shift_AST_Node : public Binary_Operator_AST_Node {
-      public:
-        Shift_AST_Node(const std::string &t_ast_node_text = "", const std::shared_ptr<std::string> &t_fname=std::shared_ptr<std::string>(), int t_start_line = 0, int t_start_col = 0, int t_end_line = 0, int t_end_col = 0) :
-          Binary_Operator_AST_Node(t_ast_node_text, AST_Node_Type::Shift, t_fname, t_start_line, t_start_col, t_end_line, t_end_col) { }
-        virtual ~Shift_AST_Node() {}
-    };
-
-    struct Equality_AST_Node : public Binary_Operator_AST_Node {
-      public:
-        Equality_AST_Node(const std::string &t_ast_node_text = "", const std::shared_ptr<std::string> &t_fname=std::shared_ptr<std::string>(), int t_start_line = 0, int t_start_col = 0, int t_end_line = 0, int t_end_col = 0) :
-          Binary_Operator_AST_Node(t_ast_node_text, AST_Node_Type::Equality, t_fname, t_start_line, t_start_col, t_end_line, t_end_col) { }
-        virtual ~Equality_AST_Node() {}
-    };
-
-    struct Bitwise_And_AST_Node : public Binary_Operator_AST_Node {
-      public:
-        Bitwise_And_AST_Node(const std::string &t_ast_node_text = "", const std::shared_ptr<std::string> &t_fname=std::shared_ptr<std::string>(), int t_start_line = 0, int t_start_col = 0, int t_end_line = 0, int t_end_col = 0) :
-          Binary_Operator_AST_Node(t_ast_node_text, AST_Node_Type::Bitwise_And, t_fname, t_start_line, t_start_col, t_end_line, t_end_col) { }
-        virtual ~Bitwise_And_AST_Node() {}
-    };
-
-    struct Bitwise_Xor_AST_Node : public Binary_Operator_AST_Node {
-      public:
-        Bitwise_Xor_AST_Node(const std::string &t_ast_node_text = "", const std::shared_ptr<std::string> &t_fname=std::shared_ptr<std::string>(), int t_start_line = 0, int t_start_col = 0, int t_end_line = 0, int t_end_col = 0) :
-          Binary_Operator_AST_Node(t_ast_node_text, AST_Node_Type::Bitwise_Xor, t_fname, t_start_line, t_start_col, t_end_line, t_end_col) { }
-        virtual ~Bitwise_Xor_AST_Node() {}
-    };
-
-    struct Bitwise_Or_AST_Node : public Binary_Operator_AST_Node {
-      public:
-        Bitwise_Or_AST_Node(const std::string &t_ast_node_text = "", const std::shared_ptr<std::string> &t_fname=std::shared_ptr<std::string>(), int t_start_line = 0, int t_start_col = 0, int t_end_line = 0, int t_end_col = 0) :
-          Binary_Operator_AST_Node(t_ast_node_text, AST_Node_Type::Bitwise_Or, t_fname, t_start_line, t_start_col, t_end_line, t_end_col) { }
-        virtual ~Bitwise_Or_AST_Node() {}
-    };
 
     struct Logical_And_AST_Node : public AST_Node {
       public:

include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_parser.hpp

@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       /// Prints the parsed ast_nodes as a tree
       /*
          void debug_print(AST_NodePtr t, std::string prepend = "") {
-         std::cout << prepend << "(" << ast_node_type_to_string(t->identifier) << ") " << t->text << " : " << t->start.line << ", " << t->start.column << std::endl;
+         std::cout << prepend << "(" << ast_node_type_to_string(t->identifier) << ") " << t->text << " : " << t->start.line << ", " << t->start.column << '\n';
          for (unsigned int j = 0; j < t->children.size(); ++j) {
          debug_print(t->children[j], prepend + "  ");
          }
@@ -266,16 +266,27 @@ namespace chaiscript
         return false;
       }
 
+
       /// Skips ChaiScript whitespace, which means space and tab, but not cr/lf
-      /// jespada: Modified SkipWS to skip optionally CR ('\n')
-      bool SkipWS(const bool skip_cr=false) {
+      /// jespada: Modified SkipWS to skip optionally CR ('\n') and/or LF+CR ("\r\n")
+      bool SkipWS(bool skip_cr=false) {
         bool retval = false;
+
         while (has_more_input()) {
-          if ( char_in_alphabet(*m_input_pos,detail::white_alphabet) || (skip_cr && (*m_input_pos == '\n'))) {
-            if(*m_input_pos == '\n') {
+          auto end_line = (*m_input_pos != 0) && ((*m_input_pos == '\n') || (*m_input_pos == '\r' && *(m_input_pos+1) == '\n'));
+
+          if ( char_in_alphabet(*m_input_pos,detail::white_alphabet) || (skip_cr && end_line)) {
+
+            if(end_line) {
               m_col = 1;
               ++m_line;
-            } else {
+
+              if(*(m_input_pos) == '\r') {
+                // discards lf
+                ++m_input_pos;
+              }
+            }
+            else {
               ++m_col;
             }
             ++m_input_pos;
@@ -284,14 +295,14 @@ namespace chaiscript
           }
           else if (SkipComment()) {
             retval = true;
-          }
-          else {
+          } else {
             break;
           }
         }
         return retval;
       }
 
+
       /// Reads a floating point value from input, without skipping initial whitespace
       bool Float_() {
         if (has_more_input() && char_in_alphabet(*m_input_pos,detail::float_alphabet) ) {
@@ -776,7 +787,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
                     //If we've seen previous interpolation, add on instead of making a new one
                     m_match_stack.push_back(std::make_shared<eval::Quoted_String_AST_Node>(match, m_filename, prev_line, prev_col, m_line, m_col));
 
-                    build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Addition_AST_Node>(), prev_stack_top);
+                    build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Binary_Operator_AST_Node>("+"), prev_stack_top);
                   } else {
                     m_match_stack.push_back(std::make_shared<eval::Quoted_String_AST_Node>(match, m_filename, prev_line, prev_col, m_line, m_col));
                   }
@@ -813,7 +824,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
                     build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Inplace_Fun_Call_AST_Node>(), ev_stack_top);
                     build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Arg_List_AST_Node>(), ev_stack_top);
                     build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Fun_Call_AST_Node>(), tostr_stack_top);
-                    build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Addition_AST_Node>(), prev_stack_top);
+                    build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Binary_Operator_AST_Node>("+"), prev_stack_top);
                   } else {
                     throw exception::eval_error("Unclosed in-string eval", File_Position(prev_line, prev_col), *m_filename);
                   }
@@ -856,7 +867,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
             if (is_interpolated) {
               m_match_stack.push_back(std::make_shared<eval::Quoted_String_AST_Node>(match, m_filename, prev_line, prev_col, m_line, m_col));
 
-              build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Addition_AST_Node>(), prev_stack_top);
+              build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Binary_Operator_AST_Node>("+"), prev_stack_top);
             } else {
               m_match_stack.push_back(std::make_shared<eval::Quoted_String_AST_Node>(match, m_filename, prev_line, prev_col, m_line, m_col));
             }
@@ -1824,72 +1835,24 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
       /// Reads a unary prefixed expression from input
       bool Prefix() {
-        bool retval = false;
-
         const auto prev_stack_top = m_match_stack.size();
+        const std::vector<std::string> prefix_opers{"++", "--", "-", "+", "!", "~", "&"};
 
-        if (Symbol("++", true)) {
-          retval = true;
+        for (const auto &oper : prefix_opers)
+        {
+          bool is_char = oper.size() == 1;
+          if ((is_char && Char(oper[0], true)) || (!is_char && Symbol(oper.c_str(), true)))
+          {
+            if (!Operator(m_operators.size()-1)) {
+              throw exception::eval_error("Incomplete prefix '" + oper + "' expression", File_Position(m_line, m_col), *m_filename);
+            }
 
-          if (!Operator(m_operators.size()-1)) {
-            throw exception::eval_error("Incomplete '++' expression", File_Position(m_line, m_col), *m_filename);
+            build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Prefix_AST_Node>(Operators::to_operator(oper, true)), prev_stack_top);
+            return true;
           }
-
-          build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Prefix_AST_Node>(), prev_stack_top);
-        } else if (Symbol("--", true)) {
-          retval = true;
-
-          if (!Operator(m_operators.size()-1)) {
-            throw exception::eval_error("Incomplete '--' expression", File_Position(m_line, m_col), *m_filename);
-          }
-
-          build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Prefix_AST_Node>(), prev_stack_top);
-        } else if (Char('-', true)) {
-          retval = true;
-
-          if (!Operator(m_operators.size()-1)) {
-            throw exception::eval_error("Incomplete unary '-' expression", File_Position(m_line, m_col), *m_filename);
-          }
-
-          build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Prefix_AST_Node>(), prev_stack_top);
-        } else if (Char('+', true)) {
-          retval = true;
-
-          if (!Operator(m_operators.size()-1)) {
-            throw exception::eval_error("Incomplete unary '+' expression", File_Position(m_line, m_col), *m_filename);
-          }
-
-          build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Prefix_AST_Node>(), prev_stack_top);
-        }
-        else if (Char('!', true)) {
-          retval = true;
-
-          if (!Operator(m_operators.size()-1)) {
-            throw exception::eval_error("Incomplete '!' expression", File_Position(m_line, m_col), *m_filename);
-          }
-
-          build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Prefix_AST_Node>(), prev_stack_top);
-        }
-        else if (Char('~', true)) {
-          retval = true;
-
-          if (!Operator(m_operators.size()-1)) {
-            throw exception::eval_error("Incomplete '~' expression", File_Position(m_line, m_col), *m_filename);
-          }
-
-          build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Prefix_AST_Node>(), prev_stack_top);
-        }
-        else if (Char('&', true)) {
-          retval = true;
-
-          if (!Operator(m_operators.size()-1)) {
-            throw exception::eval_error("Incomplete '~' expression", File_Position(m_line, m_col), *m_filename);
-          }
-
-          build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Prefix_AST_Node>(), prev_stack_top);
         }
 
-        return retval;
+        return false;
       }
 
       /// Parses any of a group of 'value' style ast_node groups from input
@@ -1912,7 +1875,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
       bool Operator(const size_t t_precedence = 0) {
         bool retval = false;
-        AST_NodePtr oper;
         const auto prev_stack_top = m_match_stack.size();
 
         if (t_precedence < m_operators.size()) {
@@ -1927,10 +1889,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
                       File_Position(m_line, m_col), *m_filename);
                 }
 
+                AST_NodePtr oper = m_match_stack.at(m_match_stack.size()-2);
+
                 switch (m_operators[t_precedence]) {
-                  case(AST_Node_Type::Comparison) :
-                    build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Comparison_AST_Node>(), prev_stack_top);
-                    break;
                   case(AST_Node_Type::Ternary_Cond) :
                     m_match_stack.erase(m_match_stack.begin() + m_match_stack.size() - 2,
                         m_match_stack.begin() + m_match_stack.size() - 1);
@@ -1948,52 +1909,26 @@ namespace chaiscript
                           File_Position(m_line, m_col), *m_filename);
                     }
                     break;
+
                   case(AST_Node_Type::Addition) :
-                    oper = m_match_stack.at(m_match_stack.size()-2);
-                    m_match_stack.erase(m_match_stack.begin() + m_match_stack.size() - 2,
-                        m_match_stack.begin() + m_match_stack.size() - 1);
-                    if (oper->text == "+") {
-                      build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Addition_AST_Node>(), prev_stack_top);
-                    }
-                    else if (oper->text == "-") {
-                      build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Subtraction_AST_Node>(), prev_stack_top);
-                    }
-                    break;
                   case(AST_Node_Type::Multiplication) :
-                    oper = m_match_stack.at(m_match_stack.size()-2);
-                    m_match_stack.erase(m_match_stack.begin() + m_match_stack.size() - 2,
-                        m_match_stack.begin() + m_match_stack.size() - 1);
-                    if (oper->text == "*") {
-                      build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Multiplication_AST_Node>(), prev_stack_top);
-                    }
-                    else if (oper->text == "/") {
-                      build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Division_AST_Node>(), prev_stack_top);
-                    }
-                    else if (oper->text == "%") {
-                      build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Modulus_AST_Node>(), prev_stack_top);
-                    }
-                    break;
                   case(AST_Node_Type::Shift) :
-                    build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Shift_AST_Node>(), prev_stack_top);
-                    break;
                   case(AST_Node_Type::Equality) :
-                    build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Equality_AST_Node>(), prev_stack_top);
-                    break;
                   case(AST_Node_Type::Bitwise_And) :
-                    build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Bitwise_And_AST_Node>(), prev_stack_top);
-                    break;
                   case(AST_Node_Type::Bitwise_Xor) :
-                    build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Bitwise_Xor_AST_Node>(), prev_stack_top);
-                    break;
                   case(AST_Node_Type::Bitwise_Or) :
-                    build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Bitwise_Or_AST_Node>(), prev_stack_top);
+                  case(AST_Node_Type::Comparison) :
+                    m_match_stack.erase(m_match_stack.begin() + m_match_stack.size() - 2, m_match_stack.begin() + m_match_stack.size() - 1);
+                    build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Binary_Operator_AST_Node>(oper->text), prev_stack_top);
                     break;
+
                   case(AST_Node_Type::Logical_And) :
                     build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Logical_And_AST_Node>(), prev_stack_top);
                     break;
                   case(AST_Node_Type::Logical_Or) :
                     build_match(std::make_shared<eval::Logical_Or_AST_Node>(), prev_stack_top);
                     break;
+
                   default:
                     throw exception::eval_error("Internal error: unhandled ast_node", File_Position(m_line, m_col), *m_filename);
                 }
@@ -2100,14 +2035,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         while (has_more) {
           const auto prev_line = m_line;
           const auto prev_col = m_col;
-          if (Def(true)) {
-            if (!saw_eol) {
-              throw exception::eval_error("Two function definitions missing line separator", File_Position(prev_line, prev_col), *m_filename);
-            }
-            has_more = true;
-            retval = true;
-            saw_eol = true;
-          } else if (Var_Decl(true)) {
+          if (Def(true) || Var_Decl(true)) {
             if (!saw_eol) {
               throw exception::eval_error("Two function definitions missing line separator", File_Position(prev_line, prev_col), *m_filename);
             }
@@ -2136,7 +2064,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         while (has_more) {
           int prev_line = m_line;
           int prev_col = m_col;
-          if (Def()) {
+          if (Def() || Try() || If() || While() || Class() || For() || Switch()) {
             if (!saw_eol) {
               throw exception::eval_error("Two function definitions missing line separator", File_Position(prev_line, prev_col), *m_filename);
             }
@@ -2144,55 +2072,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
             retval = true;
             saw_eol = true;
           }
-          else if (Try()) {
-            if (!saw_eol) {
-              throw exception::eval_error("Two function definitions missing line separator", File_Position(prev_line, prev_col), *m_filename);
-            }
-            has_more = true;
-            retval = true;
-            saw_eol = true;
-          }
-          else if (If()) {
-            if (!saw_eol) {
-              throw exception::eval_error("Two function definitions missing line separator", File_Position(prev_line, prev_col), *m_filename);
-            }
-            has_more = true;
-            retval = true;
-            saw_eol = true;
-          }
-          else if (While()) {
-            if (!saw_eol) {
-              throw exception::eval_error("Two function definitions missing line separator", File_Position(prev_line, prev_col), *m_filename);
-            }
-            has_more = true;
-            retval = true;
-            saw_eol = true;
-          }
-          else if (Class()) {
-            if (!saw_eol) {
-              throw exception::eval_error("Two function definitions missing line separator", File_Position(prev_line, prev_col), *m_filename);
-            }
-            has_more = true;
-            retval = true;
-            saw_eol = true;
-          }
-          else if (For()) {
-            if (!saw_eol) {
-              throw exception::eval_error("Two function definitions missing line separator", File_Position(prev_line, prev_col), *m_filename);
-            }
-            has_more = true;
-            retval = true;
-            saw_eol = true;
-          }
-          else if (Switch()) {
-            if (!saw_eol) {
-              throw exception::eval_error("Two function definitions missing line separator", File_Position(prev_line, prev_col), *m_filename);
-            }
-            has_more = true;
-            retval = true;
-            saw_eol = true;
-          }
-          else if (Return()) {
+          else if (Return() || Break() || Continue() || Equation()) {
             if (!saw_eol) {
               throw exception::eval_error("Two expressions missing line separator", File_Position(prev_line, prev_col), *m_filename);
             }
@@ -2200,36 +2080,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
             retval = true;
             saw_eol = false;
           }
-          else if (Break()) {
-            if (!saw_eol) {
-              throw exception::eval_error("Two expressions missing line separator", File_Position(prev_line, prev_col), *m_filename);
-            }
-            has_more = true;
-            retval = true;
-            saw_eol = false;
-          }
-          else if (Continue()) {
-            if (!saw_eol) {
-              throw exception::eval_error("Two expressions missing line separator", File_Position(prev_line, prev_col), *m_filename);
-            }
-            has_more = true;
-            retval = true;
-            saw_eol = false;
-          }
-          else if (Block()) {
-            has_more = true;
-            retval = true;
-            saw_eol = true;
-          }
-          else if (Equation()) {
-            if (!saw_eol) {
-              throw exception::eval_error("Two expressions missing line separator", File_Position(prev_line, prev_col), *m_filename);
-            }
-            has_more = true;
-            retval = true;
-            saw_eol = false;
-          }
-          else if (Eol()) {
+          else if (Block() || Eol()) {
             has_more = true;
             retval = true;
             saw_eol = true;

readme.md

@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ Release under the BSD license, see "license.txt" for details.
 Introduction
 ============
 
+[![Gitter](https://badges.gitter.im/Join Chat.svg)](https://gitter.im/ChaiScript/ChaiScript?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge)
+
 ChaiScript is one of the only embedded scripting language designed from the 
 ground up to directly target C++ and take advantage of modern C++ development 
 techniques, working with the developer like he expects it to work.  Being a 

releasenotes.md

@@ -1,6 +1,20 @@
 Notes:
 =======
-Current Version: 5.4.0
+Current Version: 5.5.1
+
+### Changes since 5.5.0
+* 30% performance increase
+* Fix handling of object stack, resulting in greatly reduced memory usage
+* Code cleanups
+
+### Changes since 5.4.0
+* 2x performance increase
+* Significant code cleanups
+* Throw exception if user attempts to call function on null object
+* Allow user defined type conversions
+* Fix object lifetime for nested function calls made at the global scope
+* Fix returning of boolean values from function calls
+
 
 ### Changes since 5.3.1
 * Decreased compile time and build size

samples/example.cpp

@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@
 
 void log(const std::string &msg)
 {
-  std::cout << "[" << time(nullptr) << "] " << msg << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "[" << time(nullptr) << "] " << msg << '\n';
 }
 
 void log(const std::string &module, const std::string &msg)
 {
-  std::cout << "[" << time(nullptr) << "] <" << module << "> " << msg << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "[" << time(nullptr) << "] <" << module << "> " << msg << '\n';
 }
 
 void bound_log(const std::string &msg)
@@ -28,12 +28,12 @@ void bound_log(const std::string &msg)
 
 void hello_world(const chaiscript::Boxed_Value & /*o*/)
 {
-  std::cout << "Hello World" << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "Hello World\n";
 }
 
 void hello_constructor(const chaiscript::Boxed_Value & /*o*/)
 {
-  std::cout << "Hello Constructor" << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "Hello Constructor\n";
 }
 
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ struct System
 
 void take_shared_ptr(const std::shared_ptr<const std::string> &p)
 {
-  std::cout << *p << std::endl;
+  std::cout << *p << '\n';
 }
 
 int main(int /*argc*/, char * /*argv*/[]) {
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ int main(int /*argc*/, char * /*argv*/[]) {
   //the templated version of eval:
   int i = chai.eval<int>("5+5");
 
-  std::cout << "5+5: " << i << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "5+5: " << i << '\n';
 
   //Add a new variable
   chai("var scripti = 15");
@@ -130,9 +130,9 @@ int main(int /*argc*/, char * /*argv*/[]) {
   //We can even get a handle to the variables in the system
   int &scripti = chai.eval<int &>("scripti");
 
-  std::cout << "scripti: " << scripti << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "scripti: " << scripti << '\n';
   scripti *= 2;
-  std::cout << "scripti (updated): " << scripti << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "scripti (updated): " << scripti << '\n';
   chai("print(\"Scripti from chai: \" + to_string(scripti))");
 
   //To do: Add examples of handling Boxed_Values directly when needed

samples/fun_call_performance.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+for (var i = 0; i < 1000; ++i) {
+  puts(helloWorld("Bob12345"))
+}
+

samples/fun_call_performance.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,407 @@
+// This file is distributed under the BSD License.
+// See "license.txt" for details.
+// Copyright 2009-2012, Jonathan Turner (jonathan@emptycrate.com)
+// Copyright 2009-2014, Jason Turner (jason@emptycrate.com)
+// http://www.chaiscript.com
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <list>
+#include <regex>
+
+#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
+#include <chaiscript/chaiscript.hpp>
+#include <chaiscript/chaiscript_stdlib.hpp>
+
+#ifdef READLINE_AVAILABLE
+#include <readline/readline.h>
+#include <readline/history.h>
+#else
+
+char *mystrdup(const char *s) {
+  size_t len = strlen(s); // Space for length plus nul
+  char *d = static_cast<char*>(malloc(len + 1));
+  if (d == nullptr) return nullptr;          // No memory
+#ifdef CHAISCRIPT_MSVC
+  strcpy_s(d, len + 1, s);                        // Copy the characters
+#else
+  strncpy(d, s, len);                        // Copy the characters
+#endif
+  d[len] = '\0';
+  return d;                            // Return the new string
+}
+
+char* readline(const char* p)
+{
+  std::string retval;
+  std::cout << p;
+  std::getline(std::cin, retval);
+  return std::cin.eof() ? nullptr : mystrdup(retval.c_str());
+}
+
+
+void add_history(const char*){}
+void using_history(){}
+#endif
+
+
+
+void *cast_module_symbol(std::vector<std::string>(*t_path)())
+{
+  union cast_union
+  {
+    std::vector<std::string>(*in_ptr)();
+    void *out_ptr;
+  };
+
+  cast_union c;
+  c.in_ptr = t_path;
+  return c.out_ptr;
+}
+
+std::vector<std::string> default_search_paths()
+{
+  std::vector<std::string> paths;
+
+#ifdef CHAISCRIPT_WINDOWS  // force no unicode
+  CHAR path[4096];
+  int size = GetModuleFileNameA(0, path, sizeof(path) - 1);
+
+  std::string exepath(path, size);
+
+  size_t lastslash = exepath.rfind('\\');
+  size_t secondtolastslash = exepath.rfind('\\', lastslash - 1);
+  if (lastslash != std::string::npos)
+  {
+    paths.push_back(exepath.substr(0, lastslash));
+  }
+
+  if (secondtolastslash != std::string::npos)
+  {
+    return{ exepath.substr(0, secondtolastslash) + "\\lib\\chaiscript\\" };
+  }
+#else
+
+  std::string exepath;
+
+  std::vector<char> buf(2048);
+  ssize_t size = -1;
+
+  if ((size = readlink("/proc/self/exe", &buf.front(), buf.size())) != -1)
+  {
+    exepath = std::string(&buf.front(), size);
+  }
+
+  if (exepath.empty())
+  {
+    if ((size = readlink("/proc/curproc/file", &buf.front(), buf.size())) != -1)
+    {
+      exepath = std::string(&buf.front(), size);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (exepath.empty())
+  {
+    if ((size = readlink("/proc/self/path/a.out", &buf.front(), buf.size())) != -1)
+    {
+      exepath = std::string(&buf.front(), size);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (exepath.empty())
+  {
+    Dl_info rInfo;
+    memset(&rInfo, 0, sizeof(rInfo));
+    if (!dladdr(cast_module_symbol(&default_search_paths), &rInfo) || !rInfo.dli_fname) {
+      return paths;
+    }
+
+    exepath = std::string(rInfo.dli_fname);
+  }
+
+  size_t lastslash = exepath.rfind('/');
+
+  size_t secondtolastslash = exepath.rfind('/', lastslash - 1);
+  if (lastslash != std::string::npos)
+  {
+    paths.push_back(exepath.substr(0, lastslash));
+  }
+
+  if (secondtolastslash != std::string::npos)
+  {
+    paths.push_back(exepath.substr(0, secondtolastslash) + "/lib/chaiscript/");
+  }
+#endif
+
+  return paths;
+}
+
+void help(int n) {
+  if (n >= 0) {
+    std::cout << "ChaiScript evaluator.  To evaluate an expression, type it and press <enter>." << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Additionally, you can inspect the runtime system using:" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "  dump_system() - outputs all functions registered to the system" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "  dump_object(x) - dumps information about the given symbol" << std::endl;
+  }
+  else {
+    std::cout << "usage : chai [option]+" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "option:" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "   -h | --help" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "   -i | --interactive" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "   -c | --command cmd" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "   -v | --version" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "   -    --stdin" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "   filepath" << std::endl;
+  }
+}
+
+void version(int){
+  std::cout << "chai: compiled " << __TIME__ << " " << __DATE__ << std::endl;
+}
+
+std::string helloWorld(const std::string &t_name)
+{
+  return "Hello " + t_name + "!";
+}
+
+bool throws_exception(const std::function<void()> &f)
+{
+  try {
+    f();
+  }
+  catch (...) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+chaiscript::exception::eval_error get_eval_error(const std::function<void()> &f)
+{
+  try {
+    f();
+  }
+  catch (const chaiscript::exception::eval_error &e) {
+    return e;
+  }
+
+  throw std::runtime_error("no exception throw");
+}
+
+std::string get_next_command() {
+  std::string retval("quit");
+  if (!std::cin.eof()) {
+    char *input_raw = readline("eval> ");
+    if (input_raw) {
+      add_history(input_raw);
+
+      std::string val(input_raw);
+      size_t pos = val.find_first_not_of("\t \n");
+      if (pos != std::string::npos)
+      {
+        val.erase(0, pos);
+      }
+      pos = val.find_last_not_of("\t \n");
+      if (pos != std::string::npos)
+      {
+        val.erase(pos + 1, std::string::npos);
+      }
+
+      retval = val;
+
+      ::free(input_raw);
+    }
+  }
+  if (retval == "quit"
+      || retval == "exit"
+      || retval == "help"
+      || retval == "version")
+  {
+    retval += "(0)";
+  }
+  return retval;
+}
+
+// We have to wrap exit with our own because Clang has a hard time with
+// function pointers to functions with special attributes (system exit being marked NORETURN)
+void myexit(int return_val) {
+  exit(return_val);
+}
+
+void interactive(chaiscript::ChaiScript& chai)
+{
+  using_history();
+
+  for (;;) {
+    std::string input = get_next_command();
+    try {
+      // evaluate input
+      chaiscript::Boxed_Value val = chai.eval(input);
+
+      //Then, we try to print the result of the evaluation to the user
+      if (!val.get_type_info().bare_equal(chaiscript::user_type<void>())) {
+        try {
+          std::cout << chai.eval<std::function<std::string(const chaiscript::Boxed_Value &bv)> >("to_string")(val) << std::endl;
+        }
+        catch (...) {} //If we can't, do nothing
+      }
+    }
+    catch (const chaiscript::exception::eval_error &ee) {
+      std::cout << ee.what();
+      if (ee.call_stack.size() > 0) {
+        std::cout << "during evaluation at (" << ee.call_stack[0]->start.line << ", " << ee.call_stack[0]->start.column << ")";
+      }
+      std::cout << std::endl;
+    }
+    catch (const std::exception &e) {
+      std::cout << e.what();
+      std::cout << std::endl;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+
+  // Disable deprecation warning for getenv call.
+#ifdef CHAISCRIPT_MSVC
+#pragma warning(push)
+#pragma warning(disable : 4996)
+#endif
+
+  const char *usepath = getenv("CHAI_USE_PATH");
+  const char *modulepath = getenv("CHAI_MODULE_PATH");
+
+#ifdef CHAISCRIPT_MSVC
+#pragma warning(pop)
+#endif
+
+  std::vector<std::string> usepaths;
+  usepaths.push_back("");
+  if (usepath)
+  {
+    usepaths.push_back(usepath);
+  }
+
+  std::vector<std::string> modulepaths;
+  std::vector<std::string> searchpaths = default_search_paths();
+  modulepaths.insert(modulepaths.end(), searchpaths.begin(), searchpaths.end());
+  modulepaths.push_back("");
+  if (modulepath)
+  {
+    modulepaths.push_back(modulepath);
+  }
+
+  //chaiscript::ChaiScript chai(modulepaths, usepaths);
+  chaiscript::ChaiScript chai(chaiscript::Std_Lib::library(), usepaths);
+
+  chai.add(chaiscript::fun(&myexit), "exit");
+  chai.add(chaiscript::fun(&myexit), "quit");
+  chai.add(chaiscript::fun(&help), "help");
+  chai.add(chaiscript::fun(&version), "version");
+  chai.add(chaiscript::fun(&throws_exception), "throws_exception");
+  chai.add(chaiscript::fun(&get_eval_error), "get_eval_error");
+
+  chai.add(chaiscript::fun(&helloWorld), "helloWorld");
+
+  clock_t begin = clock();
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++)
+  {
+    std::string str = helloWorld("Bob12345");
+    fwrite(str.c_str(), 1, str.size(), stdout);
+  }
+
+  clock_t end = clock();
+  double elapsed_secs = double(end - begin) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
+
+  //begin = clock();
+
+  ////for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++)
+  ////{
+  ////	chai.eval("puts(helloWorld(\"Bob12345\"));");
+  ////}
+  //chai.eval_file("E:\\C++\\ChaiScript - 5.4.0\\samples\forx.chai");
+
+  //end = clock();
+  //elapsed_secs = double(end - begin) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
+  //printf("**MyProgram::time= %lf\n", elapsed_secs);
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {
+    if (i == 0 && argc > 1) {
+      ++i;
+    }
+
+    std::string arg(i ? argv[i] : "--interactive");
+
+    enum {
+      eInteractive
+        , eCommand
+        , eFile
+    } mode = eCommand;
+
+    if (arg == "-c" || arg == "--command") {
+      if ((i + 1) >= argc) {
+        std::cout << "insufficient input following " << arg << std::endl;
+        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+      }
+      else {
+        arg = argv[++i];
+      }
+    }
+    else if (arg == "-" || arg == "--stdin") {
+      arg = "";
+      std::string line;
+      while (std::getline(std::cin, line)) {
+        arg += line + '\n';
+      }
+    }
+    else if (arg == "-v" || arg == "--version") {
+      arg = "version(0)";
+    }
+    else if (arg == "-h" || arg == "--help") {
+      arg = "help(-1)";
+    }
+    else if (arg == "-i" || arg == "--interactive") {
+      mode = eInteractive;
+    }
+    else if (arg.find('-') == 0) {
+      std::cout << "unrecognised argument " << arg << std::endl;
+      return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+    else {
+      mode = eFile;
+    }
+
+    chaiscript::Boxed_Value val;
+    try {
+      switch (mode) {
+        case eInteractive: interactive(chai); break;
+        case eCommand: val = chai.eval(arg); break;
+        case eFile: {
+                      begin = clock();
+
+                      val = chai.eval_file(arg);
+
+                      end = clock();
+                      double elapsed_secs1 = double(end - begin) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
+                      printf("**C++::time= %.10f\n", elapsed_secs);
+                      printf("**ChaiScript::time= %.10f\n", elapsed_secs1);
+                      break;
+                    }
+        default: std::cout << "Unrecognized execution mode" << std::endl; return EXIT_FAILURE;
+      }
+    }
+    catch (const chaiscript::exception::eval_error &ee) {
+      std::cout << ee.pretty_print();
+      std::cout << std::endl;
+      return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+    catch (std::exception &e) {
+      std::cout << e.what() << std::endl;
+      return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+

samples/inheritance.cpp

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ class BaseClass
     {
     }
 
-    virtual ~BaseClass() = default;
+    virtual ~BaseClass() {}
 
     virtual std::string doSomething(float, double) const = 0;
 
@@ -42,14 +42,14 @@ class ChaiScriptDerived : public BaseClass
       tie(t_funcs.at(1), m_validateValueImpl);
     }
 
-    std::string doSomething(float f, double d) const override
+    std::string doSomething(float f, double d) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
     {
       assert(m_doSomethingImpl);
       return m_doSomethingImpl(*this, f, d);
     }
 
   protected:
-    bool validateValue(const std::string &t_val) override
+    bool validateValue(const std::string &t_val) CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
     {
       assert(m_validateValueImpl);
       return m_validateValueImpl(*this, t_val);

samples/memory_leak_test.cpp

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class test
       chaiscript::Boxed_Value val = chai.eval_file(sFile);
     }
     catch (std::exception &e) {
-      std::cout << e.what() << std::endl;
+      std::cout << e.what() << '\n';
     }
   }
 

src/main.cpp

@@ -136,24 +136,24 @@ std::vector<std::string> default_search_paths()
 
 void help(int n) {
   if ( n >= 0 ) {
-    std::cout << "ChaiScript evaluator.  To evaluate an expression, type it and press <enter>." << std::endl;
-    std::cout << "Additionally, you can inspect the runtime system using:" << std::endl;
-    std::cout << "  dump_system() - outputs all functions registered to the system" << std::endl;
-    std::cout << "  dump_object(x) - dumps information about the given symbol" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "ChaiScript evaluator.  To evaluate an expression, type it and press <enter>.\n";
+    std::cout << "Additionally, you can inspect the runtime system using:\n";
+    std::cout << "  dump_system() - outputs all functions registered to the system\n";
+    std::cout << "  dump_object(x) - dumps information about the given symbol\n";
   } else {
-    std::cout << "usage : chai [option]+" << std::endl;
-    std::cout << "option:"                << std::endl;
-    std::cout << "   -h | --help"         << std::endl;
-    std::cout << "   -i | --interactive"  << std::endl;
-    std::cout << "   -c | --command cmd"  << std::endl;
-    std::cout << "   -v | --version"      << std::endl;
-    std::cout << "   -    --stdin"        << std::endl;
-    std::cout << "   filepath"            << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "usage : chai [option]+\n";
+    std::cout << "option:"                << '\n';
+    std::cout << "   -h | --help"         << '\n';
+    std::cout << "   -i | --interactive"  << '\n';
+    std::cout << "   -c | --command cmd"  << '\n';
+    std::cout << "   -v | --version"      << '\n';
+    std::cout << "   -    --stdin"        << '\n';
+    std::cout << "   filepath"            << '\n';
   }
 }
 
 void version(int){
-  std::cout << "chai: compiled " << __TIME__ << " " << __DATE__ << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "chai: compiled " << __TIME__ << " " << __DATE__ << '\n';
 }
 
 bool throws_exception(const std::function<void ()> &f)
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ void interactive(chaiscript::ChaiScript& chai)
       //Then, we try to print the result of the evaluation to the user
       if (!val.get_type_info().bare_equal(chaiscript::user_type<void>())) {
         try {
-          std::cout << chai.eval<std::function<std::string (const chaiscript::Boxed_Value &bv)> >("to_string")(val) << std::endl;
+          std::cout << chai.eval<std::function<std::string (const chaiscript::Boxed_Value &bv)> >("to_string")(val) << '\n';
         }
         catch (...) {} //If we can't, do nothing
       }
@@ -241,11 +241,11 @@ void interactive(chaiscript::ChaiScript& chai)
       if (ee.call_stack.size() > 0) {
         std::cout << "during evaluation at (" << ee.call_stack[0]->start.line << ", " << ee.call_stack[0]->start.column << ")";
       }
-      std::cout << std::endl;
+      std::cout << '\n';
     }
     catch (const std::exception &e) {
       std::cout << e.what();
-      std::cout << std::endl;
+      std::cout << '\n';
     }
   }
 }
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 
     if  ( arg == "-c" || arg == "--command" ) {
       if ( (i+1) >= argc ) {
-        std::cout << "insufficient input following " << arg << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "insufficient input following " << arg << '\n';
         return EXIT_FAILURE;
       } else {
         arg = argv[++i];
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
     } else if ( arg == "-i" || arg == "--interactive" ) {
       mode = eInteractive ;
     } else if ( arg.find('-') == 0 ) {
-      std::cout << "unrecognised argument " << arg << std::endl;
+      std::cout << "unrecognised argument " << arg << '\n';
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
     } else {
       mode = eFile;
@@ -335,16 +335,16 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
         case eInteractive : interactive(chai); break;
         case eCommand     : val = chai.eval(arg); break;
         case eFile        : val = chai.eval_file(arg); break;
-        default           : std::cout << "Unrecognized execution mode" << std::endl; return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        default           : std::cout << "Unrecognized execution mode\n"; return EXIT_FAILURE;
       }
     }
     catch (const chaiscript::exception::eval_error &ee) {
       std::cout << ee.pretty_print();
-      std::cout << std::endl;
+      std::cout << '\n';
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
     }
     catch (std::exception &e) {
-      std::cout << e.what() << std::endl;
+      std::cout << e.what() << '\n';
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
     }
   }

src/test_module.cpp

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 #include <chaiscript/chaiscript.hpp>
 #include <string>
 
+
+
 class TestBaseType
 {
   public:
@@ -22,6 +24,30 @@ class TestBaseType
     TestBaseType &operator=(const TestBaseType &);
 };
 
+class Type2
+{
+  public:
+    Type2(TestBaseType t_bt)
+      : m_bt(std::move(t_bt)),
+        m_str("Hello World")
+    {
+    }
+
+    int get_val() const
+    {
+      return m_bt.val;
+    }
+
+    const char *get_str() const
+    {
+      return m_str.c_str();
+    }
+
+  private:
+    TestBaseType m_bt;
+    std::string m_str;
+};
+
 enum TestEnum
 {
   TestValue1 = 1
@@ -95,6 +121,7 @@ CHAISCRIPT_MODULE_EXPORT  chaiscript::ModulePtr create_chaiscript_module_test_mo
   m->add(chaiscript::user_type<TestBaseType>(), "TestBaseType");
   m->add(chaiscript::user_type<TestDerivedType>(), "TestDerivedType");
   m->add(chaiscript::user_type<TestMoreDerivedType>(), "TestMoreDerivedType");
+  m->add(chaiscript::user_type<Type2>(), "Type2");
 
   m->add(chaiscript::constructor<TestBaseType ()>(), "TestBaseType");
 //  m->add(chaiscript::constructor<TestBaseType (int)>(), "TestBaseType");
@@ -135,6 +162,12 @@ CHAISCRIPT_MODULE_EXPORT  chaiscript::ModulePtr create_chaiscript_module_test_mo
   m->add(chaiscript::fun(&to_int), "to_int");
   m->add(chaiscript::fun(&TestBaseType::constMe), "constMe");
 
+  m->add(chaiscript::type_conversion<TestBaseType, Type2>([](const TestBaseType &t_bt) { return Type2(t_bt); }));
+
+  m->add(chaiscript::fun(&Type2::get_val), "get_val");
+  m->add(chaiscript::fun(&Type2::get_str), "get_str");
+  m->add(chaiscript::type_conversion<const char *, std::string>());
+  m->add(chaiscript::constructor<Type2 (const TestBaseType &)>(), "Type2");
 
   return m;
 }

unittests/boxed_cast_test.cpp

@@ -15,16 +15,16 @@ bool run_test_type_conversion(const Boxed_Value &bv, bool expectedpass)
     use(ret);
   } catch (const chaiscript::exception::bad_boxed_cast &/*e*/) {
     if (expectedpass) {
-//      std::cerr << "Failure in run_test_type_conversion: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+//      std::cerr << "Failure in run_test_type_conversion: " << e.what() << '\n';
       return false;
     } else {
       return true;
     }
   } catch (const std::exception &e) {
-    std::cerr << "Unexpected standard exception when attempting cast_conversion: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "Unexpected standard exception when attempting cast_conversion: " << e.what() << '\n';
     return false;
   } catch (...) {
-    std::cerr << "Unexpected unknown exception when attempting cast_conversion." << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "Unexpected unknown exception when attempting cast_conversion.\n";
     return false;
   }
  
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ bool test_type_conversion(const Boxed_Value &bv, bool expectedpass)
       << (bv.is_const()?(std::string("const ")):(std::string())) << bv.get_type_info().name() 
       << " To: "  
       << (std::is_const<To>::value?(std::string("const ")):(std::string())) << typeid(To).name() 
-      << " test was expected to " << ((expectedpass)?(std::string("succeed")):(std::string("fail"))) << " but did not" << std::endl;
+      << " test was expected to " << ((expectedpass)?(std::string("succeed")):(std::string("fail"))) << " but did not\n";
   }
 
   return ret;
@@ -264,21 +264,21 @@ bool pointer_test(const T& default_value, const T& new_value)
 
 
     if (p != (*result) ) { 
-      std::cerr << "Pointer passed in different than one returned" << std::endl;
+      std::cerr << "Pointer passed in different than one returned\n";
       return false;
     }
 
     if (*p != *(*result) ) {
-      std::cerr << "Somehow dereferenced pointer values are not the same?" << std::endl;
+      std::cerr << "Somehow dereferenced pointer values are not the same?\n";
       return false;
     }
 
     return true;
   } catch (const exception::bad_boxed_cast &) {
-    std::cerr << "Bad boxed cast performing ** to ** test" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "Bad boxed cast performing ** to ** test\n";
     return false;
   } catch (...) {
-    std::cerr << "Unknown exception performing ** to ** test" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "Unknown exception performing ** to ** test\n";
     return false;
   }
 

unittests/dynamic_object_test.cpp

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ void assert_equal(const LHS &lhs, const RHS &rhs)
   {
     return;
   } else {
-    std::cout << "Got: " << lhs << " expected " << rhs << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Got: " << lhs << " expected " << rhs << '\n';
     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
   }
 }

unittests/eval_catch_exception_test.cpp

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ int test_generic()
     }
   }
 
-  std::cout << "test_generic failed" << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "test_generic failed\n";
   return EXIT_FAILURE;
 }
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ int test_1()
     }
   }
 
-  std::cout << "test_1 failed" << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "test_1 failed\n";
   return EXIT_FAILURE;
 }
 
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ int test_2()
     }
   }
 
-  std::cout << "test_2 failed" << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "test_2 failed\n";
   return EXIT_FAILURE;
 }
 
@@ -61,22 +61,22 @@ int test_5()
   try {
     chai.eval("throw(runtime_error(\"error\"))", chaiscript::exception_specification<int, double, float, const std::string &, const std::exception &>());
   } catch (const double) {
-    std::cout << "test_5 failed with double" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "test_5 failed with double\n";
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
   } catch (int) {
-    std::cout << "test_5 failed with int" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "test_5 failed with int\n";
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
   } catch (float) {
-    std::cout << "test_5 failed with float" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "test_5 failed with float\n";
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
   } catch (const std::string &) {
-    std::cout << "test_5 failed with string" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "test_5 failed with string\n";
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
   } catch (const std::exception &) {
     return EXIT_SUCCESS;
   }
 
-  std::cout << "test_5 failed" << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "test_5 failed\n";
   return EXIT_FAILURE;
 }
 
@@ -87,22 +87,22 @@ int test_unhandled()
   try {
     chai.eval("throw(\"error\")", chaiscript::exception_specification<int, double, float, const std::exception &>());
   } catch (double) {
-    std::cout << "test_unhandled failed with double" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "test_unhandled failed with double\n";
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
   } catch (int) {
-    std::cout << "test_unhandled failed with int" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "test_unhandled failed with int\n";
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
   } catch (float) {
-    std::cout << "test_unhandled failed with float" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "test_unhandled failed with float\n";
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
   } catch (const std::exception &) {
-    std::cout << "test_unhandled failed with std::exception" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "test_unhandled failed with std::exception\n";
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
   } catch (const chaiscript::Boxed_Value &) {
     return EXIT_SUCCESS;
   }
 
-  std::cout << "test_unhandled failed" << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "test_unhandled failed\n";
   return EXIT_FAILURE;
 }
 

unittests/integer_literal_test.cpp

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ bool test_literal(T val, const std::string &str)
 {
   chaiscript::ChaiScript chai;
   T val2 = chai.eval<T>(str);
-  std::cout << "Comparing : " << val << " " << val2 << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "Comparing : " << val << " " << val2 << '\n';
   return val == val2;
 }
 

unittests/object_lifetime_test2.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#include <chaiscript/chaiscript.hpp>
+#include <chaiscript/chaiscript_stdlib.hpp>
+
+template<typename T>
+struct Vector2
+{
+  Vector2() : x(0), y(0) {};
+  Vector2(T px, T py) : x(px), y(py) {};
+  Vector2(const Vector2& cp) : x(cp.x), y(cp.y) {};
+
+  Vector2& operator+=(const Vector2& vec_r)
+  {
+    x += vec_r.x;
+    y += vec_r.y;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  Vector2 operator+(const Vector2& vec_r)
+  {
+    return Vector2(*this += vec_r);
+  }
+
+  void operator=(const Vector2& ver_r)
+  {
+    x = ver_r.x;
+    y = ver_r.y;
+  }
+
+
+  T x;
+  T y;
+};
+
+Vector2<float> GetValue()
+{
+  return Vector2<float>(10,15);
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+  chaiscript::ChaiScript _script(chaiscript::Std_Lib::library());
+
+  //Registering stuff
+  _script.add(chaiscript::user_type<Vector2<float>>(), "Vector2f");
+  _script.add(chaiscript::constructor<Vector2<float> ()>(), "Vector2f");
+  _script.add(chaiscript::constructor<Vector2<float> (float, float)>(), "Vector2f");
+  _script.add(chaiscript::constructor<Vector2<float> (const Vector2<float>&)>(), "Vector2f");
+  _script.add(chaiscript::fun(&Vector2<float>::x), "x");
+  _script.add(chaiscript::fun(&Vector2<float>::y), "y");
+  _script.add(chaiscript::fun(&Vector2<float>::operator +), "+");
+  _script.add(chaiscript::fun(&Vector2<float>::operator +=), "+=");
+  _script.add(chaiscript::fun(&Vector2<float>::operator =), "=");
+  _script.add(chaiscript::fun(&GetValue), "getValue");
+
+  _script.eval(R"(
+    var test = 0.0
+    var test2 = Vector2f(10,10)
+
+    test = getValue().x
+    print(test)
+    print(test2.x)
+    )");
+
+  if (_script.eval<std::string>("to_string(test)") != "10") { return EXIT_FAILURE; }
+  if (_script.eval<std::string>("to_string(test2.x)") != "10") { return EXIT_FAILURE; }
+
+
+  //_script.eval_file("object_lifetime_test2.inc");
+}

unittests/type_info_test.cpp

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ int main()
   test_type(chaiscript::user_type<const int *>(), true, true, false, false, false);
   test_type(chaiscript::Type_Info(), false, false, false, false, true);
 
-  std::cout << "Size of Type_Info " << sizeof(chaiscript::Type_Info) << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "Size of Type_Info " << sizeof(chaiscript::Type_Info) << '\n';
 
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }

unittests/user_defined_conversions.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+
+add_type_conversion(type("string"), type("Type_Info"), fun(s) { return type(s); });
+
+// This looks simple, but it takes the string "string" and using the registered
+// conversion above, automatically converts that into a Type_Info object, which then
+// allows the Type_Info.name() function to be called
+
+assert_equal("string".name(), "string");
+
+
+

unittests/user_defined_conversions_2.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+load_module("test_module")
+
+auto t := TestBaseType();
+
+// This uses the TestBaseType to Type2 user type
+// conversion which was added in the module and then calls
+// "get_val()" which exists on the Type2 type
+//assert_equal(t.get_val(), 10);
+//print("Made it past test 1");
+
+var t2 := Type2(t);
+var str = string(get_str(t2));
+
+assert_equal("Hello World", str);
+print("Made it past test 2");
+
+assert_equal(11, size(get_str(t2)));
+print("Made it past test 3");
+
+
+assert_equal(11, t2.get_str().size());
+print("Made it past test 4");
+
+assert_equal(11, t.get_str().size());
+print("Made it past test 5");
+
+