Attempt caching optimization of object lookups

This will allow the user to add hooks in for debugging / execution
tracing / throttling / etc for each node execution

The cost is *almost* 0 if no tracing is enabled.

.decent_ci-Linux.yaml

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 compilers:
   - name: "clang"
-    version: "3.5"
+    version: "3.6"
     skip_packaging: true
     cmake_extra_flags: -DUSE_LIBCXX:BOOL=OFF -DBUILD_SAMPLES:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_PACKAGE:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_TESTING:BOOL=ON -DRUN_PERFORMANCE_TESTS:BOOL=ON
     collect_performance_results: true
   - name: "clang"
     build_tag: "LibC++"
-    version: "3.5"
+    version: "3.6"
     skip_packaging: true
     cmake_extra_flags: -DUSE_LIBCXX:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_SAMPLES:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_PACKAGE:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_TESTING:BOOL=ON
   - name: "clang"
@@ -19,17 +19,28 @@ compilers:
     version: "3.6"
     skip_packaging: true
     cmake_extra_flags: -DUSE_LIBCXX:BOOL=OFF -DBUILD_SAMPLES:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_PACKAGE:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_TESTING:BOOL=ON -DENABLE_THREAD_SANITIZER:BOOL=ON
+  - name: "clang"
+    version: "3.7"
+    skip_packaging: true
+    cmake_extra_flags: -DUSE_LIBCXX:BOOL=OFF -DBUILD_SAMPLES:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_PACKAGE:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_TESTING:BOOL=ON -DRUN_PERFORMANCE_TESTS:BOOL=ON
+    collect_performance_results: true
+  - name: "clang"
+    build_tag: "LibC++"
+    version: "3.7"
+    skip_packaging: true
+    cmake_extra_flags: -DUSE_LIBCXX:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_SAMPLES:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_PACKAGE:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_TESTING:BOOL=ON
   - name: "gcc"
-    version: "4.8"
+    version: "4.9"
+    cmake_extra_flags: -DBUILD_PACKAGE:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_TESTING:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_TESTING:BOOL=ON -DRUN_PERFORMANCE_TESTS:BOOL=ON
+    collect_performance_results: true
+  - name: "gcc"
+    version: "4.9"
+    skip_packaging: true
     build_tag: "NoThreads"
     cmake_extra_flags: -DBUILD_PACKAGE:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_TESTING:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_TESTING:BOOL=ON -DRUN_PERFORMANCE_TESTS:BOOL=ON -DMULTITHREAD_SUPPORT_ENABLED:BOOL=OFF
     collect_performance_results: true
   - name: "gcc"
-    version: "4.8"
-    cmake_extra_flags: -DBUILD_PACKAGE:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_TESTING:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_TESTING:BOOL=ON -DRUN_PERFORMANCE_TESTS:BOOL=ON
-    collect_performance_results: true
-  - name: "gcc"
-    version: "4.6"
+    version: "5"
     skip_packaging: true
     cmake_extra_flags: -DBUILD_SAMPLES:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_PACKAGE:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_TESTING:BOOL=ON -DRUN_PERFORMANCE_TESTS:BOOL=ON
     collect_performance_results: true

.decent_ci-Windows.yaml

@@ -10,13 +10,6 @@ compilers:
     cmake_extra_flags: -DBUILD_SAMPLES:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_PACKAGE:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_TESTING:BOOL=ON -DCOMMIT_SHA=%COMMIT_SHA%
     compiler_extra_flags: /analyze
     skip_packaging: true
-  - name: Visual Studio
-    version: 12
-    cmake_extra_flags: -DBUILD_SAMPLES:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_PACKAGE:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_TESTING:BOOL=ON -DCOMMIT_SHA=%COMMIT_SHA%
-  - name: Visual Studio
-    version: 12
-    architecture: Win64
-    cmake_extra_flags: -DBUILD_SAMPLES:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_PACKAGE:BOOL=ON -DBUILD_TESTING:BOOL=ON -DCOMMIT_SHA=%COMMIT_SHA%
   - name: Visual Studio
     version: 14
     build_type: Debug
@@ -25,3 +18,4 @@ compilers:
     compiler_extra_flags: /analyze
     skip_packaging: true
 
+

.travis.yml

@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ compiler:
   - gcc
 env:
   matrix:
-    - GCC_VER="4.6"
-    - GCC_VER="4.8"
+    - GCC_VER="4.9"
+    - GCC_VER="5"
 
   global:
     - secure: eiaR6pXiiEpyB8+LLQ1NvZdl0Yylru1BLy9lMoHl+IpUNGGQGywmW/2WAn77rFfmR1OPA2qWQLfgPwgK0HxUA9HHlot9tre5QhiN2Lw8NOT8tCZ6tTm2+QntDBjBGJyal/knRvQkn/6qs6GxlXRerz4ArnnuPL1vESt3zwB0YtU=
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ env:
 
 before_install:
   - export CXX="g++-$GCC_VER" CC="gcc-$GCC_VER" GCOV="gcov-$GCC_VER"
-  - if [ "$GCC_VER" = "4.8" ]; then export COVERAGE=1 CPPCHECK=1; fi
+  - if [ "$GCC_VER" = "5" ]; then export COVERAGE=1 CPPCHECK=1; fi
   - if [ ${COVERAGE} = 1 ]; then export FUZZY_CMD="-D RUN_FUZZY_TESTS:BOOL=TRUE"; fi
   - sudo pip install cpp-coveralls
   - sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test -y

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -101,9 +101,9 @@ set(CPACK_RESOURCE_FILE_LICENSE "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/license.txt")
 set(CPACK_RESOURCE_FILE_README "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/readme.md")
 set(CPACK_PACKAGE_DESCRIPTION_FILE "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/description.txt")
 
-set(CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MAJOR 5)
-set(CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MINOR 8)
-set(CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_PATCH 2)
+set(CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MAJOR 6)
+set(CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MINOR 0)
+set(CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_PATCH 0)
 
 set(CPACK_PACKAGE_EXECUTABLES "chai;ChaiScript Eval")
 set(CPACK_PACKAGE_VENDOR "ChaiScript.com")
@@ -148,13 +148,13 @@ endif()
 if(CMAKE_COMPILER_IS_GNUCC)
   execute_process(COMMAND ${CMAKE_C_COMPILER} -dumpversion OUTPUT_VARIABLE GCC_VERSION)
 
-  if(GCC_VERSION VERSION_LESS 4.8)
-    set(CPP11_FLAG "-std=c++0x")
+  if(GCC_VERSION VERSION_LESS 4.9)
+    set(CPP11_FLAG "-std=c++1y")
   else()
-    set(CPP11_FLAG "-std=c++11")
+    set(CPP11_FLAG "-std=c++14")
   endif()
 else()
-  set(CPP11_FLAG "-std=c++11")
+  set(CPP11_FLAG "-std=c++14")
 endif()
 
 if(MSVC)
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ endif()
 include_directories(include)
 
 
-set(Chai_INCLUDES include/chaiscript/chaiscript.hpp include/chaiscript/chaiscript_threading.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bad_boxed_cast.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bind_first.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bootstrap.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bootstrap_stl.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/boxed_cast.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/boxed_cast_helper.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/boxed_number.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/boxed_value.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/dispatchkit.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/type_conversions.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/dynamic_object.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/exception_specification.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/function_call.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/function_call_detail.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/handle_return.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/operators.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/proxy_constructors.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/proxy_functions.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/proxy_functions_detail.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/register_function.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/type_info.hpp include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_algebraic.hpp include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_common.hpp include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_engine.hpp include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_eval.hpp include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_parser.hpp include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_prelude.chai include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_prelude_docs.hpp include/chaiscript/utility/utility.hpp include/chaiscript/utility/json.hpp include/chaiscript/utility/json_wrap.hpp)
+set(Chai_INCLUDES include/chaiscript/chaiscript.hpp include/chaiscript/chaiscript_threading.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bad_boxed_cast.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bind_first.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bootstrap.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bootstrap_stl.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/boxed_cast.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/boxed_cast_helper.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/boxed_number.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/boxed_value.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/dispatchkit.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/type_conversions.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/dynamic_object.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/exception_specification.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/function_call.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/function_call_detail.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/handle_return.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/operators.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/proxy_constructors.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/proxy_functions.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/proxy_functions_detail.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/register_function.hpp include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/type_info.hpp include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_algebraic.hpp include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_common.hpp include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_engine.hpp include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_eval.hpp include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_parser.hpp include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_prelude.hpp include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_prelude_docs.hpp include/chaiscript/utility/utility.hpp include/chaiscript/utility/json.hpp include/chaiscript/utility/json_wrap.hpp)
 
 set_source_files_properties(${Chai_INCLUDES} PROPERTIES HEADER_FILE_ONLY TRUE)
 
@@ -274,6 +274,9 @@ endif()
 
 
 if(BUILD_MODULES)
+  add_library(test_module MODULE src/test_module.cpp)
+  target_link_libraries(test_module ${LIBS})
+
   add_library(stl_extra MODULE src/stl_extra.cpp)
   target_link_libraries(stl_extra ${LIBS})
 
@@ -459,9 +462,6 @@ if(BUILD_TESTING)
     target_link_libraries(multifile_test ${LIBS})
     add_test(NAME MultiFile_Test COMMAND multifile_test)
 
-    add_library(test_module MODULE src/test_module.cpp)
-    target_link_libraries(test_module ${LIBS})
-
     install(TARGETS test_module RUNTIME DESTINATION bin LIBRARY DESTINATION lib/chaiscript)
   endif()
 endif()

appveyor.yml

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-version: 5.7.2.{build}
+version: 5.8.x.{build}
 os: Visual Studio 2015
 environment:
   matrix:
@@ -14,3 +14,9 @@ build_script:
     cmake --build . --config Debug
 test_script:
 - cmd: ctest -C Debug
+notifications:
+- provider: Webhook
+  url: https://webhooks.gitter.im/e/9ff725a985b5679d1d5d
+  on_build_success: true
+  on_build_failure: true
+  on_build_status_changed: false

contrib/codeanalysis/fuzzy_tests/chaiscript.dict

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# My dict
+
+
+for="for"
+while="while"
+def="def"
+fun="fun"
+if="if"
+else="else"
+and="&&"
+or="||"
+auto="auto"
+var="var"
+begin_block="{"
+end_block="}"
+empty_vec="[]"
+string="string"
+vector="Vector"
+map="Map"
+return="return"
+break="break"
+true="true"
+false="false"
+class="class"
+attr="attr"
+var="var"
+global="global"
+empty_lambda=" fun(){} "
+empty_fun=" def empty_fun() {} "
+continue="continue"
+float=" 1.1f "
+double=" 2.2 "
+long_double=" 2.2ll "
+unsigned=" 3u "
+unsigned_long=" 4ul "
+unsigned_long_long=" 4ull "
+long_long=" 5ll "
+attr="attr"
+reference_del="auto &"
+int8=" int8_t(1) "
+int16=" int16_t(2) "
+int32=" int32_t(3) "
+int64=" int64_t(4) "
+uint8=" uint8_t(1) "
+uint16=" uint16_t(2) "
+uint32=" uint32_t(3) "
+uint64=" uint64_t(4) "
+int8t="int8_t"
+int16t="int16_t"
+int32t="int32_t"
+int64t="int64_t"
+uint8t="uint8_t"
+uint16t="uint16_t"
+uint32t="uint32_t"
+uint64t="uint64_t"
+
+
+
+
+
+

contrib/codeanalysis/fuzzy_tests/notes.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+Command line used to find this crash:
+
+../../Downloads/afl-1.80b/afl-fuzz -i- -o findings -x chaiscript.dict -- ../a.out unit_test.inc @@
+
+If you can't reproduce a bug outside of afl-fuzz, be sure to set the same
+memory limit. The limit used for this fuzzing session was 50.0 MB.
+
+Need a tool to minimize test cases before investigating the crashes or sending
+them to a vendor? Check out the afl-tmin that comes with the fuzzer!
+
+Found any cool bugs in open-source tools using afl-fuzz? If yes, please drop
+me a mail at <lcamtuf@coredump.cx> once the issues are fixed - I'd love to
+add your finds to the gallery at:
+
+  http://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/afl/
+
+Thanks :-)

contrib/codeanalysis/fuzzy_tests/use.inc

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+def greet {
+  return("hello")
+}
+
+fun(){ "world" }

include/chaiscript/chaiscript.hpp

@@ -695,11 +695,10 @@
 /// Begins a function or method definition
 ///
 /// ~~~~~~~~
-/// Function Definition ::= [annotation + CR/LF] "def" identifier "(" [[type] arg ("," [type] arg)*] ")" [":" guard] block
-/// Method Definition ::= [annotation + CR/LF] "def" class_name "::" method_name "(" [[type] arg ("," [type] arg)*] ")" [":" guard] block
+/// Function Definition ::= "def" identifier "(" [[type] arg ("," [type] arg)*] ")" [":" guard] block
+/// Method Definition ::= "def" class_name "::" method_name "(" [[type] arg ("," [type] arg)*] ")" [":" guard] block
 /// ~~~~~~~~
 /// 
-/// annotation: meta-annotation on function, currently used as documentation. Optional.
 /// identifier: name of function. Required.
 /// args: comma-delimited list of parameter names with optional type specifiers. Optional.
 /// guards: guarding statement that act as a prerequisite for the function. Optional.

include/chaiscript/chaiscript_defines.hpp

@@ -12,17 +12,10 @@
 #define CHAISCRIPT_COMPILER_VERSION CHAISCRIPT_STRINGIZE(_MSC_FULL_VER)
 #define CHAISCRIPT_MSVC _MSC_VER
 #define CHAISCRIPT_HAS_DECLSPEC
-#if _MSC_VER <= 1800
-#define CHAISCRIPT_MSVC_12
-#endif
 #else
 #define CHAISCRIPT_COMPILER_VERSION __VERSION__
 #endif
 
-#ifndef CHAISCRIPT_MSVC_12
-#define CHAISCRIPT_HAS_MAGIC_STATICS
-#endif
-
 #include <vector>
 
 #if defined( _LIBCPP_VERSION )
@@ -51,26 +44,15 @@
 #endif
 #endif
 
-#if (defined(CHAISCRIPT_MSVC) && !defined(CHAISCRIPT_MSVC_12)) ||  (defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 8) || (defined(__llvm__) && !defined(CHAISCRIPT_LIBCPP))
-/// Currently only g++>=4.8 supports this natively
+#if defined(CHAISCRIPT_MSVC) ||  (defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 8) || (defined(__llvm__) && !defined(CHAISCRIPT_LIBCPP))
 /// \todo Make this support other compilers when possible
 #define CHAISCRIPT_HAS_THREAD_LOCAL
 #endif
 
-#if (defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ == 6)
-#define CHAISCRIPT_GCC_4_6
-#endif
-
 #if defined(__llvm__)
 #define CHAISCRIPT_CLANG
 #endif
 
-#if (defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 7) || defined(CHAISCRIPT_MSVC) || defined(CHAISCRIPT_CLANG)
-#define CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE override
-#else
-#define CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
-#endif
-
 
 #ifdef  CHAISCRIPT_HAS_DECLSPEC
 #define CHAISCRIPT_MODULE_EXPORT extern "C" __declspec(dllexport)
@@ -78,14 +60,6 @@
 #define CHAISCRIPT_MODULE_EXPORT extern "C" 
 #endif
 
-#ifdef CHAISCRIPT_MSVC_12
-#define CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT throw()
-#define CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR 
-#else
-#define CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT noexcept
-#define CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR constexpr
-#endif
-
 #ifdef _DEBUG
 #define CHAISCRIPT_DEBUG true
 #else
@@ -97,9 +71,9 @@
 #include <cmath>
 
 namespace chaiscript {
-  static const int version_major = 5;
-  static const int version_minor = 8;
-  static const int version_patch = 2;
+  static const int version_major = 6;
+  static const int version_minor = 0;
+  static const int version_patch = 0;
 
   static const char *compiler_version = CHAISCRIPT_COMPILER_VERSION;
   static const char *compiler_name = CHAISCRIPT_COMPILER_NAME;
@@ -115,6 +89,54 @@ namespace chaiscript {
 #endif
   }
 
+  struct Build_Info {
+    static int version_major()
+    {
+      return chaiscript::version_major;
+    }
+
+    static int version_minor()
+    {
+      return chaiscript::version_minor;
+    }
+
+    static int version_patch()
+    {
+      return chaiscript::version_patch;
+    }
+
+    static std::string version()
+    {
+      return std::to_string(version_major()) + '.' + std::to_string(version_minor()) + '.' + std::to_string(version_patch());
+    }
+
+    static std::string compiler_id()
+    {
+      return compiler_name() + '-' + compiler_version();
+    }
+
+    static std::string build_id()
+    {
+      return compiler_id() + (debug_build()?"-Debug":"-Release");
+    }
+
+    static std::string compiler_version()
+    {
+      return chaiscript::compiler_version;
+    }
+
+    static std::string compiler_name()
+    {
+      return chaiscript::compiler_name;
+    }
+
+    static bool debug_build()
+    {
+      return chaiscript::debug_build;
+    }
+  };
+
+
   template<typename Iter, typename Distance>
     Iter advance_copy(Iter iter, Distance distance) {
       std::advance(iter, static_cast<typename std::iterator_traits<Iter>::difference_type>(distance));

include/chaiscript/chaiscript_stdlib.hpp

@@ -14,11 +14,15 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "chaiscript_defines.hpp"
-#include "dispatchkit/dispatchkit.hpp"
+#include "language/chaiscript_common.hpp"
+
+//#include "dispatchkit/dispatchkit.hpp"
+#include "dispatchkit/operators.hpp"
 #include "dispatchkit/bootstrap.hpp"
 #include "dispatchkit/bootstrap_stl.hpp"
-#include "dispatchkit/boxed_value.hpp"
-#include "language/chaiscript_prelude.chai"
+//#include "dispatchkit/boxed_value.hpp"
+#include "language/chaiscript_prelude.hpp"
+#include "dispatchkit/register_function.hpp"
 #include "utility/json_wrap.hpp"
 
 #ifndef CHAISCRIPT_NO_THREADS
@@ -38,21 +42,22 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
       static ModulePtr library()
       {
-        using namespace bootstrap;
+ //       using namespace bootstrap;
 
-        ModulePtr lib = Bootstrap::bootstrap();
+        auto lib = std::make_shared<Module>();
+        bootstrap::Bootstrap::bootstrap(*lib);
 
-        lib->add(standard_library::vector_type<std::vector<Boxed_Value> >("Vector"));
-        lib->add(standard_library::string_type<std::string>("string"));
-        lib->add(standard_library::map_type<std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value> >("Map"));
-        lib->add(standard_library::pair_type<std::pair<Boxed_Value, Boxed_Value > >("Pair"));
+        bootstrap::standard_library::vector_type<std::vector<Boxed_Value> >("Vector", *lib);
+        bootstrap::standard_library::string_type<std::string>("string", *lib);
+        bootstrap::standard_library::map_type<std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value> >("Map", *lib);
+        bootstrap::standard_library::pair_type<std::pair<Boxed_Value, Boxed_Value > >("Pair", *lib);
 
 #ifndef CHAISCRIPT_NO_THREADS
-        lib->add(standard_library::future_type<std::future<chaiscript::Boxed_Value>>("future"));
+        bootstrap::standard_library::future_type<std::future<chaiscript::Boxed_Value>>("future", *lib);
         lib->add(chaiscript::fun([](const std::function<chaiscript::Boxed_Value ()> &t_func){ return std::async(std::launch::async, t_func);}), "async");
 #endif
 
-        lib->add(json_wrap::library());
+        json_wrap::library(*lib);
 
         lib->eval(ChaiScript_Prelude::chaiscript_prelude() /*, "standard prelude"*/ );
 

include/chaiscript/chaiscript_threading.hpp

@@ -42,28 +42,16 @@ namespace chaiscript
 #ifndef CHAISCRIPT_NO_THREADS
 
       template<typename T>
-      class unique_lock : public std::unique_lock<T>
-      {
-        public:
-          explicit unique_lock(T &t) : std::unique_lock<T>(t) {}
-      };
+        using unique_lock = std::unique_lock<T>;
 
       template<typename T>
-      class shared_lock : public std::unique_lock<T>
-      {
-        public:
-          explicit shared_lock(T &t) : std::unique_lock<T>(t) {}
-          void unlock() {}
-      };
+        using shared_lock = std::unique_lock<T>;
 
       template<typename T>
-      class lock_guard : public std::lock_guard<T>
-      {
-        public:
-          explicit lock_guard(T &t) : std::lock_guard<T>(t) {}
-      };
+        using lock_guard = std::lock_guard<T>;
 
-      class shared_mutex : public std::mutex { };
+
+      using shared_mutex = std::mutex;
 
       using std::mutex;
 
@@ -120,6 +108,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
 #else
 
+#pragma message ("Threading without thread_local support is not well supported.")
+
+
       /// Typesafe thread specific storage. If threading is enabled, this class uses a mutex protected map. If
       /// threading is not enabled, the class always returns the same data, regardless of which thread it is called from.
       /// 

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/any.hpp

@@ -21,17 +21,17 @@ namespace chaiscript {
       class bad_any_cast : public std::bad_cast
       {
         public:
-          bad_any_cast() CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+          bad_any_cast() noexcept
             : m_what("bad any cast")
           {
           }
 
           bad_any_cast(const bad_any_cast &) = default;
 
-          virtual ~bad_any_cast() CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT {}
+          ~bad_any_cast() noexcept override = default;
 
           /// \brief Description of what error occurred
-          virtual const char * what() const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+          const char * what() const noexcept override
           {
             return m_what.c_str();
           }
@@ -53,9 +53,10 @@ namespace chaiscript {
 
           Data &operator=(const Data &) = delete;
 
-          virtual ~Data() {}
+          virtual ~Data() = default;
 
           virtual void *data() = 0;
+
           const std::type_info &type() const
           {
             return m_type;
@@ -74,14 +75,12 @@ namespace chaiscript {
             {
             }
 
-            virtual ~Data_Impl() {}
-
-            virtual void *data() CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+            virtual void *data() override
             {
               return &m_data;
             }
 
-            std::unique_ptr<Data> clone() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+            std::unique_ptr<Data> clone() const override
             {
               return std::unique_ptr<Data>(new Data_Impl<T>(m_data));
             }
@@ -96,6 +95,8 @@ namespace chaiscript {
       public:
         // construct/copy/destruct
         Any() = default;
+        Any(Any &&) = default;
+        Any &operator=(Any &&t_any) = default;
 
         Any(const Any &t_any) 
         { 
@@ -107,10 +108,6 @@ namespace chaiscript {
           }
         }
 
-#if !defined(_MSC_VER) || _MSC_VER  != 1800
-        Any(Any &&) = default;
-        Any &operator=(Any &&t_any) = default;
-#endif
 
         template<typename ValueType,
           typename = typename std::enable_if<!std::is_same<Any, typename std::decay<ValueType>::type>::value>::type>
@@ -139,10 +136,6 @@ namespace chaiscript {
           }
 
 
-        ~Any()
-        {
-        }
-
         // modifiers
         Any & swap(Any &t_other)
         {

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bad_boxed_cast.hpp

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
     {
       public:
         bad_boxed_cast(Type_Info t_from, const std::type_info &t_to,
-            std::string t_what) CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+            std::string t_what) noexcept
           : from(std::move(t_from)), to(&t_to), m_what(std::move(t_what))
         {
         }
@@ -40,16 +40,16 @@ namespace chaiscript
         {
         }
 
-        explicit bad_boxed_cast(std::string t_what) CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+        explicit bad_boxed_cast(std::string t_what) noexcept
           : to(nullptr), m_what(std::move(t_what))
         {
         }
 
         bad_boxed_cast(const bad_boxed_cast &) = default;
-        virtual ~bad_boxed_cast() CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT {}
+        virtual ~bad_boxed_cast() noexcept = default;
 
         /// \brief Description of what error occurred
-        virtual const char * what() const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        virtual const char * what() const noexcept override
         {
           return m_what.c_str();
         }

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bind_first.hpp

@@ -27,45 +27,52 @@ namespace chaiscript
       }
 
     template<typename O, typename Ret, typename P1, typename ... Param>
-      std::function<Ret (Param...)> bind_first(Ret (*f)(P1, Param...), O&& o)
+      auto bind_first(Ret (*f)(P1, Param...), O&& o)
       {
-        return std::function<Ret (Param...)>(
-            [f, o](Param...param) -> Ret {
+        return [f, o](Param...param) -> Ret {
           return f(std::forward<O>(o), std::forward<Param>(param)...);
-            }
-          );
+        };
       }
 
     template<typename O, typename Ret, typename Class, typename ... Param>
-      std::function<Ret (Param...)> bind_first(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...), O&& o)
+      auto bind_first(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...), O&& o)
       {
-        return std::function<Ret (Param...)>(
-            [f, o](Param...param) -> Ret {
+        return [f, o](Param...param) -> Ret {
           return (get_pointer(o)->*f)(std::forward<Param>(param)...);
-            }
-          );
+        };
       }
 
     template<typename O, typename Ret, typename Class, typename ... Param>
-      std::function<Ret (Param...)> bind_first(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) const, O&& o)
+      auto bind_first(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) const, O&& o)
       {
-        return std::function<Ret (Param...)>(
-            [f, o](Param...param) -> Ret {
+        return [f, o](Param...param) -> Ret {
           return (get_pointer(o)->*f)(std::forward<Param>(param)...);
-            }
-          );
+        };
 
       }
 
     template<typename O, typename Ret, typename P1, typename ... Param>
-      std::function<Ret (Param...)> bind_first(const std::function<Ret (P1, Param...)> &f, O&& o)
+      auto bind_first(const std::function<Ret (P1, Param...)> &f, O&& o)
       {
-        return std::function<Ret (Param...)>(
-            [f, o](Param...param) -> Ret {
+        return [f, o](Param...param) -> Ret {
           return f(o, std::forward<Param>(param)...);
-            });
+        };
       }
 
+    template<typename F, typename O, typename Ret, typename Class, typename P1, typename ... Param>
+      auto bind_first(const F &fo, O&& o, Ret (Class::*f)(P1, Param...) const)
+      {
+        return [fo, o, f](Param ...param) -> Ret {
+          return (fo.*f)(o, std::forward<Param>(param)...);
+        };
+
+      }
+
+    template<typename F, typename O>
+      auto bind_first(const F &f, O&& o)
+      {
+        return bind_first(f, std::forward<O>(o), &F::operator());
+      }
 
   }
 }

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bootstrap.hpp

@@ -7,32 +7,8 @@
 #ifndef CHAISCRIPT_BOOTSTRAP_HPP_
 #define CHAISCRIPT_BOOTSTRAP_HPP_
 
-#include <cstdint>
-#include <exception>
-#include <functional>
-#include <memory>
-#include <sstream>
-#include <stdexcept>
-#include <string>
-#include <type_traits>
-#include <vector>
-#include <iterator>
-
-#include "bad_boxed_cast.hpp"
-#include "boxed_cast.hpp"
-#include "boxed_number.hpp"
-#include "boxed_value.hpp"
-#include "dispatchkit.hpp"
-#include "type_conversions.hpp"
-#include "dynamic_object.hpp"
-#include "operators.hpp"
-#include "proxy_constructors.hpp"
-#include "proxy_functions.hpp"
-#include "proxy_functions_detail.hpp"
-#include "register_function.hpp"
-#include "type_info.hpp"
 #include "../utility/utility.hpp"
-#include "../language/chaiscript_common.hpp"
+#include "register_function.hpp"
 
 namespace chaiscript 
 {
@@ -52,12 +28,12 @@ namespace chaiscript
     }
 
     template<typename T, typename = typename std::enable_if<std::is_array<T>::value>::type >
-      ModulePtr array(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+      void array(const std::string &type, Module& m)
       {
         typedef typename std::remove_extent<T>::type ReturnType;
         const auto extent = std::extent<T>::value;
-        m->add(user_type<T>(), type);
-        m->add(fun(
+        m.add(user_type<T>(), type);
+        m.add(fun(
               [extent](T& t, size_t index)->ReturnType &{
                 if (extent > 0 && index >= extent) {
                   throw std::range_error("Array index out of range. Received: " + std::to_string(index)  + " expected < " + std::to_string(extent));
@@ -68,7 +44,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
               ), "[]"
             );
 
-        m->add(fun(
+        m.add(fun(
               [extent](const T &t, size_t index)->const ReturnType &{
                 if (extent > 0 && index >= extent) {
                   throw std::range_error("Array index out of range. Received: " + std::to_string(index)  + " expected < " + std::to_string(extent));
@@ -79,33 +55,29 @@ namespace chaiscript
               ), "[]"
             );
 
-        m->add(fun(
+        m.add(fun(
               [extent](const T &) {
                 return extent;
               }), "size");
-
-
-        return m;
       }
 
     /// \brief Adds a copy constructor for the given type to the given Model
     /// \param[in] type The name of the type. The copy constructor will be named "type".
     /// \param[in,out] m The Module to add the copy constructor to
     /// \tparam T The type to add a copy constructor for
-    /// \returns The passed in ModulePtr, or the newly constructed one if the default param is used
+    /// \returns The passed in Module
     template<typename T>
-    ModulePtr copy_constructor(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+    void copy_constructor(const std::string &type, Module& m)
     {
-      m->add(constructor<T (const T &)>(), type);
-      return m;
+      m.add(constructor<T (const T &)>(), type);
     }
 
     /// \brief Add all comparison operators for the templated type. Used during bootstrap, also available to users.
     /// \tparam T Type to create comparison operators for
     /// \param[in,out] m module to add comparison operators to
-    /// \returns the passed in ModulePtr or the newly constructed one if the default params are used.
+    /// \returns the passed in Module.
     template<typename T>
-    ModulePtr opers_comparison(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+    void opers_comparison(Module& m)
     {
       operators::equal<T>(m);
       operators::greater_than<T>(m);
@@ -113,7 +85,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
       operators::less_than<T>(m);
       operators::less_than_equal<T>(m);
       operators::not_equal<T>(m);
-      return m;
     }
 
 
@@ -122,15 +93,14 @@ namespace chaiscript
     /// \param[in] type The name of the type to add the constructors for.
     /// \param[in,out] m The Module to add the basic constructors to
     /// \tparam T Type to generate basic constructors for
-    /// \returns The passed in ModulePtr, or the newly constructed one if the default param is used
+    /// \returns The passed in Module
     /// \sa copy_constructor
     /// \sa constructor
     template<typename T>
-    ModulePtr basic_constructors(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+    void basic_constructors(const std::string &type, Module& m)
     {
-      m->add(constructor<T ()>(), type);
+      m.add(constructor<T ()>(), type);
       copy_constructor<T>(type, m);
-      return m;
     }
 
     /// \brief Adds a constructor for a POD type 
@@ -138,22 +108,12 @@ namespace chaiscript
     /// \param[in] type The name of the type
     /// \param[in,out] m The Module to add the constructor to
     template<typename T>
-    ModulePtr construct_pod(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+    void construct_pod(const std::string &type, Module& m)
     {
-      m->add(fun(&detail::construct_pod<T>), type);
-      return m;
+      m.add(fun(&detail::construct_pod<T>), type);
     }
 
 
-    /// to_string function for internal use. Uses ostream operator<<
-    template<typename Input>
-    std::string to_string(Input i)
-    {
-      std::stringstream ss;
-      ss << i;
-      return ss.str();
-    }
-
     /// Internal function for converting from a string to a value
     /// uses ostream operator >> to perform the conversion
     template<typename Input>
@@ -185,14 +145,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
     /// Add all common functions for a POD type. All operators, and
     /// common conversions
     template<typename T>
-    ModulePtr bootstrap_pod_type(const std::string &name, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+    void bootstrap_pod_type(const std::string &name, Module& m)
     {
-      m->add(user_type<T>(), name);
-      m->add(constructor<T()>(), name);
+      m.add(user_type<T>(), name);
+      m.add(constructor<T()>(), name);
       construct_pod<T>(name, m);
 
-      m->add(fun(&parse_string<T>), "to_" + name);
-      return m;
+      m.add(fun(&parse_string<T>), "to_" + name);
     }
 
 
@@ -261,43 +220,41 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
 
       /// Add all arithmetic operators for PODs
-      static void opers_arithmetic_pod(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+      static void opers_arithmetic_pod(Module& m)
       {
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::equals), "==");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::less_than), "<");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::greater_than), ">");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::greater_than_equal), ">=");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::less_than_equal), "<=");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::not_equal), "!=");
-
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::pre_decrement), "--");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::pre_increment), "++");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::sum), "+");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::unary_plus), "+");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::unary_minus), "-");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::difference), "-");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_bitwise_and), "&=");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign), "=");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_bitwise_or), "|=");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_bitwise_xor), "^=");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_remainder), "%=");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_shift_left), "<<=");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_shift_right), ">>=");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::bitwise_and), "&");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::bitwise_complement), "~");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::bitwise_xor), "^");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::bitwise_or), "|");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_product), "*=");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_quotient), "/=");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_sum), "+=");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_difference), "-=");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::quotient), "/");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::shift_left), "<<");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::product), "*");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::remainder), "%");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::shift_right), ">>");
-
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::equals), "==");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::less_than), "<");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::greater_than), ">");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::greater_than_equal), ">=");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::less_than_equal), "<=");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::not_equal), "!=");
 
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::pre_decrement), "--");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::pre_increment), "++");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::sum), "+");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::unary_plus), "+");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::unary_minus), "-");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::difference), "-");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_bitwise_and), "&=");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign), "=");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_bitwise_or), "|=");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_bitwise_xor), "^=");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_remainder), "%=");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_shift_left), "<<=");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_shift_right), ">>=");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::bitwise_and), "&");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::bitwise_complement), "~");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::bitwise_xor), "^");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::bitwise_or), "|");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_product), "*=");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_quotient), "/=");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_sum), "+=");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_difference), "-=");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::quotient), "/");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::shift_left), "<<");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::product), "*");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::remainder), "%");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::shift_right), ">>");
      }
 
       /// Create a bound function object. The first param is the function to bind
@@ -337,26 +294,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
         }
       }
 
-      static void throw_exception(const Boxed_Value &bv) {
-        throw bv;
-      }
-
-      static std::string what(const std::exception &e)
-      {
-        return e.what();
-      }
-
-      /// Boolean specialization of internal to_string function
-      static std::string bool_to_string(bool b)
-      {
-        if (b)
-        {
-          return "true";
-        } else {
-          return "false";
-        }
-      }
-
       template<typename FunctionType>
         static std::vector<Boxed_Value> do_return_boxed_value_vector(FunctionType f,
             const dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base *b)
@@ -392,7 +329,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       }
 
       template<typename Function>
-      static std::function<std::vector<Boxed_Value> (const dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base*)> return_boxed_value_vector(const Function &f)
+      static auto return_boxed_value_vector(const Function &f)
       {
         return [f](const dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base *b) {
           return do_return_boxed_value_vector(f, b);
@@ -403,94 +340,123 @@ namespace chaiscript
     public:
       /// \brief perform all common bootstrap functions for std::string, void and POD types
       /// \param[in,out] m Module to add bootstrapped functions to
-      /// \returns passed in ModulePtr, or newly created one if default argument is used
-      static ModulePtr bootstrap(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+      /// \returns passed in Module
+      static void bootstrap(Module& m)
       {
-        m->add(user_type<void>(), "void");
-        m->add(user_type<bool>(), "bool");
-        m->add(user_type<Boxed_Value>(), "Object");
-        m->add(user_type<Boxed_Number>(), "Number");
-        m->add(user_type<Proxy_Function>(), "Function");
-        m->add(user_type<dispatch::Assignable_Proxy_Function>(), "Assignable_Function");
-        m->add(user_type<std::exception>(), "exception");
+        m.add(user_type<void>(), "void");
+        m.add(user_type<bool>(), "bool");
+        m.add(user_type<Boxed_Value>(), "Object");
+        m.add(user_type<Boxed_Number>(), "Number");
+        m.add(user_type<Proxy_Function>(), "Function");
+        m.add(user_type<dispatch::Assignable_Proxy_Function>(), "Assignable_Function");
+        m.add(user_type<std::exception>(), "exception");
 
-        m->add(fun(&dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base::get_arity), "get_arity");
-        m->add(fun(&dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base::annotation), "get_annotation");
-        m->add(fun(&dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base::operator==), "==");
+        m.add(fun(&dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base::get_arity), "get_arity");
+        m.add(fun(&dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base::operator==), "==");
 
 
-        m->add(fun(return_boxed_value_vector(&dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base::get_param_types)), "get_param_types");
-        m->add(fun(return_boxed_value_vector(&dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base::get_contained_functions)), "get_contained_functions");
+        m.add(fun(return_boxed_value_vector(&dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base::get_param_types)), "get_param_types");
+        m.add(fun(return_boxed_value_vector(&dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base::get_contained_functions)), "get_contained_functions");
 
+        m.add(fun([](const std::exception &e){ return std::string(e.what()); }), "what");
 
-        m->add(user_type<std::out_of_range>(), "out_of_range");
-        m->add(user_type<std::logic_error>(), "logic_error");
-        m->add(chaiscript::base_class<std::exception, std::logic_error>());
-        m->add(chaiscript::base_class<std::logic_error, std::out_of_range>());
-        m->add(chaiscript::base_class<std::exception, std::out_of_range>());
+        m.add(user_type<std::out_of_range>(), "out_of_range");
+        m.add(user_type<std::logic_error>(), "logic_error");
+        m.add(chaiscript::base_class<std::exception, std::logic_error>());
+        m.add(chaiscript::base_class<std::logic_error, std::out_of_range>());
+        m.add(chaiscript::base_class<std::exception, std::out_of_range>());
 
-        m->add(user_type<std::runtime_error>(), "runtime_error");
-        m->add(chaiscript::base_class<std::exception, std::runtime_error>());
+        m.add(user_type<std::runtime_error>(), "runtime_error");
+        m.add(chaiscript::base_class<std::exception, std::runtime_error>());
 
-        m->add(constructor<std::runtime_error (const std::string &)>(), "runtime_error");
-        m->add(fun(std::function<std::string (const std::runtime_error &)>(&what)), "what");
+        m.add(constructor<std::runtime_error (const std::string &)>(), "runtime_error");
 
-        m->add(user_type<dispatch::Dynamic_Object>(), "Dynamic_Object");
-        m->add(constructor<dispatch::Dynamic_Object (const std::string &)>(), "Dynamic_Object");
-        m->add(constructor<dispatch::Dynamic_Object ()>(), "Dynamic_Object");
-        m->add(fun(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_type_name), "get_type_name");
-        m->add(fun(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_attrs), "get_attrs");
-        m->add(fun(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::set_explicit), "set_explicit");
-        m->add(fun(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::is_explicit), "is_explicit");
+        m.add(user_type<dispatch::Dynamic_Object>(), "Dynamic_Object");
+        m.add(constructor<dispatch::Dynamic_Object (const std::string &)>(), "Dynamic_Object");
+        m.add(constructor<dispatch::Dynamic_Object ()>(), "Dynamic_Object");
+        m.add(fun(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_type_name), "get_type_name");
+        m.add(fun(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_attrs), "get_attrs");
+        m.add(fun(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::set_explicit), "set_explicit");
+        m.add(fun(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::is_explicit), "is_explicit");
+        m.add(fun(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::has_attr), "has_attr");
 
-        m->add(fun(static_cast<Boxed_Value & (dispatch::Dynamic_Object::*)(const std::string &)>(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_attr)), "get_attr");
-        m->add(fun(static_cast<const Boxed_Value & (dispatch::Dynamic_Object::*)(const std::string &) const>(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_attr)), "get_attr");
+        m.add(fun(static_cast<Boxed_Value & (dispatch::Dynamic_Object::*)(const std::string &)>(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_attr)), "get_attr");
+        m.add(fun(static_cast<const Boxed_Value & (dispatch::Dynamic_Object::*)(const std::string &) const>(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_attr)), "get_attr");
 
-        m->add(fun(static_cast<Boxed_Value & (dispatch::Dynamic_Object::*)(const std::string &)>(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::method_missing)), "method_missing");
-        m->add(fun(static_cast<const Boxed_Value & (dispatch::Dynamic_Object::*)(const std::string &) const>(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::method_missing)), "method_missing");
+        m.add(fun(static_cast<Boxed_Value & (dispatch::Dynamic_Object::*)(const std::string &)>(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::method_missing)), "method_missing");
+        m.add(fun(static_cast<const Boxed_Value & (dispatch::Dynamic_Object::*)(const std::string &) const>(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::method_missing)), "method_missing");
 
-        m->add(fun(static_cast<Boxed_Value & (dispatch::Dynamic_Object::*)(const std::string &)>(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_attr)), "[]");
-        m->add(fun(static_cast<const Boxed_Value & (dispatch::Dynamic_Object::*)(const std::string &) const>(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_attr)), "[]");
+        m.add(fun(static_cast<Boxed_Value & (dispatch::Dynamic_Object::*)(const std::string &)>(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_attr)), "[]");
+        m.add(fun(static_cast<const Boxed_Value & (dispatch::Dynamic_Object::*)(const std::string &) const>(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_attr)), "[]");
 
-        m->eval(R""(
+        m.eval(R"chaiscript(
           def Dynamic_Object::clone() { 
             auto &new_o = Dynamic_Object(this.get_type_name()); 
             for_each(this.get_attrs(), fun[new_o](x) { new_o.get_attr(x.first) = x.second; } ); 
             new_o; 
           }
-          )"");
 
-        m->add(fun(&has_guard), "has_guard");
-        m->add(fun(&get_guard), "get_guard");
+          def `=`(Dynamic_Object lhs, Dynamic_Object rhs) : lhs.get_type_name() == rhs.get_type_name()
+          {
+            for_each(rhs.get_attrs(), fun[lhs](x) { lhs.get_attr(x.first) = clone(x.second); } ); 
+          }
 
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_undef), "is_var_undef");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_null), "is_var_null");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_const), "is_var_const");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_ref), "is_var_reference");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_pointer), "is_var_pointer");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_return_value), "is_var_return_value");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::reset_return_value), "reset_var_return_value");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_type), "is_type");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::get_attr), "get_var_attr");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::copy_attrs), "copy_var_attrs");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::clone_attrs), "clone_var_attrs");
+          def `!=`(Dynamic_Object lhs, Dynamic_Object rhs) : lhs.get_type_name() == rhs.get_type_name()
+          {
+            var rhs_attrs := rhs.get_attrs();
+            var lhs_attrs := lhs.get_attrs();
 
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::get_type_info), "get_type_info");
-        m->add(user_type<Type_Info>(), "Type_Info");
-        m->add(constructor<Type_Info (const Type_Info &)>(), "Type_Info");
+            if (rhs_attrs.size() != lhs_attrs.size()) {
+              true;
+            } else {
+              return any_of(rhs_attrs, fun[lhs](x) { !lhs.has_attr(x.first) || lhs.get_attr(x.first) != x.second; } );
+            }
+          }
+
+          def `==`(Dynamic_Object lhs, Dynamic_Object rhs) : lhs.get_type_name() == rhs.get_type_name()
+          {
+            var rhs_attrs := rhs.get_attrs();
+            var lhs_attrs := lhs.get_attrs();
+
+            if (rhs_attrs.size() != lhs_attrs.size()) {
+              false;
+            } else {
+              return all_of(rhs_attrs, fun[lhs](x) { lhs.has_attr(x.first) && lhs.get_attr(x.first) == x.second; } );
+            }
+          }
+        )chaiscript");
+
+        m.add(fun(&has_guard), "has_guard");
+        m.add(fun(&get_guard), "get_guard");
+
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_undef), "is_var_undef");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_null), "is_var_null");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_const), "is_var_const");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_ref), "is_var_reference");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_pointer), "is_var_pointer");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_return_value), "is_var_return_value");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Value::reset_return_value), "reset_var_return_value");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_type), "is_type");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Value::get_attr), "get_var_attr");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Value::copy_attrs), "copy_var_attrs");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Value::clone_attrs), "clone_var_attrs");
+
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Value::get_type_info), "get_type_info");
+        m.add(user_type<Type_Info>(), "Type_Info");
+        m.add(constructor<Type_Info (const Type_Info &)>(), "Type_Info");
 
 
         operators::equal<Type_Info>(m);
 
-        m->add(fun(&Type_Info::is_const), "is_type_const");
-        m->add(fun(&Type_Info::is_reference), "is_type_reference");
-        m->add(fun(&Type_Info::is_void), "is_type_void");
-        m->add(fun(&Type_Info::is_undef), "is_type_undef");
-        m->add(fun(&Type_Info::is_pointer), "is_type_pointer");
-        m->add(fun(&Type_Info::is_arithmetic), "is_type_arithmetic");
-        m->add(fun(&Type_Info::name), "cpp_name");
-        m->add(fun(&Type_Info::bare_name), "cpp_bare_name");
-        m->add(fun(&Type_Info::bare_equal), "bare_equal");
+        m.add(fun(&Type_Info::is_const), "is_type_const");
+        m.add(fun(&Type_Info::is_reference), "is_type_reference");
+        m.add(fun(&Type_Info::is_void), "is_type_void");
+        m.add(fun(&Type_Info::is_undef), "is_type_undef");
+        m.add(fun(&Type_Info::is_pointer), "is_type_pointer");
+        m.add(fun(&Type_Info::is_arithmetic), "is_type_arithmetic");
+        m.add(fun(&Type_Info::name), "cpp_name");
+        m.add(fun(&Type_Info::bare_name), "cpp_bare_name");
+        m.add(fun(&Type_Info::bare_equal), "bare_equal");
 
 
         basic_constructors<bool>("bool", m);
@@ -498,14 +464,14 @@ namespace chaiscript
         operators::equal<bool>(m);
         operators::not_equal<bool>(m);
 
-        m->add(fun([](const std::string &s) -> std::string { return s; }), "to_string");
-        m->add(fun(&Bootstrap::bool_to_string), "to_string");
-        m->add(fun(&unknown_assign), "=");
-        m->add(fun(&throw_exception), "throw");
-        m->add(fun(&what), "what");
+        m.add(fun([](const std::string &s) { return s; }), "to_string");
+        m.add(fun([](const bool b) { return std::string(b?"true":"false"); }), "to_string");
+        m.add(fun(&unknown_assign), "=");
+        m.add(fun([](const Boxed_Value &bv) { throw bv; }), "throw");
+
+        m.add(fun([](const char c) { return std::string(1, c); }), "to_string");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::to_string), "to_string");
 
-        m->add(fun(&to_string<char>), "to_string");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::to_string), "to_string");
         
         bootstrap_pod_type<double>("double", m);
         bootstrap_pod_type<long double>("long_double", m);
@@ -530,58 +496,71 @@ namespace chaiscript
         bootstrap_pod_type<std::uint32_t>("uint32_t", m);
         bootstrap_pod_type<std::uint64_t>("uint64_t", m);
 
+
         operators::logical_compliment<bool>(m);
 
         opers_arithmetic_pod(m);
 
         
-        m->add(fun(&print), "print_string");
-        m->add(fun(&println), "println_string");
+        m.add(fun(&Build_Info::version_major), "version_major");
+        m.add(fun(&Build_Info::version_minor), "version_minor");
+        m.add(fun(&Build_Info::version_patch), "version_patch");
+        m.add(fun(&Build_Info::version), "version");
+        m.add(fun(&Build_Info::compiler_version), "compiler_version");
+        m.add(fun(&Build_Info::compiler_name), "compiler_name");
+        m.add(fun(&Build_Info::compiler_id), "compiler_id");
+        m.add(fun(&Build_Info::debug_build), "debug_build");
 
-        m->add(dispatch::make_dynamic_proxy_function(&bind_function), "bind");
 
-        m->add(fun(&shared_ptr_unconst_clone<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base>), "clone");
-        m->add(fun(&ptr_assign<std::remove_const<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base>::type>), "=");
-        m->add(fun(&ptr_assign<std::add_const<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base>::type>), "=");
-        m->add(chaiscript::base_class<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, dispatch::Assignable_Proxy_Function>());
-        m->add(fun(
+        m.add(fun(&print), "print_string");
+        m.add(fun(&println), "println_string");
+
+        m.add(dispatch::make_dynamic_proxy_function(&bind_function), "bind");
+
+        m.add(fun(&shared_ptr_unconst_clone<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base>), "clone");
+        m.add(fun(&ptr_assign<std::remove_const<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base>::type>), "=");
+        m.add(fun(&ptr_assign<std::add_const<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base>::type>), "=");
+        m.add(chaiscript::base_class<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, dispatch::Assignable_Proxy_Function>());
+        m.add(fun(
                   [](dispatch::Assignable_Proxy_Function &t_lhs, const std::shared_ptr<const dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base> &t_rhs) {
                     t_lhs.assign(t_rhs);
                   }
                 ), "="
               );
 
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::type_match), "type_match");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Value::type_match), "type_match");
 
 
-        m->add(chaiscript::fun(&has_parse_tree), "has_parse_tree");
-        m->add(chaiscript::fun(&get_parse_tree), "get_parse_tree");
+        m.add(chaiscript::fun(&has_parse_tree), "has_parse_tree");
+        m.add(chaiscript::fun(&get_parse_tree), "get_parse_tree");
 
-        m->add(chaiscript::base_class<std::runtime_error, chaiscript::exception::eval_error>());
+        m.add(chaiscript::base_class<std::runtime_error, chaiscript::exception::eval_error>());
+        m.add(chaiscript::base_class<std::exception, chaiscript::exception::eval_error>());
 
-        m->add(chaiscript::user_type<chaiscript::exception::arithmetic_error>(), "arithmetic_error");
-        m->add(chaiscript::base_class<std::runtime_error, chaiscript::exception::arithmetic_error>());
+        m.add(chaiscript::user_type<chaiscript::exception::arithmetic_error>(), "arithmetic_error");
+        m.add(chaiscript::base_class<std::runtime_error, chaiscript::exception::arithmetic_error>());
+        m.add(chaiscript::base_class<std::exception, chaiscript::exception::arithmetic_error>());
 
 
 //        chaiscript::bootstrap::standard_library::vector_type<std::vector<std::shared_ptr<chaiscript::AST_Node> > >("AST_NodeVector", m);
 
 
-        chaiscript::utility::add_class<chaiscript::exception::eval_error>(*m,
+        chaiscript::utility::add_class<chaiscript::exception::eval_error>(m,
             "eval_error",
             { },
             { {fun(&chaiscript::exception::eval_error::reason), "reason"},
               {fun(&chaiscript::exception::eval_error::pretty_print), "pretty_print"},
-              {fun(std::function<std::vector<Boxed_Value> (const chaiscript::exception::eval_error &t_eval_error)>([](const chaiscript::exception::eval_error &t_eval_error) -> std::vector<Boxed_Value> { 
+              {fun([](const chaiscript::exception::eval_error &t_eval_error) { 
                   std::vector<Boxed_Value> retval;
                   std::transform(t_eval_error.call_stack.begin(), t_eval_error.call_stack.end(),
                                  std::back_inserter(retval),
                                  &chaiscript::var<const std::shared_ptr<const chaiscript::AST_Node> &>);
                   return retval;
-                })), "call_stack"} }
+                }), "call_stack"} }
             );
 
 
-        chaiscript::utility::add_class<chaiscript::File_Position>(*m,
+        chaiscript::utility::add_class<chaiscript::File_Position>(m,
             "File_Position",
             { constructor<File_Position()>(),
               constructor<File_Position(int, int)>() },
@@ -590,7 +569,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
             );
 
 
-        chaiscript::utility::add_class<AST_Node>(*m, 
+        chaiscript::utility::add_class<AST_Node>(m,
             "AST_Node",
             {  },
             { {fun(&AST_Node::text), "text"},
@@ -599,28 +578,17 @@ namespace chaiscript
               {fun(&AST_Node::start), "start"},
               {fun(&AST_Node::end), "end"},
               {fun(&AST_Node::to_string), "to_string"},
-              {fun(std::function<std::vector<Boxed_Value> (const chaiscript::AST_Node &t_node)>([](const chaiscript::AST_Node &t_node) -> std::vector<Boxed_Value> { 
+              {fun([](const chaiscript::AST_Node &t_node) -> std::vector<Boxed_Value> { 
                 std::vector<Boxed_Value> retval;
-                std::transform(t_node.children.begin(), t_node.children.end(),
+                const auto children = t_node.get_children();
+                std::transform(children.begin(), children.end(),
                                std::back_inserter(retval),
                                &chaiscript::var<const std::shared_ptr<chaiscript::AST_Node> &>);
                 return retval;
-              })), "children"},
-              {fun(&AST_Node::replace_child), "replace_child"}
+              }), "children"}
             }
             );
 
-
-        chaiscript::utility::add_class<parser::ChaiScript_Parser>(*m,
-            "ChaiScript_Parser",
-            { constructor<parser::ChaiScript_Parser ()>() },
-            { {fun(&parser::ChaiScript_Parser::parse), "parse"},
-              {fun(&parser::ChaiScript_Parser::ast), "ast"} }
-            );
-
-
-
-        return m;
       }
     };
   }

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bootstrap_stl.hpp

@@ -177,21 +177,19 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
         /// Add Bidir_Range support for the given ContainerType
         template<typename Bidir_Type>
-          ModulePtr input_range_type_impl(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+          void input_range_type_impl(const std::string &type, Module& m)
           {
-            m->add(user_type<Bidir_Type>(), type + "_Range");
+            m.add(user_type<Bidir_Type>(), type + "_Range");
 
             copy_constructor<Bidir_Type>(type + "_Range", m);
 
-            m->add(constructor<Bidir_Type (typename Bidir_Type::container_type &)>(), "range_internal");
+            m.add(constructor<Bidir_Type (typename Bidir_Type::container_type &)>(), "range_internal");
 
-            m->add(fun(&Bidir_Type::empty), "empty");
-            m->add(fun(&Bidir_Type::pop_front), "pop_front");
-            m->add(fun(&Bidir_Type::front), "front");
-            m->add(fun(&Bidir_Type::pop_back), "pop_back");
-            m->add(fun(&Bidir_Type::back), "back");
-
-            return m;
+            m.add(fun(&Bidir_Type::empty), "empty");
+            m.add(fun(&Bidir_Type::pop_front), "pop_front");
+            m.add(fun(&Bidir_Type::front), "front");
+            m.add(fun(&Bidir_Type::pop_back), "pop_back");
+            m.add(fun(&Bidir_Type::back), "back");
           }
 
 
@@ -230,10 +228,16 @@ namespace chaiscript
       }
 
       template<typename ContainerType>
-        ModulePtr input_range_type(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void input_range_type(const std::string &type, Module& m)
         {
           detail::input_range_type_impl<Bidir_Range<ContainerType> >(type,m);
           detail::input_range_type_impl<Const_Bidir_Range<ContainerType> >("Const_" + type, m);
+        }
+      template<typename ContainerType>
+        ModulePtr input_range_type(const std::string &type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          input_range_type<ContainerType>(type, *m);
           return m;
         }
 
@@ -241,11 +245,11 @@ namespace chaiscript
       /// Add random_access_container concept to the given ContainerType
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/RandomAccessContainer.html
       template<typename ContainerType>
-        ModulePtr random_access_container_type(const std::string &/*type*/, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void random_access_container_type(const std::string &/*type*/, Module& m)
         {
           //In the interest of runtime safety for the m, we prefer the at() method for [] access,
           //to throw an exception in an out of bounds condition.
-          m->add(
+          m.add(
               fun(
                 [](ContainerType &c, int index) -> typename ContainerType::reference {
                   /// \todo we are prefering to keep the key as 'int' to avoid runtime conversions
@@ -253,25 +257,71 @@ namespace chaiscript
                   return c.at(static_cast<typename ContainerType::size_type>(index));
                 }), "[]");
 
-          m->add(
+          m.add(
               fun(
                 [](const ContainerType &c, int index) -> typename ContainerType::const_reference {
                   /// \todo we are prefering to keep the key as 'int' to avoid runtime conversions
                   /// during dispatch. reevaluate
                   return c.at(static_cast<typename ContainerType::size_type>(index));
                 }), "[]");
-
+        }
+      template<typename ContainerType>
+        ModulePtr random_access_container_type(const std::string &type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          random_access_container_type<ContainerType>(type, *m);
           return m;
         }
 
 
+
       /// Add assignable concept to the given ContainerType
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/Assignable.html
       template<typename ContainerType>
-        ModulePtr assignable_type(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void assignable_type(const std::string &type, Module& m)
         {
           copy_constructor<ContainerType>(type, m);
           operators::assign<ContainerType>(m);
+        }
+      template<typename ContainerType>
+        ModulePtr assignable_type(const std::string &type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          assignable_type<ContainerType>(type, *m);
+          return m;
+        }
+
+
+      /// Add container resize concept to the given ContainerType
+      /// http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/stl/
+      template<typename ContainerType>
+        void resizable_type(const std::string &/*type*/, Module& m)
+        {
+          m.add(fun([](ContainerType *a, typename ContainerType::size_type n, const typename ContainerType::value_type& val) { return a->resize(n, val); } ), "resize");
+          m.add(fun([](ContainerType *a, typename ContainerType::size_type n) { return a->resize(n); } ), "resize");
+        }
+      template<typename ContainerType>
+        ModulePtr resizable_type(const std::string &type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          resizable_type<ContainerType>(type, *m);
+          return m;
+        }
+
+
+      /// Add container reserve concept to the given ContainerType
+      /// http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/stl/
+      template<typename ContainerType>
+        void reservable_type(const std::string &/*type*/, Module& m)
+        {
+          m.add(fun([](ContainerType *a, typename ContainerType::size_type n) { return a->reserve(n); } ), "reserve");
+          m.add(fun([](const ContainerType *a) { return a->capacity(); } ), "capacity");
+        }
+      template<typename ContainerType>
+        ModulePtr reservable_type(const std::string &type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          reservable_type<ContainerType>(type, *m);
           return m;
         }
 
@@ -279,11 +329,17 @@ namespace chaiscript
       /// Add container concept to the given ContainerType
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/Container.html
       template<typename ContainerType>
-        ModulePtr container_type(const std::string &/*type*/, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void container_type(const std::string &/*type*/, Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(fun([](const ContainerType *a) { return a->size(); } ), "size");
-          m->add(fun([](const ContainerType *a) { return a->empty(); } ), "empty");
-          m->add(fun([](ContainerType *a) { a->clear(); } ), "clear");
+          m.add(fun([](const ContainerType *a) { return a->size(); } ), "size");
+          m.add(fun([](const ContainerType *a) { return a->empty(); } ), "empty");
+          m.add(fun([](ContainerType *a) { a->clear(); } ), "clear");
+        }
+      template <typename ContainerType>
+        ModulePtr container_type(const std::string& type)
+      {
+        auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+        container_type<ContainerType>(type, *m);
         return m;
       }
 
@@ -291,21 +347,26 @@ namespace chaiscript
       /// Add default constructable concept to the given Type
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/DefaultConstructible.html
       template<typename Type>
-        ModulePtr default_constructible_type(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void default_constructible_type(const std::string &type, Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(constructor<Type ()>(), type);
+          m.add(constructor<Type ()>(), type);
+        }
+      template <typename Type>
+        ModulePtr default_constructible_type(const std::string& type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          default_constructible_type<Type>(type, *m);
           return m;
         }
 
 
 
-
       /// Add sequence concept to the given ContainerType
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/Sequence.html
       template<typename ContainerType>
-        ModulePtr sequence_type(const std::string &/*type*/, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void sequence_type(const std::string &/*type*/, Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(fun(&detail::insert_at<ContainerType>), 
+          m.add(fun(&detail::insert_at<ContainerType>),
               []()->std::string{
                 if (typeid(typename ContainerType::value_type) == typeid(Boxed_Value)) {
                   return "insert_ref_at";
@@ -314,27 +375,31 @@ namespace chaiscript
                 }
               }());
 
-          m->add(fun(&detail::erase_at<ContainerType>), "erase_at");
-
+          m.add(fun(&detail::erase_at<ContainerType>), "erase_at");
+        }
+      template <typename ContainerType>
+        ModulePtr sequence_type(const std::string &type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          sequence_type<ContainerType>(type, *m);
           return m;
         }
 
-
       /// Add back insertion sequence concept to the given ContainerType
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/BackInsertionSequence.html
       template<typename ContainerType>
-        ModulePtr back_insertion_sequence_type(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void back_insertion_sequence_type(const std::string &type, Module& m)
         {
           typedef typename ContainerType::reference (ContainerType::*backptr)();
 
-          m->add(fun(static_cast<backptr>(&ContainerType::back)), "back");
+          m.add(fun(static_cast<backptr>(&ContainerType::back)), "back");
 
 
           typedef void (ContainerType::*push_back)(const typename ContainerType::value_type &);
-          m->add(fun(static_cast<push_back>(&ContainerType::push_back)),
+          m.add(fun(static_cast<push_back>(&ContainerType::push_back)),
               [&]()->std::string{
               if (typeid(typename ContainerType::value_type) == typeid(Boxed_Value)) {
-                m->eval(
+                m.eval(
                     "# Pushes the second value onto the container while making a clone of the value\n"
                     "def push_back(" + type + " container, x)\n"
                     "{ \n"
@@ -353,7 +418,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
                 }
               }());
 
-          m->add(fun(&ContainerType::pop_back), "pop_back");
+          m.add(fun(&ContainerType::pop_back), "pop_back");
+        }
+      template<typename ContainerType>
+        ModulePtr back_insertion_sequence_type(const std::string &type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          back_insertion_sequence_type<ContainerType>(type, *m);
           return m;
         }
 
@@ -362,20 +433,20 @@ namespace chaiscript
       /// Front insertion sequence
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/FrontInsertionSequence.html
       template<typename ContainerType>
-        ModulePtr front_insertion_sequence_type(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void front_insertion_sequence_type(const std::string &type, Module& m)
         {
           typedef typename ContainerType::reference (ContainerType::*front_ptr)();
           typedef typename ContainerType::const_reference (ContainerType::*const_front_ptr)() const;
           typedef void (ContainerType::*push_ptr)(typename ContainerType::const_reference);
           typedef void (ContainerType::*pop_ptr)();
 
-          m->add(fun(static_cast<front_ptr>(&ContainerType::front)), "front");
-          m->add(fun(static_cast<const_front_ptr>(&ContainerType::front)), "front");
+          m.add(fun(static_cast<front_ptr>(&ContainerType::front)), "front");
+          m.add(fun(static_cast<const_front_ptr>(&ContainerType::front)), "front");
 
-          m->add(fun(static_cast<push_ptr>(&ContainerType::push_front)),
+          m.add(fun(static_cast<push_ptr>(&ContainerType::push_front)),
               [&]()->std::string{
                 if (typeid(typename ContainerType::value_type) == typeid(Boxed_Value)) {
-                  m->eval(
+                  m.eval(
                       "# Pushes the second value onto the front of container while making a clone of the value\n"
                       "def push_front(" + type + " container, x)\n"
                       "{ \n"
@@ -393,7 +464,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
                 }
               }());
 
-          m->add(fun(static_cast<pop_ptr>(&ContainerType::pop_front)), "pop_front");
+          m.add(fun(static_cast<pop_ptr>(&ContainerType::pop_front)), "pop_front");
+        }
+      template<typename ContainerType>
+        ModulePtr front_insertion_sequence_type(const std::string &type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          front_insertion_sequence_type<ContainerType>(type, *m);
           return m;
         }
 
@@ -401,20 +478,25 @@ namespace chaiscript
       /// bootstrap a given PairType
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/pair.html
       template<typename PairType>
-        ModulePtr pair_type(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void pair_type(const std::string &type, Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(user_type<PairType>(), type);
+          m.add(user_type<PairType>(), type);
 
 
           typename PairType::first_type PairType::* f = &PairType::first;
           typename PairType::second_type PairType::* s = &PairType::second;
 
-          m->add(fun(f), "first");
-          m->add(fun(s), "second");
+          m.add(fun(f), "first");
+          m.add(fun(s), "second");
 
           basic_constructors<PairType>(type, m);
-          m->add(constructor<PairType (const typename PairType::first_type &, const typename PairType::second_type &)>(), type);
-
+          m.add(constructor<PairType (const typename PairType::first_type &, const typename PairType::second_type &)>(), type);
+        }
+      template<typename PairType>
+        ModulePtr pair_type(const std::string &type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          pair_type<PairType>(type, *m);
           return m;
         }
 
@@ -424,10 +506,15 @@ namespace chaiscript
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/PairAssociativeContainer.html
 
       template<typename ContainerType>
-        ModulePtr pair_associative_container_type(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void pair_associative_container_type(const std::string &type, Module& m)
         {
           pair_type<typename ContainerType::value_type>(type + "_Pair", m);
-
+        }
+      template<typename ContainerType>
+        ModulePtr pair_associative_container_type(const std::string &type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          pair_associative_container_type<ContainerType>(type, *m);
           return m;
         }
 
@@ -435,17 +522,17 @@ namespace chaiscript
       /// Add unique associative container concept to the given ContainerType
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/UniqueAssociativeContainer.html
       template<typename ContainerType>
-        ModulePtr unique_associative_container_type(const std::string &/*type*/, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void unique_associative_container_type(const std::string &/*type*/, Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(fun(detail::count<ContainerType>), "count");
+          m.add(fun(detail::count<ContainerType>), "count");
 
           typedef size_t (ContainerType::*erase_ptr)(const typename ContainerType::key_type &);
 
-          m->add(fun(static_cast<erase_ptr>(&ContainerType::erase)), "erase");
+          m.add(fun(static_cast<erase_ptr>(&ContainerType::erase)), "erase");
 
-          m->add(fun(&detail::insert<ContainerType>), "insert");
+          m.add(fun(&detail::insert<ContainerType>), "insert");
 
-          m->add(fun(&detail::insert_ref<ContainerType>), 
+          m.add(fun(&detail::insert_ref<ContainerType>),
               []()->std::string{
                 if (typeid(typename ContainerType::mapped_type) == typeid(Boxed_Value)) {
                   return "insert_ref";
@@ -453,8 +540,12 @@ namespace chaiscript
                   return "insert";
                 }
               }());
-
-
+        }
+      template<typename ContainerType>
+        ModulePtr unique_associative_container_type(const std::string &type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          unique_associative_container_type<ContainerType>(type, *m);
           return m;
         }
 
@@ -462,21 +553,21 @@ namespace chaiscript
       /// Add a MapType container
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/Map.html
       template<typename MapType>
-        ModulePtr map_type(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void map_type(const std::string &type, Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(user_type<MapType>(), type);
+          m.add(user_type<MapType>(), type);
 
           typedef typename MapType::mapped_type &(MapType::*elem_access)(const typename MapType::key_type &);
           typedef const typename MapType::mapped_type &(MapType::*const_elem_access)(const typename MapType::key_type &) const;
 
-          m->add(fun(static_cast<elem_access>(&MapType::operator[])), "[]");
+          m.add(fun(static_cast<elem_access>(&MapType::operator[])), "[]");
 
-          m->add(fun(static_cast<elem_access>(&MapType::at)), "at");
-          m->add(fun(static_cast<const_elem_access>(&MapType::at)), "at");
+          m.add(fun(static_cast<elem_access>(&MapType::at)), "at");
+          m.add(fun(static_cast<const_elem_access>(&MapType::at)), "at");
 
           if (typeid(MapType) == typeid(std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value>))
           {
-            m->eval(R"(
+            m.eval(R"(
                     def Map::`==`(Map rhs) {
                        if ( rhs.size() != this.size() ) {
                          return false;
@@ -504,7 +595,12 @@ namespace chaiscript
           unique_associative_container_type<MapType>(type, m);
           pair_associative_container_type<MapType>(type, m);
           input_range_type<MapType>(type, m);
-
+        }
+      template<typename MapType>
+        ModulePtr map_type(const std::string &type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          map_type<MapType>(type, *m);
           return m;
         }
 
@@ -512,18 +608,24 @@ namespace chaiscript
       /// hopefully working List type
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/List.html
       template<typename ListType>
-        ModulePtr list_type(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void list_type(const std::string &type, Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(user_type<ListType>(), type);
+          m.add(user_type<ListType>(), type);
 
           front_insertion_sequence_type<ListType>(type, m);
           back_insertion_sequence_type<ListType>(type, m);
           sequence_type<ListType>(type, m);
+          resizable_type<ListType>(type, m);
           container_type<ListType>(type, m);
           default_constructible_type<ListType>(type, m);
           assignable_type<ListType>(type, m);
           input_range_type<ListType>(type, m);
-
+        }
+      template<typename ListType>
+        ModulePtr list_type(const std::string &type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          list_type<ListType>(type, m);
           return m;
         }
 
@@ -531,20 +633,22 @@ namespace chaiscript
       /// Create a vector type with associated concepts
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/Vector.html
       template<typename VectorType>
-        ModulePtr vector_type(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void vector_type(const std::string &type, Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(user_type<VectorType>(), type);
+          m.add(user_type<VectorType>(), type);
 
           typedef typename VectorType::reference (VectorType::*frontptr)();
           typedef typename VectorType::const_reference (VectorType::*constfrontptr)() const;
 
-          m->add(fun(static_cast<frontptr>(&VectorType::front)), "front");
-          m->add(fun(static_cast<constfrontptr>(&VectorType::front)), "front");
+          m.add(fun(static_cast<frontptr>(&VectorType::front)), "front");
+          m.add(fun(static_cast<constfrontptr>(&VectorType::front)), "front");
 
 
           back_insertion_sequence_type<VectorType>(type, m);
           sequence_type<VectorType>(type, m);
           random_access_container_type<VectorType>(type, m);
+          resizable_type<VectorType>(type, m);
+          reservable_type<VectorType>(type, m);
           container_type<VectorType>(type, m);
           default_constructible_type<VectorType>(type, m);
           assignable_type<VectorType>(type, m);
@@ -552,7 +656,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
           if (typeid(VectorType) == typeid(std::vector<Boxed_Value>))
           {
-            m->eval(R"(
+            m.eval(R"(
                     def Vector::`==`(Vector rhs) {
                        if ( rhs.size() != this.size() ) {
                          return false;
@@ -573,16 +677,21 @@ namespace chaiscript
                    } )"
                  );
           } 
-
+        }
+      template<typename VectorType>
+        ModulePtr vector_type(const std::string &type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          vector_type<VectorType>(type, *m);
           return m;
         }
 
       /// Add a String container
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/basic_string.html
       template<typename String>
-        ModulePtr string_type(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void string_type(const std::string &type, Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(user_type<String>(), type);
+          m.add(user_type<String>(), type);
           operators::addition<String>(m);
           operators::assign_sum<String>(m);
           opers_comparison<String>(m);
@@ -594,7 +703,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           input_range_type<String>(type, m);
 
           //Special case: add push_back to string (which doesn't support other back_insertion operations
-          m->add(fun(&String::push_back), 
+          m.add(fun(&String::push_back),
               []()->std::string{
                 if (typeid(typename String::value_type) == typeid(Boxed_Value)) {
                   return "push_back_ref";
@@ -604,21 +713,26 @@ namespace chaiscript
               }());
 
 
-          m->add(fun([](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->find(f, pos); } ), "find");
-          m->add(fun([](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->rfind(f, pos); } ), "rfind");
-          m->add(fun([](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->find_first_of(f, pos); } ), "find_first_of");
-          m->add(fun([](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->find_last_of(f, pos); } ), "find_last_of");
-          m->add(fun([](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->find_last_not_of(f, pos); } ), "find_last_not_of");
-          m->add(fun([](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->find_first_not_of(f, pos); } ), "find_first_not_of");
+          m.add(fun([](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->find(f, pos); } ), "find");
+          m.add(fun([](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->rfind(f, pos); } ), "rfind");
+          m.add(fun([](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->find_first_of(f, pos); } ), "find_first_of");
+          m.add(fun([](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->find_last_of(f, pos); } ), "find_last_of");
+          m.add(fun([](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->find_last_not_of(f, pos); } ), "find_last_not_of");
+          m.add(fun([](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->find_first_not_of(f, pos); } ), "find_first_not_of");
 
-          m->add(fun([](String *s) { s->clear(); } ), "clear");
-          m->add(fun([](const String *s) { return s->empty(); } ), "empty");
-          m->add(fun([](const String *s) { return s->size(); } ), "size");
-
-          m->add(fun([](const String *s) { return s->c_str(); } ), "c_str");
-          m->add(fun([](const String *s) { return s->data(); } ), "data");
-          m->add(fun([](const String *s, size_t pos, size_t len) { return s->substr(pos, len); } ), "substr");
+          m.add(fun([](String *s) { s->clear(); } ), "clear");
+          m.add(fun([](const String *s) { return s->empty(); } ), "empty");
+          m.add(fun([](const String *s) { return s->size(); } ), "size");
 
+          m.add(fun([](const String *s) { return s->c_str(); } ), "c_str");
+          m.add(fun([](const String *s) { return s->data(); } ), "data");
+          m.add(fun([](const String *s, size_t pos, size_t len) { return s->substr(pos, len); } ), "substr");
+        }
+      template<typename String>
+        ModulePtr string_type(const std::string &type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          string_type<String>(type, *m);
           return m;
         }
 
@@ -627,14 +741,19 @@ namespace chaiscript
       /// Add a MapType container
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/Map.html
       template<typename FutureType>
-        ModulePtr future_type(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void future_type(const std::string &type, Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(user_type<FutureType>(), type);
-
-          m->add(fun([](const FutureType &t) { return t.valid(); }), "valid");
-          m->add(fun(&FutureType::get), "get");
-          m->add(fun(&FutureType::wait), "wait");
+          m.add(user_type<FutureType>(), type);
 
+          m.add(fun([](const FutureType &t) { return t.valid(); }), "valid");
+          m.add(fun(&FutureType::get), "get");
+          m.add(fun(&FutureType::wait), "wait");
+        }
+      template<typename FutureType>
+        ModulePtr future_type(const std::string &type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          future_type<FutureType>(type, *m);
           return m;
         }
     }

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/boxed_cast.hpp

@@ -69,11 +69,11 @@ namespace chaiscript
   /// assert(i == 5);
   /// \endcode
   template<typename Type>
-  typename detail::Cast_Helper<Type>::Result_Type boxed_cast(const Boxed_Value &bv, const Type_Conversions_State *t_conversions = nullptr)
+  decltype(auto) boxed_cast(const Boxed_Value &bv, const Type_Conversions_State *t_conversions = nullptr)
   {
     if (!t_conversions || bv.get_type_info().bare_equal(user_type<Type>()) || (t_conversions && !(*t_conversions)->convertable_type<Type>())) {
       try {
-        return detail::Cast_Helper<Type>::cast(bv, t_conversions);
+        return(detail::Cast_Helper<Type>::cast(bv, t_conversions));
       } catch (const chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast &) {
       }
     }
@@ -82,21 +82,19 @@ namespace chaiscript
     if (t_conversions && (*t_conversions)->convertable_type<Type>())
     {
       try {
-        // std::cout << "trying an up conversion " << typeid(Type).name() << '\n';
         // We will not catch any bad_boxed_dynamic_cast that is thrown, let the user get it
         // either way, we are not responsible if it doesn't work
-        return detail::Cast_Helper<Type>::cast((*t_conversions)->boxed_type_conversion<Type>(t_conversions->saves(), bv), t_conversions);
+        return(detail::Cast_Helper<Type>::cast((*t_conversions)->boxed_type_conversion<Type>(t_conversions->saves(), bv), t_conversions));
       } catch (...) {
         try {
-        //  std::cout << "trying a down conversion " << typeid(Type).name() << '\n';
-          // try going the other way - down the inheritance graph
-          return detail::Cast_Helper<Type>::cast((*t_conversions)->boxed_type_down_conversion<Type>(t_conversions->saves(), bv), t_conversions);
+          // try going the other way
+          return(detail::Cast_Helper<Type>::cast((*t_conversions)->boxed_type_down_conversion<Type>(t_conversions->saves(), bv), t_conversions));
         } catch (const chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast &) {
           throw exception::bad_boxed_cast(bv.get_type_info(), typeid(Type));
         }
       }
     } else {
-      // If it's not polymorphic, just throw the error, don't waste the time on the 
+      // If it's not convertable, just throw the error, don't waste the time on the 
       // attempted dynamic_cast
       throw exception::bad_boxed_cast(bv.get_type_info(), typeid(Type));
     }

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/boxed_cast_helper.hpp

@@ -29,21 +29,50 @@ namespace chaiscript
         throw std::runtime_error("Attempted to dereference null Boxed_Value");
       }
 
+    template<typename T>
+    static const T *verify_type_no_throw(const Boxed_Value &ob, const std::type_info &ti, const T *ptr) {
+      if (ob.get_type_info() == ti) {
+        return ptr;
+      } else {
+        throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
+      }
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    static T *verify_type_no_throw(const Boxed_Value &ob, const std::type_info &ti, T *ptr) {
+      if (!ob.is_const() && ob.get_type_info() == ti) {
+        return ptr;
+      } else {
+        throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
+      }
+    }
+
+
+    template<typename T>
+    static const T *verify_type(const Boxed_Value &ob, const std::type_info &ti, const T *ptr) {
+      if (ob.get_type_info().bare_equal_type_info(ti)) {
+        return throw_if_null(ptr);
+      } else {
+        throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
+      }
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    static T *verify_type(const Boxed_Value &ob, const std::type_info &ti, T *ptr) {
+      if (!ob.is_const() && ob.get_type_info().bare_equal_type_info(ti)) {
+        return throw_if_null(ptr);
+      } else {
+        throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
+      }
+    }
+
     /// Generic Cast_Helper_Inner, for casting to any type
     template<typename Result>
       struct Cast_Helper_Inner
       {
-        typedef typename std::add_const<Result>::type Result_Type;
-
-        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions_State *)
+        static Result cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions_State *)
         {
-          if (ob.get_type_info().bare_equal_type_info(typeid(Result)))
-          {
-            auto p = throw_if_null(ob.get_const_ptr());
-            return *static_cast<const Result *>(p);
-          } else {
-            throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
-          }
+          return *static_cast<const Result *>(verify_type(ob, typeid(Result), ob.get_const_ptr()));
         }
       };
 
@@ -57,15 +86,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
     template<typename Result>
       struct Cast_Helper_Inner<const Result *>
       {
-        typedef const Result * Result_Type;
-        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions_State *)
+        static const Result * cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions_State *)
         {
-          if (ob.get_type_info().bare_equal_type_info(typeid(Result)))
-          {
-            return static_cast<const Result *>(ob.get_const_ptr());
-          } else {
-            throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
-          }
+          return static_cast<const Result *>(verify_type_no_throw(ob, typeid(Result), ob.get_const_ptr()));
         }
       };
 
@@ -73,15 +96,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
     template<typename Result>
       struct Cast_Helper_Inner<Result *>
       {
-        typedef Result * Result_Type;
-        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions_State *)
+        static Result * cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions_State *)
         {
-          if (!ob.get_type_info().is_const() && ob.get_type_info() == typeid(Result))
-          {
-            return static_cast<Result *>(ob.get_ptr());
-          } else {
-            throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
-          }
+          return static_cast<Result *>(verify_type_no_throw(ob, typeid(Result), ob.get_ptr()));
         }
       };
 
@@ -100,17 +117,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
     template<typename Result>
       struct Cast_Helper_Inner<const Result &>
       {
-        typedef const Result& Result_Type;
-
-        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions_State *)
+        static const Result & cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions_State *)
         {
-          if (ob.get_type_info().bare_equal_type_info(typeid(Result)))
-          {
-            auto p = throw_if_null(ob.get_const_ptr());
-            return *static_cast<const Result *>(p);
-          } else {
-            throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
-          }
+          return *static_cast<const Result *>(verify_type(ob, typeid(Result), ob.get_const_ptr()));
         }
       };
 
@@ -120,16 +129,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
     template<typename Result>
       struct Cast_Helper_Inner<Result &>
       {
-        typedef Result& Result_Type;
-
-        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions_State *)
+        static Result& cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions_State *)
         {
-          if (!ob.get_type_info().is_const() && ob.get_type_info().bare_equal_type_info(typeid(Result)))
-          {
-            return *(static_cast<Result *>(throw_if_null(ob.get_ptr())));
-          } else {
-            throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
-          }
+          return *static_cast<Result *>(verify_type(ob, typeid(Result), ob.get_ptr()));
         }
       };
 
@@ -137,9 +139,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
     template<typename Result>
       struct Cast_Helper_Inner<std::shared_ptr<Result> >
       {
-        typedef std::shared_ptr<Result> Result_Type;
-
-        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions_State *)
+        static auto cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions_State *)
         {
           return ob.get().cast<std::shared_ptr<Result> >();
         }
@@ -149,9 +149,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
     template<typename Result>
       struct Cast_Helper_Inner<std::shared_ptr<const Result> >
       {
-        typedef std::shared_ptr<const Result> Result_Type;
-
-        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions_State *)
+        static auto cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions_State *)
         {
           if (!ob.get_type_info().is_const())
           {
@@ -177,10 +175,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       struct Cast_Helper_Inner<std::shared_ptr<Result> &>
       {
         static_assert(!std::is_const<Result>::value, "Non-const reference to std::shared_ptr<const T> is not supported");
-
-        typedef Boxed_Value::Sentinel<Result> Result_Type;
-
-        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions_State *)
+        static auto cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions_State *)
         {
           std::shared_ptr<Result> &res = ob.get().cast<std::shared_ptr<Result> >();
           return ob.pointer_sentinel(res);
@@ -204,9 +199,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
     template<>
       struct Cast_Helper_Inner<Boxed_Value>
       {
-        typedef Boxed_Value Result_Type;
-
-        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions_State *)
+        static Boxed_Value cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions_State *)
         {
           return ob;
         }
@@ -216,9 +209,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
     template<>
       struct Cast_Helper_Inner<Boxed_Value &>
       {
-        typedef std::reference_wrapper<Boxed_Value> Result_Type;
-
-        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions_State *)
+        static std::reference_wrapper<Boxed_Value> cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions_State *)
         {
           return std::ref(const_cast<Boxed_Value &>(ob));
         }
@@ -272,11 +263,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
     template<typename T>
       struct Cast_Helper
       {
-        typedef typename Cast_Helper_Inner<T>::Result_Type Result_Type;
-
-        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions_State *t_conversions)
+        static decltype(auto) cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions_State *t_conversions)
         {
-          return Cast_Helper_Inner<T>::cast(ob, t_conversions);
+          return(Cast_Helper_Inner<T>::cast(ob, t_conversions));
         }
       };
   }

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/boxed_number.hpp

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
     {
       arithmetic_error(const std::string& reason) : std::runtime_error("Arithmetic error: " + reason) {}
       arithmetic_error(const arithmetic_error &) = default;
-      virtual ~arithmetic_error() CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT {}
+      virtual ~arithmetic_error() noexcept = default;
     };
   }
 }
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       {
       }
 
-      static CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR Common_Types get_common_type(size_t t_size, bool t_signed)
+      static constexpr Common_Types get_common_type(size_t t_size, bool t_signed)
       {
         return   (t_size == 1 && t_signed)?(Common_Types::t_int8)
                 :(t_size == 1)?(Common_Types::t_uint8)
@@ -162,17 +162,17 @@ namespace chaiscript
       {
         switch (t_oper)
         {
-          case Operators::equals:
+          case Operators::Opers::equals:
             return const_var(t == u);
-          case Operators::less_than:
+          case Operators::Opers::less_than:
             return const_var(t < u);
-          case Operators::greater_than:
+          case Operators::Opers::greater_than:
             return const_var(t > u);
-          case Operators::less_than_equal:
+          case Operators::Opers::less_than_equal:
             return const_var(t <= u);
-          case Operators::greater_than_equal:
+          case Operators::Opers::greater_than_equal:
             return const_var(t >= u);
-          case Operators::not_equal:
+          case Operators::Opers::not_equal:
             return const_var(t != u);
           default:
             throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
@@ -184,10 +184,10 @@ namespace chaiscript
       {
         switch (t_oper)
         {
-          case Operators::pre_increment:
+          case Operators::Opers::pre_increment:
             ++t;
             break;
-          case Operators::pre_decrement:
+          case Operators::Opers::pre_decrement:
             --t;
             break;
           default:
@@ -202,20 +202,20 @@ namespace chaiscript
       {
         switch (t_oper)
         {
-          case Operators::assign:
+          case Operators::Opers::assign:
             t = u;
             break;
-          case Operators::assign_product:
+          case Operators::Opers::assign_product:
             t *= u;
             break;
-          case Operators::assign_sum:
+          case Operators::Opers::assign_sum:
             t += u;
             break;
-          case Operators::assign_quotient:
+          case Operators::Opers::assign_quotient:
             check_divide_by_zero(u);
             t /= u;
             break;
-          case Operators::assign_difference:
+          case Operators::Opers::assign_difference:
             t -= u;
             break;
           default:
@@ -230,23 +230,23 @@ namespace chaiscript
       {
         switch (t_oper)
         {
-          case Operators::assign_bitwise_and:
+          case Operators::Opers::assign_bitwise_and:
             t &= u;
             break;
-          case Operators::assign_bitwise_or:
+          case Operators::Opers::assign_bitwise_or:
             t |= u;
             break;
-          case Operators::assign_shift_left:
+          case Operators::Opers::assign_shift_left:
             t <<= u;
             break;
-          case Operators::assign_shift_right:
+          case Operators::Opers::assign_shift_right:
             t >>= u;
             break;
-          case Operators::assign_remainder:
+          case Operators::Opers::assign_remainder:
             check_divide_by_zero(u);
             t %= u;
             break;
-          case Operators::assign_bitwise_xor:
+          case Operators::Opers::assign_bitwise_xor:
             t ^= u;
             break;
           default:
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       {
         switch (t_oper)
         {
-          case Operators::bitwise_complement:
+          case Operators::Opers::bitwise_complement:
             return const_var(~t);
           default:
             throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
@@ -272,18 +272,18 @@ namespace chaiscript
       {
         switch (t_oper)
         {
-          case Operators::shift_left:
+          case Operators::Opers::shift_left:
             return const_var(t << u);
-          case Operators::shift_right:
+          case Operators::Opers::shift_right:
             return const_var(t >> u);
-          case Operators::remainder:
+          case Operators::Opers::remainder:
             check_divide_by_zero(u);
             return const_var(t % u);
-          case Operators::bitwise_and:
+          case Operators::Opers::bitwise_and:
             return const_var(t & u);
-          case Operators::bitwise_or:
+          case Operators::Opers::bitwise_or:
             return const_var(t | u);
-          case Operators::bitwise_xor:
+          case Operators::Opers::bitwise_xor:
             return const_var(t ^ u);
           default:
             throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
@@ -295,9 +295,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
       {
         switch (t_oper)
         {
-          case Operators::unary_minus:
+          case Operators::Opers::unary_minus:
             return const_var(-t);
-          case Operators::unary_plus:
+          case Operators::Opers::unary_plus:
             return const_var(+t);
           default:
             throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
@@ -309,14 +309,14 @@ namespace chaiscript
       {
         switch (t_oper)
         {
-          case Operators::sum:
+          case Operators::Opers::sum:
             return const_var(t + u);
-          case Operators::quotient:
+          case Operators::Opers::quotient:
             check_divide_by_zero(u);
             return const_var(t / u);
-          case Operators::product:
+          case Operators::Opers::product:
             return const_var(t * u);
-          case Operators::difference:
+          case Operators::Opers::difference:
             return const_var(t - u);
           default:
             throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
@@ -328,16 +328,16 @@ namespace chaiscript
           -> typename std::enable_if<!std::is_floating_point<LHS>::value && !std::is_floating_point<RHS>::value, Boxed_Value>::type
       {
         typedef typename std::common_type<LHS, RHS>::type common_type;
-        if (t_oper > Operators::boolean_flag && t_oper < Operators::non_const_flag)
+        if (t_oper > Operators::Opers::boolean_flag && t_oper < Operators::Opers::non_const_flag)
         {
           return boolean_go(t_oper, get_as_aux<common_type, LHS>(t_lhs), get_as_aux<common_type, RHS>(t_rhs));
-        } else if (t_oper > Operators::non_const_flag && t_oper < Operators::non_const_int_flag && !t_lhs.is_const() && !t_lhs.is_return_value()) {
+        } else if (t_oper > Operators::Opers::non_const_flag && t_oper < Operators::Opers::non_const_int_flag && !t_lhs.is_const() && !t_lhs.is_return_value()) {
           return binary_go(t_oper, *static_cast<LHS *>(t_lhs.get_ptr()), get_as_aux<common_type, RHS>(t_rhs), t_lhs);
-        } else if (t_oper > Operators::non_const_int_flag && t_oper < Operators::const_int_flag && !t_lhs.is_const() && !t_lhs.is_return_value()) {
+        } else if (t_oper > Operators::Opers::non_const_int_flag && t_oper < Operators::Opers::const_int_flag && !t_lhs.is_const() && !t_lhs.is_return_value()) {
           return binary_int_go(t_oper, *static_cast<LHS *>(t_lhs.get_ptr()), get_as_aux<common_type, RHS>(t_rhs), t_lhs);
-        } else if (t_oper > Operators::const_int_flag && t_oper < Operators::const_flag) {
+        } else if (t_oper > Operators::Opers::const_int_flag && t_oper < Operators::Opers::const_flag) {
           return const_binary_int_go(t_oper, get_as_aux<common_type, LHS>(t_lhs), get_as_aux<common_type, RHS>(t_rhs));
-        } else if (t_oper > Operators::const_flag) {
+        } else if (t_oper > Operators::Opers::const_flag) {
           return const_binary_go(t_oper, get_as_aux<common_type, LHS>(t_lhs), get_as_aux<common_type, RHS>(t_rhs));
         } else {
           throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
@@ -349,12 +349,12 @@ namespace chaiscript
           -> typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<LHS>::value || std::is_floating_point<RHS>::value, Boxed_Value>::type
       {
         typedef typename std::common_type<LHS, RHS>::type common_type;
-        if (t_oper > Operators::boolean_flag && t_oper < Operators::non_const_flag)
+        if (t_oper > Operators::Opers::boolean_flag && t_oper < Operators::Opers::non_const_flag)
         {
           return boolean_go(t_oper, get_as_aux<common_type, LHS>(t_lhs), get_as_aux<common_type, RHS>(t_rhs));
-        } else if (t_oper > Operators::non_const_flag && t_oper < Operators::non_const_int_flag && !t_lhs.is_const() && !t_lhs.is_return_value()) {
+        } else if (t_oper > Operators::Opers::non_const_flag && t_oper < Operators::Opers::non_const_int_flag && !t_lhs.is_const() && !t_lhs.is_return_value()) {
           return binary_go(t_oper, *static_cast<LHS *>(t_lhs.get_ptr()), get_as_aux<common_type, RHS>(t_rhs), t_lhs);
-        } else if (t_oper > Operators::const_flag) {
+        } else if (t_oper > Operators::Opers::const_flag) {
           return const_binary_go(t_oper, get_as_aux<common_type, LHS>(t_lhs), get_as_aux<common_type, RHS>(t_rhs));
         } else {
           throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
@@ -366,11 +366,11 @@ namespace chaiscript
       static auto go(Operators::Opers t_oper, const Boxed_Value &t_lhs)
           -> typename std::enable_if<!std::is_floating_point<LHS>::value, Boxed_Value>::type
       {
-        if (t_oper > Operators::non_const_flag && t_oper < Operators::non_const_int_flag && !t_lhs.is_const() && !t_lhs.is_return_value()) {
+        if (t_oper > Operators::Opers::non_const_flag && t_oper < Operators::Opers::non_const_int_flag && !t_lhs.is_const() && !t_lhs.is_return_value()) {
           return unary_go(t_oper, *static_cast<LHS *>(t_lhs.get_ptr()), t_lhs);
-        } else if (t_oper > Operators::const_int_flag && t_oper < Operators::const_flag) {
+        } else if (t_oper > Operators::Opers::const_int_flag && t_oper < Operators::Opers::const_flag) {
           return const_unary_int_go(t_oper, *static_cast<const LHS *>(t_lhs.get_const_ptr()));
-        } else if (t_oper > Operators::const_flag) {
+        } else if (t_oper > Operators::Opers::const_flag) {
           return const_unary_go(t_oper, *static_cast<const LHS *>(t_lhs.get_const_ptr()));
         } else {
           throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
@@ -381,9 +381,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
       static auto go(Operators::Opers t_oper, const Boxed_Value &t_lhs) 
           -> typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<LHS>::value, Boxed_Value>::type
       {
-        if (t_oper > Operators::non_const_flag && t_oper < Operators::non_const_int_flag && !t_lhs.is_const() && !t_lhs.is_return_value()) {
+        if (t_oper > Operators::Opers::non_const_flag && t_oper < Operators::Opers::non_const_int_flag && !t_lhs.is_const() && !t_lhs.is_return_value()) {
           return unary_go(t_oper, *static_cast<LHS *>(t_lhs.get_ptr()), t_lhs);
-        } else if (t_oper > Operators::const_flag) {
+        } else if (t_oper > Operators::Opers::const_flag) {
           return const_unary_go(t_oper, *static_cast<const LHS *>(t_lhs.get_const_ptr()));
         } else {
           throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
@@ -502,18 +502,15 @@ namespace chaiscript
       {
       }
 
-      Boxed_Number(Boxed_Value v)
+      explicit Boxed_Number(Boxed_Value v)
         : bv(std::move(v))
       {
         validate_boxed_number(bv);
       }
 
       Boxed_Number(const Boxed_Number &) = default;
-
-#if !defined(_MSC_VER) || _MSC_VER  != 1800
       Boxed_Number(Boxed_Number &&) = default;
       Boxed_Number& operator=(Boxed_Number &&) = default;
-#endif
 
       template<typename T> explicit Boxed_Number(T t)
         : bv(Boxed_Value(t))
@@ -648,71 +645,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
         throw chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast();
       }
 
-      bool operator==(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) const
-      {
-        return boxed_cast<bool>(oper(Operators::equals, this->bv, t_rhs.bv));
-      }
-
-      bool operator<(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) const
-      {
-        return boxed_cast<bool>(oper(Operators::less_than, this->bv, t_rhs.bv));
-      }
-
-      bool operator>(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) const
-      {
-        return boxed_cast<bool>(oper(Operators::greater_than, this->bv, t_rhs.bv));
-      }
-
-      bool operator>=(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) const
-      {
-        return boxed_cast<bool>(oper(Operators::greater_than_equal, this->bv, t_rhs.bv));
-      }
-
-      bool operator<=(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) const
-      {
-        return boxed_cast<bool>(oper(Operators::less_than_equal, this->bv, t_rhs.bv));
-      }
-
-      bool operator!=(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) const
-      {
-        return boxed_cast<bool>(oper(Operators::not_equal, this->bv, t_rhs.bv));
-      }
-
-      Boxed_Number operator--()
-      {
-        return oper(Operators::pre_decrement, this->bv);
-      }
-
-      Boxed_Number operator++() 
-      {
-        return oper(Operators::pre_increment, this->bv);
-      }
-
-      Boxed_Number operator+(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) const
-      {
-        return oper(Operators::sum, this->bv, t_rhs.bv);
-      }
-
-      Boxed_Number operator+() const
-      {
-        return oper(Operators::unary_plus, this->bv);
-      }
-
-      Boxed_Number operator-() const
-      {
-        return oper(Operators::unary_minus, this->bv);
-      }
-
-      Boxed_Number operator-(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) const
-      {
-        return oper(Operators::difference, this->bv, t_rhs.bv);
-      }
-
-      Boxed_Number operator&=(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs)
-      {
-        return oper(Operators::assign_bitwise_and, this->bv, t_rhs.bv);
-      }
-
       static void validate_boxed_number(const Boxed_Value &v)
       {
         const Type_Info &inp_ = v.get_type_info();
@@ -727,266 +659,165 @@ namespace chaiscript
         }
       }
 
-      // cppcheck-suppress operatorEq
-      Boxed_Number operator=(const Boxed_Value &v)
-      {
-        validate_boxed_number(v);
-        bv = v;
-        return *this;
-      }
-
-      // cppcheck-suppress operatorEq
-      Boxed_Number operator=(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) const
-      {
-        return oper(Operators::assign, this->bv, t_rhs.bv);
-      }
-
-      Boxed_Number operator|=(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs)
-      {
-        return oper(Operators::assign_bitwise_or, this->bv, t_rhs.bv);
-      }
-
-      Boxed_Number operator^=(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs)
-      {
-        return oper(Operators::assign_bitwise_xor, this->bv, t_rhs.bv);
-      }
-
-      Boxed_Number operator%=(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs)
-      {
-        return oper(Operators::assign_remainder, this->bv, t_rhs.bv);
-      }
-
-      Boxed_Number operator<<=(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs)
-      {
-        return oper(Operators::assign_shift_left, this->bv, t_rhs.bv);
-      }
-
-      Boxed_Number operator>>=(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs)
-      {
-        return oper(Operators::assign_shift_right, this->bv, t_rhs.bv);
-      }
-
-      Boxed_Number operator&(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) const
-      {
-        return oper(Operators::bitwise_and, this->bv, t_rhs.bv);
-      }
-
-      Boxed_Number operator~() const
-      {
-        return oper(Operators::bitwise_complement, this->bv);
-      }
-
-      Boxed_Number operator^(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) const
-      {
-        return oper(Operators::bitwise_xor, this->bv, t_rhs.bv);
-      }
-
-      Boxed_Number operator|(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) const
-      {
-        return oper(Operators::bitwise_or, this->bv, t_rhs.bv);
-      }
-
-      Boxed_Number operator*=(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) 
-      {
-        return oper(Operators::assign_product, this->bv, t_rhs.bv);
-      }
-      Boxed_Number operator/=(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs)
-      {
-        return oper(Operators::assign_quotient, this->bv, t_rhs.bv);
-      }
-      Boxed_Number operator+=(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs)
-      {
-        return oper(Operators::assign_sum, this->bv, t_rhs.bv);
-      }
-      Boxed_Number operator-=(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs)
-      {
-        return oper(Operators::assign_difference, this->bv, t_rhs.bv);
-      }
-
-      Boxed_Number operator/(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) const
-      {
-        return oper(Operators::quotient, this->bv, t_rhs.bv);
-      }
-
-      Boxed_Number operator<<(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) const
-      {
-        return oper(Operators::shift_left, this->bv, t_rhs.bv);
-      }
-
-      Boxed_Number operator*(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) const
-      {
-        return oper(Operators::product, this->bv, t_rhs.bv);
-      }
-
-      Boxed_Number operator%(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) const
-      {
-        return oper(Operators::remainder, this->bv, t_rhs.bv);
-      }
-
-      Boxed_Number operator>>(const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) const
-      {
-        return oper(Operators::shift_right, this->bv, t_rhs.bv);
-      }
-
 
 
       static bool equals(const Boxed_Number &t_lhs, const Boxed_Number &t_rhs)
       {
-        return boxed_cast<bool>(oper(Operators::equals, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
+        return boxed_cast<bool>(oper(Operators::Opers::equals, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
       }
 
       static bool less_than(const Boxed_Number &t_lhs, const Boxed_Number &t_rhs)
       {
-        return boxed_cast<bool>(oper(Operators::less_than, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
+        return boxed_cast<bool>(oper(Operators::Opers::less_than, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
       }
 
       static bool greater_than(const Boxed_Number &t_lhs, const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) 
       {
-        return boxed_cast<bool>(oper(Operators::greater_than, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
+        return boxed_cast<bool>(oper(Operators::Opers::greater_than, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
       }
 
       static bool greater_than_equal(const Boxed_Number &t_lhs, const Boxed_Number &t_rhs)
       {
-        return boxed_cast<bool>(oper(Operators::greater_than_equal, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
+        return boxed_cast<bool>(oper(Operators::Opers::greater_than_equal, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
       }
 
       static bool less_than_equal(const Boxed_Number &t_lhs, const Boxed_Number &t_rhs)
       {
-        return boxed_cast<bool>(oper(Operators::less_than_equal, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
+        return boxed_cast<bool>(oper(Operators::Opers::less_than_equal, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
       }
 
       static bool not_equal(const Boxed_Number &t_lhs, const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) 
       {
-        return boxed_cast<bool>(oper(Operators::not_equal, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
+        return boxed_cast<bool>(oper(Operators::Opers::not_equal, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
       }
 
       static Boxed_Number pre_decrement(Boxed_Number t_lhs)
       {
-        return oper(Operators::pre_decrement, t_lhs.bv);
+        return Boxed_Number(oper(Operators::Opers::pre_decrement, t_lhs.bv));
       }
 
       static Boxed_Number pre_increment(Boxed_Number t_lhs) 
       {
-        return oper(Operators::pre_increment, t_lhs.bv);
+        return Boxed_Number(oper(Operators::Opers::pre_increment, t_lhs.bv));
       }
 
       static const Boxed_Number sum(const Boxed_Number &t_lhs, const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) 
       {
-        return oper(Operators::sum, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv);
+        return Boxed_Number(oper(Operators::Opers::sum, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
       }
 
       static const Boxed_Number unary_plus(const Boxed_Number &t_lhs) 
       {
-        return oper(Operators::unary_plus, t_lhs.bv);
+        return Boxed_Number(oper(Operators::Opers::unary_plus, t_lhs.bv));
       }
 
       static const Boxed_Number unary_minus(const Boxed_Number &t_lhs)
       {
-        return oper(Operators::unary_minus, t_lhs.bv);
+        return Boxed_Number(oper(Operators::Opers::unary_minus, t_lhs.bv));
       }
 
       static const Boxed_Number difference(const Boxed_Number &t_lhs, const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) 
       {
-        return oper(Operators::difference, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv);
+        return Boxed_Number(oper(Operators::Opers::difference, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
       }
 
       static Boxed_Number assign_bitwise_and(Boxed_Number t_lhs, const Boxed_Number &t_rhs)
       {
-        return oper(Operators::assign_bitwise_and, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv);
+        return Boxed_Number(oper(Operators::Opers::assign_bitwise_and, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
       }
 
       static Boxed_Number assign(Boxed_Number t_lhs, const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) 
       {
-        return oper(Operators::assign, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv);
+        return Boxed_Number(oper(Operators::Opers::assign, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
       }
 
       static Boxed_Number assign_bitwise_or(Boxed_Number t_lhs, const Boxed_Number &t_rhs)
       {
-        return oper(Operators::assign_bitwise_or, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv);
+        return Boxed_Number(oper(Operators::Opers::assign_bitwise_or, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
       }
 
       static Boxed_Number assign_bitwise_xor(Boxed_Number t_lhs, const Boxed_Number &t_rhs)
       {
-        return oper(Operators::assign_bitwise_xor, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv);
+        return Boxed_Number(oper(Operators::Opers::assign_bitwise_xor, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
       }
 
       static Boxed_Number assign_remainder(Boxed_Number t_lhs, const Boxed_Number &t_rhs)
       {
-        return oper(Operators::assign_remainder, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv);
+        return Boxed_Number(oper(Operators::Opers::assign_remainder, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
       }
 
       static Boxed_Number assign_shift_left(Boxed_Number t_lhs, const Boxed_Number &t_rhs)
       {
-        return oper(Operators::assign_shift_left, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv);
+        return Boxed_Number(oper(Operators::Opers::assign_shift_left, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
       }
 
       static Boxed_Number assign_shift_right(Boxed_Number t_lhs, const Boxed_Number &t_rhs)
       {
-        return oper(Operators::assign_shift_right, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv);
+        return Boxed_Number(oper(Operators::Opers::assign_shift_right, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
       }
 
       static const Boxed_Number bitwise_and(const Boxed_Number &t_lhs, const Boxed_Number &t_rhs)
       {
-        return oper(Operators::bitwise_and, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv);
+        return Boxed_Number(oper(Operators::Opers::bitwise_and, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
       }
 
       static const Boxed_Number bitwise_complement(const Boxed_Number &t_lhs)
       {
-        return oper(Operators::bitwise_complement, t_lhs.bv, Boxed_Value(0));
+        return Boxed_Number(oper(Operators::Opers::bitwise_complement, t_lhs.bv, Boxed_Value(0)));
       }
 
       static const Boxed_Number bitwise_xor(const Boxed_Number &t_lhs, const Boxed_Number &t_rhs)
       {
-        return oper(Operators::bitwise_xor, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv);
+        return Boxed_Number(oper(Operators::Opers::bitwise_xor, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
       }
 
       static const Boxed_Number bitwise_or(const Boxed_Number &t_lhs, const Boxed_Number &t_rhs)
       {
-        return oper(Operators::bitwise_or, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv);
+        return Boxed_Number(oper(Operators::Opers::bitwise_or, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
       }
 
       static Boxed_Number assign_product(Boxed_Number t_lhs, const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) 
       {
-        return oper(Operators::assign_product, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv);
+        return Boxed_Number(oper(Operators::Opers::assign_product, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
       }
 
       static Boxed_Number assign_quotient(Boxed_Number t_lhs, const Boxed_Number &t_rhs)
       {
-        return oper(Operators::assign_quotient, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv);
+        return Boxed_Number(oper(Operators::Opers::assign_quotient, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
       }
 
       static Boxed_Number assign_sum(Boxed_Number t_lhs, const Boxed_Number &t_rhs)
       {
-        return oper(Operators::assign_sum, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv);
+        return Boxed_Number(oper(Operators::Opers::assign_sum, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
       }
       static Boxed_Number assign_difference(Boxed_Number t_lhs, const Boxed_Number &t_rhs)
       {
-        return oper(Operators::assign_difference, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv);
+        return Boxed_Number(oper(Operators::Opers::assign_difference, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
       }
 
       static const Boxed_Number quotient(const Boxed_Number &t_lhs, const Boxed_Number &t_rhs) 
       {
-        return oper(Operators::quotient, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv);
+        return Boxed_Number(oper(Operators::Opers::quotient, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
       }
 
       static const Boxed_Number shift_left(const Boxed_Number &t_lhs, const Boxed_Number &t_rhs)
       {
-        return oper(Operators::shift_left, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv);
+        return Boxed_Number(oper(Operators::Opers::shift_left, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
       }
 
       static const Boxed_Number product(const Boxed_Number &t_lhs, const Boxed_Number &t_rhs)
       {
-        return oper(Operators::product, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv);
+        return Boxed_Number(oper(Operators::Opers::product, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
       }
 
       static const Boxed_Number remainder(const Boxed_Number &t_lhs, const Boxed_Number &t_rhs)
       {
-        return oper(Operators::remainder, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv);
+        return Boxed_Number(oper(Operators::Opers::remainder, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
       }
 
       static const Boxed_Number shift_right(const Boxed_Number &t_lhs, const Boxed_Number &t_rhs)
       {
-        return oper(Operators::shift_right, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv);
+        return Boxed_Number(oper(Operators::Opers::shift_right, t_lhs.bv, t_rhs.bv));
       }
 
 
@@ -1012,9 +843,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
     template<>
       struct Cast_Helper<Boxed_Number>
       {
-        typedef Boxed_Number Result_Type;
-
-        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions_State *)
+        static Boxed_Number cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions_State *)
         {
           return Boxed_Number(ob);
         }

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/boxed_value.hpp

@@ -62,10 +62,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
         Data(const Data &) = delete;
 
-#if !defined(__APPLE__) && (!defined(_MSC_VER) || _MSC_VER != 1800)
         Data(Data &&) = default;
         Data &operator=(Data &&rhs) = default;
-#endif
 
 
         Type_Info m_type_info;
@@ -189,11 +187,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
       {
       }
 
-#if !defined(_MSC_VER) || _MSC_VER != 1800
       Boxed_Value(Boxed_Value&&) = default;
       Boxed_Value& operator=(Boxed_Value&&) = default;
-#endif
-
       Boxed_Value(const Boxed_Value&) = default;
       Boxed_Value& operator=(const Boxed_Value&) = default;
 
@@ -210,31 +205,34 @@ namespace chaiscript
         return *this;
       }
 
-      const Type_Info &get_type_info() const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+      const Type_Info &get_type_info() const noexcept
       {
         return m_data->m_type_info;
       }
 
       /// return true if the object is uninitialized
-      bool is_undef() const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+      bool is_undef() const noexcept
       {
         return m_data->m_type_info.is_undef();
       }
 
-      bool is_const() const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+      bool is_const() const noexcept
       {
         return m_data->m_type_info.is_const();
       }
 
-      bool is_type(const Type_Info &ti) const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+      bool is_type(const Type_Info &ti) const noexcept
       {
         return m_data->m_type_info.bare_equal(ti);
       }
 
+
       template<typename T>
+      auto pointer_sentinel(std::shared_ptr<T> &ptr) const
+      {
         struct Sentinel {
-        Sentinel(std::shared_ptr<T> &ptr, Data &data)
-          : m_ptr(ptr), m_data(data)
+          Sentinel(std::shared_ptr<T> &t_ptr, Data &data)
+            : m_ptr(t_ptr), m_data(data)
           {
           }
 
@@ -245,16 +243,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
             m_data.get().m_const_data_ptr = m_ptr.get().get();
           }
 
-        Sentinel& operator=(Sentinel&&s) {
-          m_ptr = std::move(s.m_ptr);
-          m_data = std::move(s.m_data);
-        }
-
-        Sentinel(Sentinel &&s)
-          : m_ptr(std::move(s.m_ptr)),
-            m_data(std::move(s.m_data))
-        {
-        }
+          Sentinel& operator=(Sentinel&&s) = default;
+          Sentinel(Sentinel &&s) = default;
 
           operator std::shared_ptr<T>&() const
           {
@@ -268,49 +258,45 @@ namespace chaiscript
           std::reference_wrapper<Data> m_data;
         };
 
-
-      template<typename T>
-      Sentinel<T> pointer_sentinel(std::shared_ptr<T> &ptr) const
-      {
-        return Sentinel<T>(ptr, *(m_data.get()));
+        return Sentinel(ptr, *(m_data.get()));
       }
 
-      bool is_null() const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+      bool is_null() const noexcept
       {
         return (m_data->m_data_ptr == nullptr && m_data->m_const_data_ptr == nullptr);
       }
 
-      const chaiscript::detail::Any & get() const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+      const chaiscript::detail::Any & get() const noexcept
       {
         return m_data->m_obj;
       }
 
-      bool is_ref() const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+      bool is_ref() const noexcept
       {
         return m_data->m_is_ref;
       }
 
-      bool is_return_value() const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+      bool is_return_value() const noexcept
       {
         return m_data->m_return_value;
       }
 
-      void reset_return_value() const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+      void reset_return_value() const noexcept
       {
         m_data->m_return_value = false;
       }
 
-      bool is_pointer() const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+      bool is_pointer() const noexcept
       {
         return !is_ref();
       }
 
-      void *get_ptr() const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+      void *get_ptr() const noexcept
       {
         return m_data->m_data_ptr;
       }
 
-      const void *get_const_ptr() const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+      const void *get_const_ptr() const noexcept
       {
         return m_data->m_const_data_ptr;
       }
@@ -350,7 +336,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
 
       /// \returns true if the two Boxed_Values share the same internal type
-      static bool type_match(const Boxed_Value &l, const Boxed_Value &r) CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+      static bool type_match(const Boxed_Value &l, const Boxed_Value &r) noexcept
       {
         return l.get_type_info() == r.get_type_info();
       }
@@ -460,10 +446,14 @@ namespace chaiscript
       return detail::const_var_impl(t);
     }
 
-#ifdef CHAISCRIPT_HAS_MAGIC_STATICS
+  inline Boxed_Value void_var() {
+    static const auto v = Boxed_Value(Boxed_Value::Void_Type());
+    return v;
+  }
+
   inline Boxed_Value const_var(bool b) {
-    static auto t = detail::const_var_impl(true);
-    static auto f = detail::const_var_impl(false);
+    static const auto t = detail::const_var_impl(true);
+    static const auto f = detail::const_var_impl(false);
 
     if (b) {
       return t;
@@ -471,7 +461,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
       return f;
     }
   }
-#endif
 
 }
 

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/dispatchkit.hpp

@@ -37,6 +37,9 @@ class Boxed_Number;
 }  // namespace chaiscript
 
 namespace chaiscript {
+  namespace parser {
+    class ChaiScript_Parser_Base;
+  }
 namespace dispatch {
 class Dynamic_Proxy_Function;
 class Proxy_Function_Base;
@@ -45,6 +48,7 @@ struct Placeholder_Object;
 }  // namespace chaiscript
 
 
+
 /// \namespace chaiscript::dispatch
 /// \brief Classes and functions specific to the runtime dispatch side of ChaiScript. Some items may be of use to the end user.
 
@@ -56,14 +60,14 @@ namespace chaiscript
     class reserved_word_error : public std::runtime_error
     {
       public:
-        reserved_word_error(const std::string &t_word) CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+        explicit reserved_word_error(const std::string &t_word) noexcept
           : std::runtime_error("Reserved word not allowed in object name: " + t_word), m_word(t_word)
         {
         }
 
         reserved_word_error(const reserved_word_error &) = default;
 
-        virtual ~reserved_word_error() CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT {}
+        virtual ~reserved_word_error() noexcept = default;
 
         std::string word() const
         {
@@ -78,14 +82,14 @@ namespace chaiscript
     class illegal_name_error : public std::runtime_error
     {
       public:
-        illegal_name_error(const std::string &t_name) CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+        explicit illegal_name_error(const std::string &t_name) noexcept
           : std::runtime_error("Reserved name not allowed in object name: " + t_name), m_name(t_name)
         {
         }
 
         illegal_name_error(const illegal_name_error &) = default;
 
-        virtual ~illegal_name_error() CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT {}
+        virtual ~illegal_name_error() noexcept = default;
 
         std::string name() const
         {
@@ -101,14 +105,14 @@ namespace chaiscript
     class name_conflict_error : public std::runtime_error
     {
       public:
-        name_conflict_error(const std::string &t_name) CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+        explicit name_conflict_error(const std::string &t_name) noexcept
           : std::runtime_error("Name already exists in current context " + t_name), m_name(t_name)
         {
         }
 
         name_conflict_error(const name_conflict_error &) = default;
 
-        virtual ~name_conflict_error() CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT {}
+        virtual ~name_conflict_error() noexcept = default;
 
         std::string name() const
         {
@@ -125,13 +129,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
     class global_non_const : public std::runtime_error
     {
       public:
-        global_non_const() CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+        global_non_const() noexcept
           : std::runtime_error("a global object must be const")
         {
         }
 
         global_non_const(const global_non_const &) = default;
-        virtual ~global_non_const() CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT {}
+        virtual ~global_non_const() noexcept = default;
     };
   }
 
@@ -178,12 +182,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
         return *this;
       }
 
-      Module &add(const std::shared_ptr<Module> &m)
-      {
-        m->apply(*this, *this);
-        return *m;
-      }
-
       template<typename Eval, typename Engine>
         void apply(Eval &t_eval, Engine &t_engine) const
         {
@@ -194,30 +192,28 @@ namespace chaiscript
           apply_globals(m_globals.begin(), m_globals.end(), t_engine);
         }
 
-      ~Module()
-      {
-      }
-
       bool has_function(const Proxy_Function &new_f, const std::string &name)
       {
-        return std::any_of(m_funcs.begin(), m_funcs.end(), [&](const std::pair<Proxy_Function, std::string> &existing_f) {
+        return std::any_of(m_funcs.begin(), m_funcs.end(), 
+            [&](const std::pair<Proxy_Function, std::string> &existing_f) {
               return existing_f.second == name && *(existing_f.first) == *(new_f);
-          });
+            }
+          );
       }
       
 
     private:
-      std::vector<std::pair<Type_Info, std::string> > m_typeinfos;
-      std::vector<std::pair<Proxy_Function, std::string> > m_funcs;
-      std::vector<std::pair<Boxed_Value, std::string> > m_globals;
+      std::vector<std::pair<Type_Info, std::string>> m_typeinfos;
+      std::vector<std::pair<Proxy_Function, std::string>> m_funcs;
+      std::vector<std::pair<Boxed_Value, std::string>> m_globals;
       std::vector<std::string> m_evals;
       std::vector<Type_Conversion> m_conversions;
 
       template<typename T, typename InItr>
         static void apply(InItr begin, const InItr end, T &t) 
         {
-          for_each(begin, end, [&t](typename std::iterator_traits<InItr>::reference obj)
-              {
+          for_each(begin, end, 
+              [&t](const auto &obj) {
                 try {
                   t.add(obj.first, obj.second);
                 } catch (const chaiscript::exception::name_conflict_error &) {
@@ -267,7 +263,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
     /// A Proxy_Function implementation that is able to take
     /// a vector of Proxy_Functions and perform a dispatch on them. It is 
     /// used specifically in the case of dealing with Function object variables
-    class Dispatch_Function : public dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base
+    class Dispatch_Function final : public dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base
     {
       public:
         Dispatch_Function(std::vector<Proxy_Function> t_funcs)
@@ -276,7 +272,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         {
         }
 
-        virtual bool operator==(const dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base &rhs) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        bool operator==(const dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base &rhs) const override
         {
           try {
             const auto &dispatch_fun = dynamic_cast<const Dispatch_Function &>(rhs);
@@ -286,9 +282,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           }
         }
 
-        virtual ~Dispatch_Function() {}
-
-        virtual std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function> get_contained_functions() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function> get_contained_functions() const override
         {
           return std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function>(m_funcs.begin(), m_funcs.end());
         }
@@ -314,19 +308,14 @@ namespace chaiscript
           return arity;
         }
 
-        virtual bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const override
         {
-          return std::any_of(m_funcs.cbegin(), m_funcs.cend(),
+          return std::any_of(std::begin(m_funcs), std::end(m_funcs),
                              [&vals, &t_conversions](const Proxy_Function &f){ return f->call_match(vals, t_conversions); });
         }
 
-        virtual std::string annotation() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
-        {
-          return "Multiple method dispatch function wrapper.";
-        }
-
       protected:
-        virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const override
         {
           return dispatch::dispatch(m_funcs, params, t_conversions);
         }
@@ -391,7 +380,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
       typedef std::vector<Scope> StackData;
 
       Stack_Holder()
-        : call_depth(0)
       {
         stacks.reserve(2);
         stacks.emplace_back(1);
@@ -402,7 +390,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       std::vector<StackData> stacks;
 
       std::vector<std::vector<Boxed_Value>> call_params;
-      int call_depth;
+      int call_depth = 0;
     };
 
     /// Main class for the dispatchkit. Handles management
@@ -422,28 +410,24 @@ namespace chaiscript
           std::vector<std::pair<std::string, Boxed_Value>> m_boxed_functions;
           std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value> m_global_objects;
           Type_Name_Map m_types;
-          std::set<std::string> m_reserved_words;
-
-          State &operator=(const State &) = default;
-          State() = default;
-          State(const State &) = default;
+          std::set<std::string> m_reserved_words 
+            = {"def", "fun", "while", "for", "if", "else", "&&", "||", ",", "auto", 
+               "return", "break", "true", "false", "class", "attr", "var", "global", "GLOBAL", "_"};
         };
 
-        Dispatch_Engine()
-          : m_stack_holder(this)
-        {
-        }
+        Dispatch_Engine(chaiscript::parser::ChaiScript_Parser_Base &parser)
+          : m_stack_holder(this),
+            m_parser(parser)
 
-        ~Dispatch_Engine()
         {
         }
 
         /// \brief casts an object while applying any Dynamic_Conversion available
         template<typename Type>
-          typename detail::Cast_Helper<Type>::Result_Type boxed_cast(const Boxed_Value &bv) const
+          decltype(auto) boxed_cast(const Boxed_Value &bv) const
           {
             Type_Conversions_State state(m_conversions, m_conversions.conversion_saves());
-            return chaiscript::boxed_cast<Type>(bv, &state);
+            return(chaiscript::boxed_cast<Type>(bv, &state));
           }
 
         /// Add a new conversion for upcasting to a base class
@@ -602,12 +586,10 @@ namespace chaiscript
         {
           t_holder.call_params.pop_back();
           StackData &stack = get_stack_data(t_holder);
-          if (stack.size() > 1)
-          {
+
+          assert(!stack.empty());
+
           stack.pop_back();
-          } else {
-            throw std::range_error("Unable to pop global stack");
-          }
         }
 
 
@@ -626,7 +608,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         /// Searches the current stack for an object of the given name
         /// includes a special overload for the _ place holder object to
         /// ensure that it is always in scope.
-        Boxed_Value get_object(const std::string &name, std::atomic_uint_fast32_t &t_loc) const
+        Boxed_Value get_object(const std::string &name, std::atomic_uint_fast32_t &t_loc, Stack_Holder &t_holder) const
         {
           enum class Loc : uint_fast32_t {
             located    = 0x80000000,
@@ -639,7 +621,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
           if (loc == 0)
           {
-            auto &stack = get_stack_data();
+            auto &stack = get_stack_data(t_holder);
 
             // Is it in the stack?
             for (auto stack_elem = stack.rbegin(); stack_elem != stack.rend(); ++stack_elem)
@@ -658,7 +640,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
             t_loc = static_cast<uint_fast32_t>(Loc::located);
           } else if (loc & static_cast<uint_fast32_t>(Loc::is_local)) {
-            auto &stack = get_stack_data();
+            auto &stack = get_stack_data(t_holder);
 
             return stack[stack.size() - 1 - ((loc & static_cast<uint_fast32_t>(Loc::stack_mask)) >> 16)][loc & static_cast<uint_fast32_t>(Loc::loc_mask)].second;
           }
@@ -898,12 +880,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
           return rets;
         }
 
-        void add_reserved_word(const std::string &name)
-        {
-          chaiscript::detail::threading::unique_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l(m_mutex);
-
-          m_state.m_reserved_words.insert(name);
-        }
 
         const Type_Conversions &conversions() const
         {
@@ -917,15 +893,12 @@ namespace chaiscript
             return false;
           }
 
-          for (const auto &fun : t_funs) {
-            if (fun->is_attribute_function()) {
-              if (fun->compare_first_type(t_params[0], t_conversions)) {
-                return true;
-              }
-            }
+          return std::any_of(std::begin(t_funs), std::end(t_funs),
+              [&](const auto &fun) {
+                return fun->is_attribute_function() && fun->compare_first_type(t_params[0], t_conversions);
               }
+            );
 
-          return false;
         }
 
 #ifdef CHAISCRIPT_MSVC
@@ -1073,11 +1046,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         void dump_function(const std::pair<const std::string, Proxy_Function > &f) const
         {
           std::vector<Type_Info> params = f.second->get_param_types();
-          std::string annotation = f.second->annotation();
 
-          if (annotation.size() > 0) {
-            std::cout << annotation;
-          }
           dump_type(params.front());
           std::cout << " " << f.first << "(";
 
@@ -1109,7 +1078,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           const Const_Proxy_Function &f = this->boxed_cast<Const_Proxy_Function>(params[0]);
           const Type_Conversions_State convs(m_conversions, m_conversions.conversion_saves());
 
-          return Boxed_Value(f->call_match(std::vector<Boxed_Value>(params.begin() + 1, params.end()), convs));
+          return const_var(f->call_match(std::vector<Boxed_Value>(params.begin() + 1, params.end()), convs));
         }
 
         /// Dump all system info to stdout
@@ -1268,6 +1237,11 @@ namespace chaiscript
           return m_stack_holder->stacks.back();
         }
 
+        parser::ChaiScript_Parser_Base &get_parser()
+        {
+          return m_parser.get();
+        }
+
       private:
 
         const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, Boxed_Value>> &get_boxed_functions_int() const
@@ -1332,13 +1306,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
           const auto lhssize = lhsparamtypes.size();
           const auto rhssize = rhsparamtypes.size();
 
-#ifdef CHAISCRIPT_HAS_MAGIC_STATICS
-          static auto boxed_type = user_type<Boxed_Value>();
-          static auto boxed_pod_type = user_type<Boxed_Number>();
-#else
-          auto boxed_type = user_type<Boxed_Value>();
-          auto boxed_pod_type = user_type<Boxed_Number>();
-#endif
+          static const auto boxed_type = user_type<Boxed_Value>();
+          static const auto boxed_pod_type = user_type<Boxed_Number>();
 
           for (size_t i = 1; i < lhssize && i < rhssize; ++i)
           {
@@ -1369,10 +1338,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
             if (rt.bare_equal(boxed_type))
             {
-              if (lt.bare_equal(boxed_pod_type))
-              {
-                return true;
-              }
               return true;
             }
 
@@ -1502,6 +1467,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
         Type_Conversions m_conversions;
         chaiscript::detail::threading::Thread_Storage<Stack_Holder> m_stack_holder;
+        std::reference_wrapper<parser::ChaiScript_Parser_Base> m_parser;
 
         mutable std::atomic_uint_fast32_t m_method_missing_loc;
 
@@ -1542,6 +1508,10 @@ namespace chaiscript
           m_engine.get().add_object(t_name, std::move(obj), m_stack_holder.get());
         }
 
+        Boxed_Value get_object(const std::string &t_name, std::atomic_uint_fast32_t &t_loc) const {
+          return m_engine.get().get_object(t_name, t_loc, m_stack_holder.get());
+        }
+
       private:
         std::reference_wrapper<Dispatch_Engine> m_engine;
         std::reference_wrapper<Stack_Holder> m_stack_holder;
@@ -1552,3 +1522,4 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
 #endif
 
+

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/dynamic_object.hpp

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
       option_explicit_set(const option_explicit_set &) = default;
 
-      virtual ~option_explicit_set() CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT {}
+      virtual ~option_explicit_set() noexcept = default;
     };
 
     class Dynamic_Object
@@ -44,9 +44,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         {
         }
 
-        Dynamic_Object() : m_type_name(""), m_option_explicit(false)
-        {
-        }
+        Dynamic_Object() = default;
 
         bool is_explicit() const
         {
@@ -84,6 +82,10 @@ namespace chaiscript
           }
         }
 
+        bool has_attr(const std::string &t_attr_name) const {
+          return m_attrs.find(t_attr_name) != m_attrs.end();
+        }
+
         Boxed_Value &get_attr(const std::string &t_attr_name)
         {
           return m_attrs[t_attr_name];
@@ -107,15 +109,14 @@ namespace chaiscript
           return get_attr(t_method_name);
         }
 
-
         std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value> get_attrs() const
         {
           return m_attrs;
         }
 
       private:
-        std::string m_type_name;
-        bool m_option_explicit;
+        const std::string m_type_name = "";
+        bool m_option_explicit = false;
 
         std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value> m_attrs;
     };

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/dynamic_object_detail.hpp

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       /// A Proxy_Function implementation designed for calling a function
       /// that is automatically guarded based on the first param based on the
       /// param's type name
-      class Dynamic_Object_Function : public Proxy_Function_Base
+      class Dynamic_Object_Function final : public Proxy_Function_Base
       {
         public:
           Dynamic_Object_Function(
@@ -67,12 +67,11 @@ namespace chaiscript
                 && "Programming error, Dynamic_Object_Function must have at least one parameter (this)");
           }
 
-          virtual ~Dynamic_Object_Function() {}
 
           Dynamic_Object_Function &operator=(const Dynamic_Object_Function) = delete;
           Dynamic_Object_Function(Dynamic_Object_Function &) = delete;
 
-          virtual bool operator==(const Proxy_Function_Base &f) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+          bool operator==(const Proxy_Function_Base &f) const override
           {
             if (const auto *df = dynamic_cast<const Dynamic_Object_Function *>(&f))
             {
@@ -82,9 +81,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
             }
           }
 
-          virtual bool is_attribute_function() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE { return m_is_attribute; } 
+          bool is_attribute_function() const override { return m_is_attribute; } 
 
-          virtual bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+          bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const override
           {
             if (dynamic_object_typename_match(vals, m_type_name, m_ti, t_conversions))
             {
@@ -94,19 +93,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
             }
           }
 
-          virtual std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function> get_contained_functions() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+          std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function> get_contained_functions() const override
           {
             return {m_func};
           }
 
-          virtual std::string annotation() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
-          {
-            return m_func->annotation();
-          }
-
-
         protected:
-          virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+          virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const override
           {
             if (dynamic_object_typename_match(params, m_type_name, m_ti, t_conversions))
             {
@@ -116,7 +109,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
             } 
           }
 
-          virtual bool compare_first_type(const Boxed_Value &bv, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+          virtual bool compare_first_type(const Boxed_Value &bv, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const override
           {
             return dynamic_object_typename_match(bv, m_type_name, m_ti, t_conversions);
           }
@@ -170,9 +163,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           Proxy_Function m_func;
           std::unique_ptr<Type_Info> m_ti;
           const Type_Info m_doti;
-          bool m_is_attribute;
-
-
+          const bool m_is_attribute;
       };
 
 
@@ -182,7 +173,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
        * that is automatically guarded based on the first param based on the
        * param's type name
        */
-      class Dynamic_Object_Constructor : public Proxy_Function_Base
+      class Dynamic_Object_Constructor final : public Proxy_Function_Base
       {
         public:
           Dynamic_Object_Constructor(
@@ -208,15 +199,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
             return std::vector<Type_Info>(begin, end);
           }
 
-          virtual ~Dynamic_Object_Constructor() {}
-
-          virtual bool operator==(const Proxy_Function_Base &f) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+          bool operator==(const Proxy_Function_Base &f) const override
           {
             const Dynamic_Object_Constructor *dc = dynamic_cast<const Dynamic_Object_Constructor*>(&f);
             return dc && dc->m_type_name == m_type_name && (*dc->m_func) == (*m_func);
           }
 
-          virtual bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+          bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const override
           {
             std::vector<Boxed_Value> new_vals{Boxed_Value(Dynamic_Object(m_type_name))};
             new_vals.insert(new_vals.end(), vals.begin(), vals.end());
@@ -224,13 +213,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
             return m_func->call_match(new_vals, t_conversions);
           }
 
-          virtual std::string annotation() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
-          {
-            return m_func->annotation();
-          }
-
         protected:
-          virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+          Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const override
           {
             auto bv = Boxed_Value(Dynamic_Object(m_type_name), true);
             std::vector<Boxed_Value> new_params{bv};
@@ -242,8 +226,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
           }
 
         private:
-          std::string m_type_name;
-          Proxy_Function m_func;
+          const std::string m_type_name;
+          const Proxy_Function m_func;
 
       };
     }

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/exception_specification.hpp

@@ -23,12 +23,11 @@ namespace chaiscript
 {
   namespace detail
   {
-    /// \todo make this a variadic template
     struct Exception_Handler_Base
     {
       virtual void handle(const Boxed_Value &bv, const Dispatch_Engine &t_engine) = 0;
 
-      virtual ~Exception_Handler_Base() {}
+      virtual ~Exception_Handler_Base() = default;
 
       protected:
         template<typename T>
@@ -38,65 +37,12 @@ namespace chaiscript
         }
     };
 
-    template<typename T1>
-      struct Exception_Handler_Impl1 : Exception_Handler_Base
+    template<typename ... T>
+      struct Exception_Handler_Impl : Exception_Handler_Base
       {
-        virtual ~Exception_Handler_Impl1() {}
-
-        virtual void handle(const Boxed_Value &bv, const Dispatch_Engine &t_engine) CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        void handle(const Boxed_Value &bv, const Dispatch_Engine &t_engine) override
         {
-          throw_type<T1>(bv, t_engine);
-        }
-      };
-    template<typename T1, typename T2>
-      struct Exception_Handler_Impl2 : Exception_Handler_Base
-      {
-        virtual ~Exception_Handler_Impl2() {}
-
-        virtual void handle(const Boxed_Value &bv, const Dispatch_Engine &t_engine) CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
-        {
-          throw_type<T1>(bv, t_engine);
-          throw_type<T2>(bv, t_engine);
-        }
-      };
-
-    template<typename T1, typename T2, typename T3>
-      struct Exception_Handler_Impl3 : Exception_Handler_Base
-      {
-        virtual ~Exception_Handler_Impl3() {}
-
-        virtual void handle(const Boxed_Value &bv, const Dispatch_Engine &t_engine) CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
-        {
-          throw_type<T1>(bv, t_engine);
-          throw_type<T2>(bv, t_engine);
-          throw_type<T3>(bv, t_engine);
-        }
-      };
-    template<typename T1, typename T2, typename T3, typename T4>
-      struct Exception_Handler_Impl4 : Exception_Handler_Base
-      {
-        virtual ~Exception_Handler_Impl4() {}
-
-        virtual void handle(const Boxed_Value &bv, const Dispatch_Engine &t_engine) CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
-        {
-          throw_type<T1>(bv, t_engine);
-          throw_type<T2>(bv, t_engine);
-          throw_type<T3>(bv, t_engine);
-          throw_type<T4>(bv, t_engine);
-        }
-      };
-    template<typename T1, typename T2, typename T3, typename T4, typename T5>
-      struct Exception_Handler_Impl5 : Exception_Handler_Base
-      {
-        virtual ~Exception_Handler_Impl5() {}
-
-        virtual void handle(const Boxed_Value &bv, const Dispatch_Engine &t_engine) CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
-        {
-          throw_type<T1>(bv, t_engine);
-          throw_type<T2>(bv, t_engine);
-          throw_type<T3>(bv, t_engine);
-          throw_type<T4>(bv, t_engine);
-          throw_type<T5>(bv, t_engine);
+          (void)std::initializer_list<int>{(throw_type<T>(bv, t_engine), 0)...};
         }
       };
   }
@@ -155,42 +101,10 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
   /// \brief creates a chaiscript::Exception_Handler which handles one type of exception unboxing
   /// \sa \ref exceptions
-  template<typename T1>
+  template<typename ... T>
   Exception_Handler exception_specification()
   {
-    return Exception_Handler(new detail::Exception_Handler_Impl1<T1>());
-  }
-
-  /// \brief creates a chaiscript::Exception_Handler which handles two types of exception unboxing
-  /// \sa \ref exceptions
-  template<typename T1, typename T2>
-  Exception_Handler exception_specification()
-  {
-    return Exception_Handler(new detail::Exception_Handler_Impl2<T1, T2>());
-  }
-
-  /// \brief creates a chaiscript::Exception_Handler which handles three types of exception unboxing
-  /// \sa \ref exceptions
-  template<typename T1, typename T2, typename T3>
-  Exception_Handler exception_specification()
-  {
-    return Exception_Handler(new detail::Exception_Handler_Impl3<T1, T2, T3>());
-  }
-
-  /// \brief creates a chaiscript::Exception_Handler which handles four types of exception unboxing
-  /// \sa \ref exceptions
-  template<typename T1, typename T2, typename T3, typename T4>
-  Exception_Handler exception_specification()
-  {
-    return Exception_Handler(new detail::Exception_Handler_Impl4<T1, T2, T3, T4>());
-  }
-
-  /// \brief creates a chaiscript::Exception_Handler which handles five types of exception unboxing
-  /// \sa \ref exceptions
-  template<typename T1, typename T2, typename T3, typename T4, typename T5>
-  Exception_Handler exception_specification()
-  {
-    return Exception_Handler(new detail::Exception_Handler_Impl5<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5>());
+    return std::make_shared<detail::Exception_Handler_Impl<T...>>();
   }
 }
 

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/function_call.hpp

@@ -35,8 +35,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
     /// \returns A std::function object for dispatching
     /// \param[in] funcs the set of functions to dispatch on.
     template<typename FunctionType>
-      std::function<FunctionType>
-      functor(const std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function> &funcs, const Type_Conversions_State *t_conversions)
+      std::function<FunctionType> functor(const std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function> &funcs, const Type_Conversions_State *t_conversions)
       {
         const bool has_arity_match = std::any_of(funcs.begin(), funcs.end(),
             [](const Const_Proxy_Function &f) {
@@ -63,8 +62,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
     /// \returns A std::function object for dispatching
     /// \param[in] func A function to execute.
     template<typename FunctionType>
-      std::function<FunctionType>
-      functor(Const_Proxy_Function func, const Type_Conversions_State *t_conversions)
+      std::function<FunctionType> functor(Const_Proxy_Function func, const Type_Conversions_State *t_conversions)
       {
         return functor<FunctionType>(std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function>({std::move(func)}), t_conversions);
       }
@@ -72,8 +70,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
     /// Helper for automatically unboxing a Boxed_Value that contains a function object
     /// and creating a typesafe C++ function caller from it.
     template<typename FunctionType>
-      std::function<FunctionType>
-      functor(const Boxed_Value &bv, const Type_Conversions_State *t_conversions)
+      std::function<FunctionType> functor(const Boxed_Value &bv, const Type_Conversions_State *t_conversions)
       {
         return functor<FunctionType>(boxed_cast<Const_Proxy_Function >(bv, t_conversions), t_conversions);
       }
@@ -84,9 +81,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
     template<typename Signature>
       struct Cast_Helper<const std::function<Signature> &>
       {
-        typedef std::function<Signature> Result_Type;
-
-        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions_State *t_conversions)
+        static std::function<Signature> cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions_State *t_conversions)
         {
           if (ob.get_type_info().bare_equal(user_type<Const_Proxy_Function>()))
           {
@@ -101,9 +96,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
     template<typename Signature>
       struct Cast_Helper<std::function<Signature> >
       {
-        typedef std::function<Signature> Result_Type;
-
-        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions_State *t_conversions)
+        static std::function<Signature> cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions_State *t_conversions)
         {
           if (ob.get_type_info().bare_equal(user_type<Const_Proxy_Function>()))
           {
@@ -118,9 +111,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
     template<typename Signature>
       struct Cast_Helper<const std::function<Signature> >
       {
-        typedef std::function<Signature> Result_Type;
-
-        static Result_Type cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions_State *t_conversions)
+        static std::function<Signature> cast(const Boxed_Value &ob, const Type_Conversions_State *t_conversions)
         {
           if (ob.get_type_info().bare_equal(user_type<Const_Proxy_Function>()))
           {

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/handle_return.hpp

@@ -59,13 +59,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
         };
 
       template<typename Ret>
-        struct Handle_Return<std::function<Ret>>
+        struct Handle_Return<std::function<Ret>> : Handle_Return<const std::function<Ret> &>
         {
-          static Boxed_Value handle(const std::function<Ret> &f) {
-            return Boxed_Value(
-                chaiscript::make_shared<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, dispatch::Proxy_Function_Callable_Impl<Ret, std::function<Ret>>>(f)
-              );
-          }
         };
 
       template<typename Ret>
@@ -79,23 +74,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
         };
 
       template<typename Ret>
-        struct Handle_Return<const std::shared_ptr<std::function<Ret>> &>
+        struct Handle_Return<const std::shared_ptr<std::function<Ret>> &> : Handle_Return<const std::shared_ptr<std::function<Ret>>>
         {
-          static Boxed_Value handle(const std::shared_ptr<std::function<Ret>> &f) {
-            return Boxed_Value(
-                chaiscript::make_shared<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, dispatch::Assignable_Proxy_Function_Impl<Ret>>(std::ref(*f),f)
-              );
-          }
         };
 
       template<typename Ret>
-        struct Handle_Return<std::shared_ptr<std::function<Ret>>>
+        struct Handle_Return<std::shared_ptr<std::function<Ret>>> : Handle_Return<const std::shared_ptr<std::function<Ret>>>
         {
-          static Boxed_Value handle(const std::shared_ptr<std::function<Ret>> &f) {
-            return Boxed_Value(
-                chaiscript::make_shared<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, dispatch::Assignable_Proxy_Function_Impl<Ret>>(std::ref(*f),f)
-              );
-          }
         };
 
       template<typename Ret>
@@ -161,21 +146,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
         };
 
       template<typename Ret>
-        struct Handle_Return<std::shared_ptr<Ret> >
+        struct Handle_Return<std::shared_ptr<Ret>> : Handle_Return<std::shared_ptr<Ret> &>
         {
-          static Boxed_Value handle(const std::shared_ptr<Ret> &r)
-          {
-            return Boxed_Value(r, true);
-          }
         };
 
       template<typename Ret>
-        struct Handle_Return<const std::shared_ptr<Ret> &>
+        struct Handle_Return<const std::shared_ptr<Ret> &> : Handle_Return<std::shared_ptr<Ret> &>
         {
-          static Boxed_Value handle(const std::shared_ptr<Ret> &r)
-          {
-            return Boxed_Value(r, true);
-          }
         };
 
       template<typename Ret>
@@ -187,10 +164,15 @@ namespace chaiscript
           }
         };
 
+      template<typename Ret>
+        struct Handle_Return<const Ret>
+        {
+          static Boxed_Value handle(const Ret &r)
+          {
+            return Boxed_Value(std::cref(r));
+          }
+        };
 
-      /**
-       * Used internally for handling a return value from a Proxy_Function call
-       */
       template<typename Ret>
         struct Handle_Return<Ret &>
         {
@@ -198,16 +180,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
           {
             return Boxed_Value(std::ref(r));
           }
-
-          static Boxed_Value handle(const Ret &r)
-          {
-            return Boxed_Value(std::cref(r));
-          }
         };
 
-      /**
-       * Used internally for handling a return value from a Proxy_Function call
-       */
       template<>
         struct Handle_Return<Boxed_Value>
         {
@@ -217,40 +191,19 @@ namespace chaiscript
           }
         };
 
-      /**
-       * Used internally for handling a return value from a Proxy_Function call
-       */
       template<>
-        struct Handle_Return<const Boxed_Value>
+        struct Handle_Return<const Boxed_Value> : Handle_Return<Boxed_Value>
         {
-          static Boxed_Value handle(const Boxed_Value &r)
-          {
-            return r;
-          }
         };
 
-      /**
-       * Used internally for handling a return value from a Proxy_Function call
-       */
       template<>
-        struct Handle_Return<Boxed_Value &>
+        struct Handle_Return<Boxed_Value &> : Handle_Return<Boxed_Value>
         {
-          static Boxed_Value handle(const Boxed_Value &r)
-          {
-            return r;
-          }
         };
 
-      /**
-       * Used internally for handling a return value from a Proxy_Function call
-       */
       template<>
-        struct Handle_Return<const Boxed_Value &>
+        struct Handle_Return<const Boxed_Value &> : Handle_Return<Boxed_Value>
         {
-          static Boxed_Value handle(const Boxed_Value &r)
-          {
-            return r;
-          }
         };
 
       /**
@@ -265,16 +218,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
           }
         };
 
-      /**
-       * Used internally for handling a return value from a Proxy_Function call
-       */
       template<>
-        struct Handle_Return<const Boxed_Number>
+        struct Handle_Return<const Boxed_Number> : Handle_Return<Boxed_Number>
         {
-          static Boxed_Value handle(const Boxed_Number &r)
-          {
-            return r.bv;
-          }
         };
 
 
@@ -286,7 +232,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         {
           static Boxed_Value handle()
           {
-            return Boxed_Value(Boxed_Value::Void_Type());
+            return void_var();
           }
         };
     }

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/operators.hpp

@@ -16,447 +16,202 @@ namespace chaiscript
   {
     namespace operators
     {
-      namespace detail
-      {
-        /// \todo make this return a decltype once we drop gcc 4.6
-        template<typename L, typename R>
-          auto assign(L l, R r) -> L&
-          {
-            return (l = r);
-          }
-
-        template<typename L, typename R>
-          auto assign_bitwise_and(L l, R r) -> decltype((l &= r))
-          {
-            return (l &= r);
-          }
-
-        template<typename L, typename R>
-          auto assign_xor(L l, R r) -> decltype((l^=r))
-          {
-            return (l ^= r);
-          }
-
-        template<typename L, typename R>
-          auto assign_bitwise_or(L l, R r) -> decltype((l |= r))
-          {
-            return (l |= r);
-          }
-
-        template<typename L, typename R>
-          auto assign_difference(L l, R r) -> decltype(( l -= r))
-          {
-            return (l -= r);
-          }
-
-        template<typename L, typename R>
-          auto assign_left_shift(L l, R r) -> decltype(( l <<= r))
-          {
-            return (l <<= r);
-          }
-
-        template<typename L, typename R>
-          auto assign_product(L l, R r) -> decltype(( l *= r ))
-          {
-            return (l *= r);
-          }
-
-        template<typename L, typename R>
-          auto assign_quotient(L l, R r) -> decltype(( l /= r ))
-          {
-            return (l /= r);
-          }
-
-        template<typename L, typename R>
-          auto assign_remainder(L l, R r) -> decltype(( l %= r ))
-          {
-            return (l %= r);
-          }
-
-        template<typename L, typename R>
-          auto assign_right_shift(L l, R r) -> decltype(( l >>= r))
-          {
-            return (l >>= r);
-          }
-
-        /// \todo make this return a decltype once we drop gcc 4.6
-        template<typename L, typename R>
-          auto assign_sum(L l, R r) -> L&
-          {
-            return (l += r);
-          }
-
-        template<typename L>
-          auto prefix_decrement(L l) -> decltype(( --l ))
-          {
-            return (--l);
-          }
-
-        template<typename L>
-          auto prefix_increment(L l) -> decltype(( ++l ))
-          {
-            return (++l);
-          }
-
-        template<typename L, typename R>
-          auto equal(L l, R r) -> decltype(( l == r ))
-          {
-            return (l == r);
-          }
-
-        template<typename L, typename R>
-          auto greater_than(L l, R r) -> decltype(( l > r ))
-          {
-            return (l > r);
-          }
-
-        template<typename L, typename R>
-          auto greater_than_equal(L l, R r) -> decltype(( l >= r ))
-          {
-            return (l >= r);
-          }
-
-        template<typename L, typename R>
-          auto less_than(L l, R r) -> decltype(( l < r ))
-          {
-            return (l < r);
-          }
-
-        template<typename L, typename R>
-          auto less_than_equal(L l, R r) -> decltype(( l <= r ))
-          {
-            return (l <= r);
-          }
-
-        template<typename L>
-          auto logical_compliment(L l) -> decltype(( !l ))
-          {
-            return (!l);
-          }
-
-        template<typename L, typename R>
-          auto not_equal(L l, R r) -> decltype(( l != r ))
-          {
-            return (l != r);
-          }
-
-        template<typename L, typename R>
-          auto addition(L l, R r) -> decltype(( l + r ))
-          {
-            return (l + r);
-          }
-
-        template<typename L>
-          auto unary_plus(L l) -> decltype(( +l ))
-          {
-            return (+l);
-          }
-
-        template<typename L, typename R>
-          auto subtraction(L l, R r) -> decltype(( l - r ))
-          {
-            return (l - r);
-          }
-
-        template<typename L>
-          auto unary_minus(L l) -> decltype(( -l ))
-          {
-#ifdef CHAISCRIPT_MSVC
-#pragma warning(push)
-#pragma warning(disable : 4146)
-            return (-l);
-#pragma warning(pop)
-#else
-            return (-l);
-#endif
-          }
-
-        template<typename L, typename R>
-          auto bitwise_and(L l, R r) -> decltype(( l & r ))
-          {
-            return (l & r);
-          }
-
-        template<typename L>
-          auto bitwise_compliment(L l) -> decltype(( ~l ))
-          {
-            return (~l);
-          }
-
-        template<typename L, typename R>
-          auto bitwise_xor(L l, R r) -> decltype(( l ^ r ))
-          {
-            return (l ^ r);
-          }
-
-        template<typename L, typename R>
-          auto bitwise_or(L l, R r) -> decltype(( l | r ))
-          {
-            return (l | r);
-          }
-
-        template<typename L, typename R>
-          auto division(L l, R r) -> decltype(( l / r ))
-          {
-            return (l / r);
-          }
-
-        template<typename L, typename R>
-          auto left_shift(L l, R r) -> decltype(( l << r ))
-          {
-            return l << r;
-          }
-
-        template<typename L, typename R>
-          auto multiplication(L l, R r) -> decltype(( l * r ))
-          {
-            return l * r;
-          }
-
-        template<typename L, typename R>
-          auto remainder(L l, R r) -> decltype(( l % r ))
-          {
-            return (l % r);
-          }
-
-        template<typename L, typename R>
-          auto right_shift(L l, R r) -> decltype(( l >> r ))
-          {
-            return (l >> r);
-          }
-      }
-
-
-
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr assign(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void assign(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign<T &, const T&>), "=");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](T &lhs, const T&rhs)->T&{return lhs = rhs;}), "=");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr assign_bitwise_and(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void assign_bitwise_and(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign_bitwise_and<T &, const T&>), "&=");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](T &lhs, const T&rhs)->T&{return lhs &= rhs;}), "&=");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr assign_xor(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void assign_xor(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign_xor<T &, const T&>), "^=");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](T &lhs, const T&rhs)->T&{return lhs ^= rhs;}), "^=");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr assign_bitwise_or(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void assign_bitwise_or(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign_bitwise_or<T &, const T&>), "|=");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](T &lhs, const T&rhs)->T&{return lhs |= rhs;}), "|=");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr assign_difference(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void assign_difference(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign_difference<T &, const T&>), "-=");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](T &lhs, const T&rhs)->T&{return lhs -= rhs;}), "-=");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr assign_left_shift(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void assign_left_shift(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign_left_shift<T &, const T&>), "<<=");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](T &lhs, const T&rhs)->T&{return lhs <<= rhs;}), "<<=");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr assign_product(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void assign_product(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign_product<T &, const T&>), "*=");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](T &lhs, const T&rhs)->T&{return lhs <<= rhs;}), "*=");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr assign_quotient(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void assign_quotient(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign_quotient<T &, const T&>), "/=");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](T &lhs, const T&rhs)->T&{return lhs /= rhs;}), "/=");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr assign_remainder(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void assign_remainder(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign_remainder<T &, const T&>), "%=");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](T &lhs, const T&rhs)->T&{return lhs %= rhs;}), "%=");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr assign_right_shift(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void assign_right_shift(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign_right_shift<T &, const T&>), ">>=");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](T &lhs, const T&rhs)->T&{return lhs >>= rhs;}), ">>=");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr assign_sum(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void assign_sum(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign_sum<T &, const T&>), "+=");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](T &lhs, const T&rhs)->T&{return lhs += rhs;}), "+=");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr prefix_decrement(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void prefix_decrement(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::prefix_decrement<T &>), "--");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](T &lhs)->T&{return --lhs;}), "--");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr prefix_increment(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void prefix_increment(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::prefix_increment<T &>), "++");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](T &lhs)->T&{return ++lhs;}), "++");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr equal(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void equal(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::equal<const T&, const T&>), "==");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs){return lhs==rhs;}), "==");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr greater_than(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void greater_than(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::greater_than<const T&, const T&>), ">");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs){return lhs>rhs;}), ">");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr greater_than_equal(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void greater_than_equal(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::greater_than_equal<const T&, const T&>), ">=");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs){return lhs>=rhs;}), ">=");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr less_than(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void less_than(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::less_than<const T&, const T&>), "<");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs){return lhs<rhs;}), "<");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr less_than_equal(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void less_than_equal(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::less_than_equal<const T&, const T&>), "<=");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs){return lhs<=rhs;}), "<=");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr logical_compliment(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void logical_compliment(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::logical_compliment<const T &>), "!");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs){return !lhs;}), "!");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr not_equal(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void not_equal(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::not_equal<const T &, const T &>), "!=");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs){return lhs!=rhs;}), "!=");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr addition(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void addition(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::addition<const T &, const T &>), "+");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs){return lhs+rhs;}), "+");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr unary_plus(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void unary_plus(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::unary_plus<const T &>), "+");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs){return +lhs;}), "+");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr subtraction(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void subtraction(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::subtraction<const T &, const T &>), "-");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs){return lhs-rhs;}), "-");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr unary_minus(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void unary_minus(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::unary_minus<const T &>), "-");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs){return -lhs;}), "-");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr bitwise_and(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void bitwise_and(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::bitwise_and<const T &, const T &>), "&");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs){return lhs&rhs;}), "&");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr bitwise_compliment(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void bitwise_compliment(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::bitwise_compliment<const T &>), "~");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs){return ~lhs;}), "~");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr bitwise_xor(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void bitwise_xor(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::bitwise_xor<const T &, const T &>), "^");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs){return lhs^rhs;}), "^");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr bitwise_or(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void bitwise_or(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::bitwise_or<const T &, const T &>), "|");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs){return lhs|rhs;}), "|");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr division(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void division(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::division<const T &, const T &>), "/");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs){return lhs/rhs;}), "/");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr left_shift(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void left_shift(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::left_shift<const T &, const T &>), "<<");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs){return lhs<<rhs;}), "<<");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr multiplication(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void multiplication(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::multiplication<const T &, const T &>), "*");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs){return lhs*rhs;}), "*");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr remainder(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void remainder(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::remainder<const T &, const T &>), "%");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs){return lhs%rhs;}), "%");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr right_shift(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void right_shift(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::right_shift<const T &, const T &>), ">>");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const T &lhs, const T &rhs){return lhs>>rhs;}), ">>");
         }
     }
   }

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/proxy_functions.hpp

@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
     class Proxy_Function_Base
     {
       public:
-        virtual ~Proxy_Function_Base() {}
+        virtual ~Proxy_Function_Base() = default;
 
         Boxed_Value operator()(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const chaiscript::Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const
         {
@@ -181,11 +181,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
         //! to the passed in values
         bool filter(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const
         {
+          assert(m_arity == -1 || (m_arity > 0 && static_cast<int>(vals.size()) == m_arity));
+
           if (m_arity < 0)
-          {
-            return true;
-          } else if (static_cast<size_t>(m_arity) == vals.size()) {
-            if (m_arity == 0)
           {
             return true;
           } else if (m_arity > 1) {
@@ -193,9 +191,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
           } else {
             return compare_type_to_param(m_types[1], vals[0], t_conversions);
           }
-          } else {
-            return false;
-          }
         }
 
         /// \returns the number of arguments the function takes or -1 if it is variadic
@@ -204,8 +199,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
           return m_arity;
         }
 
-        virtual std::string annotation() const = 0;
-
         static bool compare_type_to_param(const Type_Info &ti, const Boxed_Value &bv, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions)
         {
           if (ti.is_undef() 
@@ -248,7 +241,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
         }
 
 
-        static bool compare_types(const std::vector<Type_Info> &tis, const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &bvs, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions)
+        static bool compare_types(const std::vector<Type_Info> &tis, const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &bvs, 
+                                  const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions)
         {
           if (tis.size() - 1 != bvs.size())
           {
@@ -282,14 +276,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
     class guard_error : public std::runtime_error
     {
       public:
-        guard_error() CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+        guard_error() noexcept
           : std::runtime_error("Guard evaluation failed")
         { }
 
         guard_error(const guard_error &) = default;
 
-        virtual ~guard_error() CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
-        { }
+        virtual ~guard_error() noexcept = default;
     };
   }
 
@@ -306,17 +299,15 @@ namespace chaiscript
             int t_arity=-1,
             AST_NodePtr t_parsenode = AST_NodePtr(),
             Param_Types t_param_types = Param_Types(),
-            std::string t_description = "",
             Proxy_Function t_guard = Proxy_Function())
           : Proxy_Function_Base(build_param_type_list(t_param_types), t_arity),
             m_param_types(std::move(t_param_types)),
-            m_guard(std::move(t_guard)), m_parsenode(std::move(t_parsenode)), m_description(std::move(t_description))
+            m_guard(std::move(t_guard)), m_parsenode(std::move(t_parsenode))
         {
         }
 
-        virtual ~Dynamic_Proxy_Function() {}
 
-        virtual bool operator==(const Proxy_Function_Base &rhs) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        virtual bool operator==(const Proxy_Function_Base &rhs) const override
         {
           const Dynamic_Proxy_Function *prhs = dynamic_cast<const Dynamic_Proxy_Function *>(&rhs);
 
@@ -327,7 +318,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
                 && this->m_param_types == prhs->m_param_types);
         }
 
-        virtual bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        virtual bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const override
         {
           return (m_arity < 0 || (vals.size() == size_t(m_arity) && m_param_types.match(vals, t_conversions)))
             && test_guard(vals, t_conversions);
@@ -344,11 +335,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
           return m_parsenode;
         }
 
-        virtual std::string annotation() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
-        {
-          return m_description;
-        }
-
 
       protected:
         bool test_guard(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const
@@ -388,13 +374,12 @@ namespace chaiscript
         Param_Types m_param_types;
         Proxy_Function m_guard;
         AST_NodePtr m_parsenode;
-        std::string m_description;
     };
 
 
 
     template<typename Callable>
-    class Dynamic_Proxy_Function_Impl : public Dynamic_Proxy_Function
+    class Dynamic_Proxy_Function_Impl final : public Dynamic_Proxy_Function
     {
       public:
         Dynamic_Proxy_Function_Impl(
@@ -402,24 +387,20 @@ namespace chaiscript
             int t_arity=-1,
             AST_NodePtr t_parsenode = AST_NodePtr(),
             Param_Types t_param_types = Param_Types(),
-            std::string t_description = "",
             Proxy_Function t_guard = Proxy_Function())
           : Dynamic_Proxy_Function(
                 t_arity,
                 std::move(t_parsenode),
                 std::move(t_param_types),
-                std::move(t_description),
                 std::move(t_guard)
               ),
             m_f(std::move(t_f))
         {
         }
 
-        virtual ~Dynamic_Proxy_Function_Impl() {}
-
 
       protected:
-        virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const override
         {
           if (call_match(params, t_conversions) && test_guard(params, t_conversions))
           {
@@ -430,7 +411,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
         }
 
       private:
-
         Callable m_f;
     };
 
@@ -451,7 +431,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
     /// and substitutes bound parameters into the parameter list
     /// at runtime, when call() is executed.
     /// it is used for bind(function, param1, _, param2) style calls
-    class Bound_Function : public Proxy_Function_Base
+    class Bound_Function final : public Proxy_Function_Base
     {
       public:
         Bound_Function(const Const_Proxy_Function &t_f, 
@@ -462,19 +442,18 @@ namespace chaiscript
           assert(m_f->get_arity() < 0 || m_f->get_arity() == static_cast<int>(m_args.size()));
         }
 
-        virtual bool operator==(const Proxy_Function_Base &t_f) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        bool operator==(const Proxy_Function_Base &t_f) const override
         {
           return &t_f == this;
         }
 
-        virtual ~Bound_Function() {}
 
-        virtual bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const override
         {
           return m_f->call_match(build_param_list(vals), t_conversions);
         }
 
-        virtual std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function> get_contained_functions() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function> get_contained_functions() const override
         {
           return std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function>{m_f};
         }
@@ -511,10 +490,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
           return args;
         }
 
-        virtual std::string annotation() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
-        {
-          return "Bound: " + m_f->annotation();
-        }
 
       protected:
         static std::vector<Type_Info> build_param_type_info(const Const_Proxy_Function &t_f, 
@@ -524,18 +499,11 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
           if (t_f->get_arity() < 0) { return std::vector<Type_Info>(); }
 
-          std::vector<Type_Info> types = t_f->get_param_types();
+          const auto types = t_f->get_param_types();
           assert(types.size() == t_args.size() + 1);
 
-#ifdef CHAISCRIPT_MSVC_12
-#pragma warning(push)
-#pragma warning(disable : 6011)
-#endif
           // this analysis warning is invalid in MSVC12 and doesn't exist in MSVC14
           std::vector<Type_Info> retval{types[0]};
-#ifdef CHAISCRIPT_MSVC_12
-#pragma warning(pop)
-#endif
 
           for (size_t i = 0; i < types.size() - 1; ++i)
           {
@@ -548,7 +516,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           return retval;
         }
 
-        virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const override
         {
           return (*m_f)(build_param_list(params), t_conversions);
         }
@@ -566,16 +534,10 @@ namespace chaiscript
         {
         }
 
-        virtual ~Proxy_Function_Impl_Base() {}
-
-        virtual std::string annotation() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const override
         {
-          return "";
-        }
-
-        virtual bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
-        {
-          return static_cast<int>(vals.size()) == get_arity() && (compare_types(m_types, vals, t_conversions) && compare_types_with_cast(vals, t_conversions));
+          return static_cast<int>(vals.size()) == get_arity() 
+            && (compare_types(m_types, vals, t_conversions) && compare_types_with_cast(vals, t_conversions));
         }
 
         virtual bool compare_types_with_cast(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const = 0;
@@ -585,7 +547,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
     /// For any callable object
     template<typename Func, typename Callable>
-      class Proxy_Function_Callable_Impl : public Proxy_Function_Impl_Base
+      class Proxy_Function_Callable_Impl final : public Proxy_Function_Impl_Base
     {
       public:
         Proxy_Function_Callable_Impl(Callable f)
@@ -594,24 +556,21 @@ namespace chaiscript
         {
         }
 
-        virtual ~Proxy_Function_Callable_Impl() {}
-
-        virtual bool compare_types_with_cast(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        bool compare_types_with_cast(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const override
         {
           return detail::compare_types_cast(static_cast<Func *>(nullptr), vals, t_conversions);
         }
 
-        virtual bool operator==(const Proxy_Function_Base &t_func) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        bool operator==(const Proxy_Function_Base &t_func) const override
         {
           return dynamic_cast<const Proxy_Function_Callable_Impl<Func, Callable> *>(&t_func) != nullptr;
         }
 
 
       protected:
-        virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const override
         {
-          typedef typename detail::Function_Signature<Func>::Return_Type Return_Type;
-          return detail::Do_Call<Return_Type>::template go<Func>(m_f, params, t_conversions);
+          return detail::call_func(detail::Function_Signature<Func>(), m_f, params, t_conversions);
         }
 
       private:
@@ -627,16 +586,11 @@ namespace chaiscript
         {
         }
 
-        virtual ~Assignable_Proxy_Function() {}
-
-
         virtual void assign(const std::shared_ptr<const Proxy_Function_Base> &t_rhs) = 0;
-
-
     };
 
     template<typename Func>
-      class Assignable_Proxy_Function_Impl : public Assignable_Proxy_Function
+      class Assignable_Proxy_Function_Impl final : public Assignable_Proxy_Function
     {
       public:
         Assignable_Proxy_Function_Impl(std::reference_wrapper<std::function<Func>> t_f, std::shared_ptr<std::function<Func>> t_ptr)
@@ -646,14 +600,12 @@ namespace chaiscript
           assert(!m_shared_ptr_holder || m_shared_ptr_holder.get() == &m_f.get());
         }
 
-        virtual ~Assignable_Proxy_Function_Impl() {}
-
-        virtual bool compare_types_with_cast(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        bool compare_types_with_cast(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const override
         {
           return detail::compare_types_cast(static_cast<Func *>(nullptr), vals, t_conversions);
         }
 
-        virtual bool operator==(const Proxy_Function_Base &t_func) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        bool operator==(const Proxy_Function_Base &t_func) const override
         {
           return dynamic_cast<const Assignable_Proxy_Function_Impl<Func> *>(&t_func) != nullptr;
         }
@@ -663,14 +615,14 @@ namespace chaiscript
           return m_f.get();
         }
 
-        virtual void assign(const std::shared_ptr<const Proxy_Function_Base> &t_rhs) CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE {
+        void assign(const std::shared_ptr<const Proxy_Function_Base> &t_rhs) override {
           m_f.get() = dispatch::functor<Func>(t_rhs, nullptr);
         }
 
       protected:
-        virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const override
         {
-          return detail::Do_Call<typename std::function<Func>::result_type>::template go<Func>(m_f.get(), params, t_conversions);
+          return detail::call_func(detail::Function_Signature<Func>(), m_f.get(), params, t_conversions);
         }
 
 
@@ -678,9 +630,11 @@ namespace chaiscript
         std::reference_wrapper<std::function<Func>> m_f;
         std::shared_ptr<std::function<Func>> m_shared_ptr_holder;
     };
+
+
     /// Attribute getter Proxy_Function implementation
     template<typename T, typename Class>
-      class Attribute_Access : public Proxy_Function_Base
+      class Attribute_Access final : public Proxy_Function_Base
     {
       public:
         Attribute_Access(T Class::* t_attr)
@@ -689,11 +643,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
         {
         }
 
-        virtual ~Attribute_Access() {}
+        bool is_attribute_function() const override { return true; } 
 
-        virtual bool is_attribute_function() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE { return true; } 
-
-        virtual bool operator==(const Proxy_Function_Base &t_func) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        bool operator==(const Proxy_Function_Base &t_func) const override
         {
           const Attribute_Access<T, Class> * aa 
             = dynamic_cast<const Attribute_Access<T, Class> *>(&t_func);
@@ -705,7 +657,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           }
         }
 
-        virtual bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions_State &) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        bool call_match(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &vals, const Type_Conversions_State &) const override
         {
           if (vals.size() != 1)
           {
@@ -715,26 +667,47 @@ namespace chaiscript
           return vals[0].get_type_info().bare_equal(user_type<Class>());
         }
 
-        virtual std::string annotation() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
-        {
-          return "";
-        }
-
       protected:
-        virtual Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        Boxed_Value do_call(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions) const override
         {
           const Boxed_Value &bv = params[0];
           if (bv.is_const())
           {
             const Class *o = boxed_cast<const Class *>(bv, &t_conversions);
-            return detail::Handle_Return<const typename std::add_lvalue_reference<T>::type>::handle(o->*m_attr);
+            return do_call_impl<T>(o);
           } else {
             Class *o = boxed_cast<Class *>(bv, &t_conversions);
-            return detail::Handle_Return<typename std::add_lvalue_reference<T>::type>::handle(o->*m_attr);
+            return do_call_impl<T>(o);
           }
         }
 
       private:
+        template<typename Type>
+        auto do_call_impl(Class *o) const -> std::enable_if_t<std::is_pointer<Type>::value, Boxed_Value>
+        {
+          return detail::Handle_Return<Type>::handle(o->*m_attr);
+        }
+
+        template<typename Type>
+        auto do_call_impl(const Class *o) const -> std::enable_if_t<std::is_pointer<Type>::value, Boxed_Value>
+        {
+          return detail::Handle_Return<const Type>::handle(o->*m_attr);
+        }
+
+        template<typename Type>
+        auto do_call_impl(Class *o) const -> std::enable_if_t<!std::is_pointer<Type>::value, Boxed_Value>
+        {
+          return detail::Handle_Return<typename std::add_lvalue_reference<Type>::type>::handle(o->*m_attr);
+        }
+
+        template<typename Type>
+        auto do_call_impl(const Class *o) const -> std::enable_if_t<!std::is_pointer<Type>::value, Boxed_Value>
+        {
+          return detail::Handle_Return<typename std::add_lvalue_reference<typename std::add_const<Type>::type>::type>::handle(o->*m_attr);
+        }
+
+
+
         static std::vector<Type_Info> param_types()
         {
           return {user_type<T>(), user_type<Class>()};
@@ -769,7 +742,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
 
         dispatch_error(const dispatch_error &) = default;
-        virtual ~dispatch_error() CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT {}
+        virtual ~dispatch_error() noexcept = default;
 
         std::vector<Boxed_Value> parameters;
         std::vector<Const_Proxy_Function> functions;
@@ -909,7 +882,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           for (const auto &func : ordered_funcs )
           {
             try {
-              if (func.first == i && func.second->filter(plist, t_conversions))
+              if (func.first == i && (i == 0 || func.second->filter(plist, t_conversions)))
               {
                 return (*(func.second))(plist, t_conversions);
               }

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/proxy_functions_detail.hpp

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include <functional>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <vector>
+#include <array>
 
 #include "../chaiscript_defines.hpp"
 #include "boxed_cast.hpp"
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
       arity_error(const arity_error &) = default;
 
-      virtual ~arity_error() CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT {}
+      virtual ~arity_error() noexcept {}
 
       int got;
       int expected;
@@ -66,34 +67,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
         }
 
 
-#ifdef CHAISCRIPT_GCC_4_6 
-      /// \todo REMOVE THIS WHEN WE DROP G++4.6
-
-
-      // Forward declaration
-      template<typename ... Rest> 
-        struct Try_Cast; 
-
-      template<typename Param, typename ... Rest>
-        struct Try_Cast<Param, Rest...>
-        {
-          static void do_try(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, size_t generation, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions)
-          {
-            boxed_cast<Param>(params[generation], &t_conversions);
-            Try_Cast<Rest...>::do_try(params, generation+1, t_conversions);
-          }
-        };
-
-      // 0th case
-      template<>
-        struct Try_Cast<>
-        {
-          static void do_try(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &, size_t, const Type_Conversions_State &)
-          {
-          }
-        };
-
-
       /**
        * Used by Proxy_Function_Impl to determine if it is equivalent to another
        * Proxy_Function_Impl object. This function is primarily used to prevent
@@ -104,115 +77,21 @@ namespace chaiscript
              const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions)
         {
           try {
-            Try_Cast<Params...>::do_try(params, 0, t_conversions);
-          } catch (const exception::bad_boxed_cast &) {
-            return false;
-          }
-
-          return true;
-        }
-
-      template<typename Ret, int count, typename ... Params>
-        struct Call_Func
-        {
-
-          template<typename Callable, typename ... InnerParams>
-          static Ret do_call(const Callable &f,
-              const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions, InnerParams &&... innerparams)
-          {
-            return Call_Func<Ret, count - 1, Params...>::do_call(f, params, t_conversions, std::forward<InnerParams>(innerparams)..., params[sizeof...(Params) - count]);
-          } 
-        };
-
-      template<typename Ret, typename ... Params>
-        struct Call_Func<Ret, 0, Params...>
-        {
-#ifdef CHAISCRIPT_MSVC
-#pragma warning(push)
-#pragma warning(disable : 4100) /// Disable unreferenced formal parameter warning, which only shows up in MSVC I don't think there's any way around it \todo evaluate this
-#endif
-          template<typename Callable, typename ... InnerParams>
-            static Ret do_call(const Callable &f,
-                const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions, InnerParams &&... innerparams)
-            {
-              return f(boxed_cast<Params>(std::forward<InnerParams>(innerparams), &t_conversions)...);
-            }
-#ifdef CHAISCRIPT_MSVC
-#pragma warning(pop)
-#endif
-        };
-
-      /**
-       * Used by Proxy_Function_Impl to perform typesafe execution of a function.
-       * The function attempts to unbox each parameter to the expected type.
-       * if any unboxing fails the execution of the function fails and
-       * the bad_boxed_cast is passed up to the caller.
-       */
-      template<typename Callable, typename Ret, typename ... Params>
-        Ret call_func(const chaiscript::dispatch::detail::Function_Signature<Ret (Params...)> &, const Callable &f,
-            const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions)
-        {
-          if (params.size() == sizeof...(Params))
-          {
-            return Call_Func<Ret, sizeof...(Params), Params...>::do_call(f, params, t_conversions);
-          }
-
-          throw exception::arity_error(static_cast<int>(params.size()), sizeof...(Params));
-        }
-
-
-
-#else
-
-      template<size_t ... I>
-      struct Indexes
-      {
-      };
-
-      template<size_t S, size_t ... I> 
-      struct Make_Indexes
-      {
-        typedef typename Make_Indexes<S-1, I..., sizeof...(I)>::indexes indexes;
-      };
-
-      template<size_t ... I>
-      struct Make_Indexes<0, I...>
-      {
-        typedef Indexes<I...> indexes;
-      };
-
-
-
-      /**
-       * Used by Proxy_Function_Impl to determine if it is equivalent to another
-       * Proxy_Function_Impl object. This function is primarily used to prevent
-       * registration of two functions with the exact same signatures
-       */
-      template<typename Ret, typename ... Params, size_t ... I>
-        bool compare_types_cast(Indexes<I...>, Ret (*)(Params...),
-             const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions)
-        {
-          try {
+            std::vector<Boxed_Value>::size_type i = 0;
+            (void)i;
             (void)params; (void)t_conversions;
-            (void)std::initializer_list<int>{(boxed_cast<Params>(params[I], &t_conversions), 0)...};
+            // this is ok because the order of evaluation of initializer lists is well defined
+            (void)std::initializer_list<int>{(boxed_cast<Params>(params[i++], &t_conversions), 0)...};
             return true;
           } catch (const exception::bad_boxed_cast &) {
             return false;
           }
-
-        }
-
-      template<typename Ret, typename ... Params>
-        bool compare_types_cast(Ret (*f)(Params...),
-             const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions)
-        {
-          typedef typename Make_Indexes<sizeof...(Params)>::indexes indexes;
-          return compare_types_cast(indexes(), f, params, t_conversions);
         }
 
 
       template<typename Callable, typename Ret, typename ... Params, size_t ... I>
-        Ret call_func(const chaiscript::dispatch::detail::Function_Signature<Ret (Params...)> &, Indexes<I...>, const Callable &f,
+        Ret call_func(const chaiscript::dispatch::detail::Function_Signature<Ret (Params...)> &, 
+                      std::index_sequence<I...>, const Callable &f,
                       const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions)
         {
           (void)params; (void)t_conversions;
@@ -220,56 +99,29 @@ namespace chaiscript
         }
 
 
-      /**
-       * Used by Proxy_Function_Impl to perform typesafe execution of a function.
-       * The function attempts to unbox each parameter to the expected type.
-       * if any unboxing fails the execution of the function fails and
-       * the bad_boxed_cast is passed up to the caller.
-       */
+      /// Used by Proxy_Function_Impl to perform typesafe execution of a function.
+      /// The function attempts to unbox each parameter to the expected type.
+      /// if any unboxing fails the execution of the function fails and
+      /// the bad_boxed_cast is passed up to the caller.
       template<typename Callable, typename Ret, typename ... Params>
-        Ret call_func(const chaiscript::dispatch::detail::Function_Signature<Ret (Params...)> &sig, const Callable &f,
+        Boxed_Value call_func(const chaiscript::dispatch::detail::Function_Signature<Ret (Params...)> &sig, const Callable &f,
             const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions)
         {
-          typedef typename Make_Indexes<sizeof...(Params)>::indexes indexes;
-          return call_func(sig, indexes(), f, params, t_conversions);
+          return Handle_Return<Ret>::handle(call_func(sig, std::index_sequence_for<Params...>{}, f, params, t_conversions));
         }
 
-#endif
-
-    }
-  }
-
-}
-
-
-namespace chaiscript
-{
-  namespace dispatch
+      template<typename Callable, typename ... Params>
+        Boxed_Value call_func(const chaiscript::dispatch::detail::Function_Signature<void (Params...)> &sig, const Callable &f,
+            const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions)
         {
-    namespace detail
-    {
-    template<typename Ret>
-      struct Do_Call
-      {
-        template<typename Signature, typename Callable>
-          static Boxed_Value go(const Callable &fun, const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions)
-          {
-            return Handle_Return<Ret>::handle(call_func(Function_Signature<Signature>(), fun, params, t_conversions));
-          }
-      };
-
-    template<>
-      struct Do_Call<void>
-      {
-        template<typename Signature, typename Callable>
-          static Boxed_Value go(const Callable &fun, const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &params, const Type_Conversions_State &t_conversions)
-          {
-            call_func(Function_Signature<Signature>(), fun, params, t_conversions);
+          call_func(sig, std::index_sequence_for<Params...>{}, f, params, t_conversions);
           return Handle_Return<void>::handle();
         }
-      };
+
     }
   }
+
 }
 
+
 #endif

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/type_conversions.hpp

@@ -29,48 +29,48 @@ namespace chaiscript
     {
       public:
         bad_boxed_dynamic_cast(const Type_Info &t_from, const std::type_info &t_to,
-            const std::string &t_what) CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+            const std::string &t_what) noexcept
           : bad_boxed_cast(t_from, t_to, t_what)
         {
         }
 
-        bad_boxed_dynamic_cast(const Type_Info &t_from, const std::type_info &t_to) CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+        bad_boxed_dynamic_cast(const Type_Info &t_from, const std::type_info &t_to) noexcept
           : bad_boxed_cast(t_from, t_to)
         {
         }
 
-        bad_boxed_dynamic_cast(const std::string &w) CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+        bad_boxed_dynamic_cast(const std::string &w) noexcept
           : bad_boxed_cast(w)
         {
         }
 
         bad_boxed_dynamic_cast(const bad_boxed_dynamic_cast &) = default;
 
-        virtual ~bad_boxed_dynamic_cast() CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT {}
+        virtual ~bad_boxed_dynamic_cast() noexcept = default;
     };
 
     class bad_boxed_type_cast : public bad_boxed_cast
     {
       public:
         bad_boxed_type_cast(const Type_Info &t_from, const std::type_info &t_to,
-            const std::string &t_what) CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+            const std::string &t_what) noexcept
           : bad_boxed_cast(t_from, t_to, t_what)
         {
         }
 
-        bad_boxed_type_cast(const Type_Info &t_from, const std::type_info &t_to) CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+        bad_boxed_type_cast(const Type_Info &t_from, const std::type_info &t_to) noexcept
           : bad_boxed_cast(t_from, t_to)
         {
         }
 
-        bad_boxed_type_cast(const std::string &w) CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+        bad_boxed_type_cast(const std::string &w) noexcept
           : bad_boxed_cast(w)
         {
         }
 
         bad_boxed_type_cast(const bad_boxed_type_cast &) = default;
 
-        virtual ~bad_boxed_type_cast() CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT {}
+        virtual ~bad_boxed_type_cast() noexcept = default;
     };
   }
 
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           return true;
         }
 
-        virtual ~Type_Conversion_Base() {}
+        virtual ~Type_Conversion_Base() = default;
 
       protected:
         Type_Conversion_Base(const Type_Info &t_to, const Type_Info &t_from)
@@ -107,8 +107,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
 
       private:
-        Type_Info m_to;
-        Type_Info m_from;
+        const Type_Info m_to;
+        const Type_Info m_from;
 
     };
 
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
                 if (t_from.is_const())
                 {
                   return Boxed_Value(
-                      [&]()->std::shared_ptr<const To>{
+                      [&](){
                         if (auto data = std::static_pointer_cast<const To>(detail::Cast_Helper<std::shared_ptr<const From> >::cast(t_from, nullptr)))
                         {
                           return data;
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
                       );
                 } else {
                   return Boxed_Value(
-                      [&]()->std::shared_ptr<To>{
+                      [&](){
                         if (auto data = std::static_pointer_cast<To>(detail::Cast_Helper<std::shared_ptr<From> >::cast(t_from, nullptr)))
                         {
                           return data;
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
                 if (t_from.is_const())
                 {
                   return Boxed_Value(
-                      [&]()->std::shared_ptr<const To>{
+                      [&](){
                         if (auto data = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<const To>(detail::Cast_Helper<std::shared_ptr<const From> >::cast(t_from, nullptr)))
                         {
                           return data;
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
                       );
                 } else {
                   return Boxed_Value(
-                      [&]()->std::shared_ptr<To>{
+                      [&](){
                         if (auto data = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<To>(detail::Cast_Helper<std::shared_ptr<From> >::cast(t_from, nullptr)))
                         {
                           return data;
@@ -242,12 +242,12 @@ namespace chaiscript
         {
         }
 
-        virtual Boxed_Value convert_down(const Boxed_Value &t_base) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        Boxed_Value convert_down(const Boxed_Value &t_base) const override
         {
           return Dynamic_Caster<Base, Derived>::cast(t_base);
         }
 
-        virtual Boxed_Value convert(const Boxed_Value &t_derived) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        Boxed_Value convert(const Boxed_Value &t_derived) const override
         {
           return Static_Caster<Derived, Base>::cast(t_derived);
         }
@@ -262,17 +262,18 @@ namespace chaiscript
         {
         }
 
-        virtual Boxed_Value convert_down(const Boxed_Value &t_base) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        Boxed_Value convert_down(const Boxed_Value &t_base) const override
         {
-          throw chaiscript::exception::bad_boxed_dynamic_cast(t_base.get_type_info(), typeid(Derived), "Unable to cast down inheritance hierarchy with non-polymorphic types");
+          throw chaiscript::exception::bad_boxed_dynamic_cast(t_base.get_type_info(), typeid(Derived), 
+              "Unable to cast down inheritance hierarchy with non-polymorphic types");
         }
 
-        virtual bool bidir() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        bool bidir() const override
         {
           return false;
         }
 
-        virtual Boxed_Value convert(const Boxed_Value &t_derived) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        Boxed_Value convert(const Boxed_Value &t_derived) const override
         {
           return Static_Caster<Derived, Base>::cast(t_derived);
         }
@@ -290,18 +291,18 @@ namespace chaiscript
         {
         }
 
-        virtual Boxed_Value convert_down(const Boxed_Value &) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        Boxed_Value convert_down(const Boxed_Value &) const override
         {
           throw chaiscript::exception::bad_boxed_type_cast("No conversion exists");
         }
 
-        virtual Boxed_Value convert(const Boxed_Value &t_from) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        Boxed_Value convert(const Boxed_Value &t_from) const override
         {
           /// \todo better handling of errors from the conversion function
           return m_func(t_from);
         }
 
-        virtual bool bidir() const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+        virtual bool bidir() const override
         {
           return false;
         }
@@ -317,11 +318,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
     public:
       struct Conversion_Saves
       {
-        Conversion_Saves()
-          : enabled(false)
-        {}
-
-        bool enabled;
+        bool enabled = false;
         std::vector<Boxed_Value> saves;
       };
 
@@ -350,7 +347,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
           m_num_types(m_conversions.size()),
           m_thread_cache(this),
           m_conversion_saves(this)
-
       {
       }
 
@@ -448,7 +444,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       {
         chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_lock<chaiscript::detail::threading::shared_mutex> l(m_mutex);
 
-        auto itr = find(to, from);
+        const auto itr = find(to, from);
 
         if (itr != m_conversions.end())
         {

include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/type_info.hpp

@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ namespace chaiscript
   class Type_Info
   {
     public:
-      CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR Type_Info(bool t_is_const, bool t_is_reference, bool t_is_pointer, bool t_is_void, 
-          bool t_is_arithmetic, const std::type_info *t_ti, const std::type_info *t_bare_ti)
+      constexpr Type_Info(const bool t_is_const, const bool t_is_reference, const bool t_is_pointer, const bool t_is_void, 
+          const bool t_is_arithmetic, const std::type_info *t_ti, const std::type_info *t_bare_ti)
         : m_type_info(t_ti), m_bare_type_info(t_bare_ti),
           m_flags((static_cast<unsigned int>(t_is_const) << is_const_flag)
                 + (static_cast<unsigned int>(t_is_reference) << is_reference_flag)
@@ -40,59 +40,45 @@ namespace chaiscript
       {
       }
 
-      CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR Type_Info()
-        : m_type_info(nullptr), m_bare_type_info(nullptr),
-          m_flags(1 << is_undef_flag)
-      {
-      }
+      constexpr Type_Info() = default;
 
-#if !defined(_MSC_VER) || _MSC_VER != 1800
-      Type_Info(Type_Info&&) = default;
-      Type_Info& operator=(Type_Info&&) = default;
-#endif
-
-      Type_Info(const Type_Info&) = default;
-      Type_Info& operator=(const Type_Info&) = default;
-
-
-      CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR bool operator<(const Type_Info &ti) const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+      constexpr bool operator<(const Type_Info &ti) const noexcept
       {
         return m_type_info < ti.m_type_info;
       }
 
-      CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR bool operator==(const Type_Info &ti) const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+      constexpr bool operator==(const Type_Info &ti) const noexcept
       {
         return ti.m_type_info == m_type_info
-          || (ti.m_type_info && m_type_info && *ti.m_type_info == *m_type_info);
+           || *ti.m_type_info == *m_type_info;
       }
 
-      CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR bool operator==(const std::type_info &ti) const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+      constexpr bool operator==(const std::type_info &ti) const noexcept
       {
-        return m_type_info != nullptr && (*m_type_info) == ti;
+        return !is_undef() && (*m_type_info) == ti;
       }
 
-      CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR bool bare_equal(const Type_Info &ti) const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+      constexpr bool bare_equal(const Type_Info &ti) const noexcept
       {
         return ti.m_bare_type_info == m_bare_type_info
-          || (ti.m_bare_type_info && m_bare_type_info && *ti.m_bare_type_info == *m_bare_type_info);
+           || *ti.m_bare_type_info == *m_bare_type_info;
       }
 
-      CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR bool bare_equal_type_info(const std::type_info &ti) const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+      constexpr bool bare_equal_type_info(const std::type_info &ti) const noexcept
       {
-        return m_bare_type_info != nullptr 
-          && (*m_bare_type_info) == ti;
+        return !is_undef() && (*m_bare_type_info) == ti;
       }
 
-      CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR bool is_const() const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT { return (m_flags & (1 << is_const_flag)) != 0; }
-      CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR bool is_reference() const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT { return (m_flags & (1 << is_reference_flag)) != 0; }
-      CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR bool is_void() const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT { return (m_flags & (1 << is_void_flag)) != 0; }
-      CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR bool is_arithmetic() const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT { return (m_flags & (1 << is_arithmetic_flag)) != 0; }
-      CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR bool is_undef() const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT { return (m_flags & (1 << is_undef_flag)) != 0; }
-      CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR bool is_pointer() const CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT { return (m_flags & (1 << is_pointer_flag)) != 0; }
+      constexpr bool is_const() const noexcept { return (m_flags & (1 << is_const_flag)) != 0; }
+      constexpr bool is_reference() const noexcept { return (m_flags & (1 << is_reference_flag)) != 0; }
+      constexpr bool is_void() const noexcept { return (m_flags & (1 << is_void_flag)) != 0; }
+      constexpr bool is_arithmetic() const noexcept { return (m_flags & (1 << is_arithmetic_flag)) != 0; }
+      constexpr bool is_undef() const noexcept { return (m_flags & (1 << is_undef_flag)) != 0; }
+      constexpr bool is_pointer() const noexcept { return (m_flags & (1 << is_pointer_flag)) != 0; }
 
       std::string name() const
       {
-        if (m_type_info)
+        if (!is_undef())
         {
           return m_type_info->name();
         } else {
@@ -102,7 +88,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
       std::string bare_name() const
       {
-        if (m_bare_type_info)
+        if (!is_undef())
         {
           return m_bare_type_info->name();
         } else {
@@ -110,21 +96,23 @@ namespace chaiscript
         }
       }
 
-      CHAISCRIPT_CONSTEXPR const std::type_info *bare_type_info() const
+      constexpr const std::type_info *bare_type_info() const
       {
         return m_bare_type_info;
       }
 
     private:
-      const std::type_info *m_type_info;
-      const std::type_info *m_bare_type_info;
-      unsigned int m_flags;
+      struct Unknown_Type {};
+
+      const std::type_info *m_type_info = &typeid(Unknown_Type);
+      const std::type_info *m_bare_type_info = &typeid(Unknown_Type);
       static const int is_const_flag = 0;
       static const int is_reference_flag = 1;
       static const int is_pointer_flag = 2;
       static const int is_void_flag = 3;
       static const int is_arithmetic_flag = 4;
       static const int is_undef_flag = 5;
+      unsigned int m_flags = (1 << is_undef_flag);
   };
 
   namespace detail
@@ -133,9 +121,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
     template<typename T>
       struct Get_Type_Info
       {
-        typedef T type;
-
-        static Type_Info get()
+        static constexpr Type_Info get()
         {
           return Type_Info(std::is_const<typename std::remove_pointer<typename std::remove_reference<T>::type>::type>::value, 
               std::is_reference<T>::value, std::is_pointer<T>::value, 
@@ -150,9 +136,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
     template<typename T>
       struct Get_Type_Info<std::shared_ptr<T> >
       {
-        typedef T type;
+//        typedef T type;
 
-        static Type_Info get()
+        static constexpr Type_Info get()
         {
           return Type_Info(std::is_const<T>::value, std::is_reference<T>::value, std::is_pointer<T>::value, 
               std::is_void<T>::value,
@@ -170,9 +156,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
     template<typename T>
       struct Get_Type_Info<const std::shared_ptr<T> &>
       {
-        typedef T type;
-
-        static Type_Info get()
+        static constexpr Type_Info get()
         {
           return Type_Info(std::is_const<T>::value, std::is_reference<T>::value, std::is_pointer<T>::value, 
               std::is_void<T>::value,
@@ -185,9 +169,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
     template<typename T>
       struct Get_Type_Info<std::reference_wrapper<T> >
       {
-        typedef T type;
-
-        static Type_Info get()
+        static constexpr Type_Info get()
         {
           return Type_Info(std::is_const<T>::value, std::is_reference<T>::value, std::is_pointer<T>::value, 
               std::is_void<T>::value,
@@ -200,9 +182,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
     template<typename T>
       struct Get_Type_Info<const std::reference_wrapper<T> &>
       {
-        typedef T type;
-
-        static Type_Info get()
+        static constexpr Type_Info get()
         {
           return Type_Info(std::is_const<T>::value, std::is_reference<T>::value, std::is_pointer<T>::value, 
               std::is_void<T>::value,
@@ -224,7 +204,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
   /// chaiscript::Type_Info ti = chaiscript::user_type(i);
   /// \endcode
   template<typename T>
-   Type_Info user_type(const T &/*t*/)
+  constexpr Type_Info user_type(const T &/*t*/)
   {
     return detail::Get_Type_Info<T>::get();
   }
@@ -239,7 +219,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
   /// chaiscript::Type_Info ti = chaiscript::user_type<int>();
   /// \endcode
   template<typename T>
-   Type_Info user_type()
+  constexpr Type_Info user_type()
   {
     return detail::Get_Type_Info<T>::get();
   }

include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_algebraic.hpp

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 {
 
   struct Operators {
-    enum Opers
+    enum class Opers
     {
       boolean_flag,
       equals, less_than, greater_than, less_than_equal, greater_than_equal, not_equal, 
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
     };
 
     static const char *to_string(Opers t_oper) {
-      const char *opers[] = { 
+      static const char *opers[] = { 
         "",
         "==", "<", ">", "<=", ">=", "!=",
         "",
@@ -46,80 +46,80 @@ namespace chaiscript
         "+", "/", "*", "-", "+", "-",
         ""
       };
-      return opers[t_oper];
+      return opers[static_cast<int>(t_oper)];
     }
 
     static Opers to_operator(const std::string &t_str, bool t_is_unary = false)
     {
       if (t_str == "==")
       {
-        return equals;
+        return Opers::equals;
       } else if (t_str == "<") {
-        return less_than;
+        return Opers::less_than;
       } else if (t_str == ">") {
-        return greater_than;
+        return Opers::greater_than;
       } else if (t_str == "<=") {
-        return less_than_equal; 
+        return Opers::less_than_equal; 
       } else if (t_str == ">=") {
-        return greater_than_equal;
+        return Opers::greater_than_equal;
       } else if (t_str == "!=") {
-        return not_equal;
+        return Opers::not_equal;
       } else if (t_str == "=") {
-        return assign;
+        return Opers::assign;
       } else if (t_str == "++") {
-        return pre_increment;
+        return Opers::pre_increment;
       } else if (t_str == "--") {
-        return pre_decrement;
+        return Opers::pre_decrement;
       } else if (t_str == "*=") {
-        return assign_product;
+        return Opers::assign_product;
       } else if (t_str == "+=") {
-        return assign_sum;
+        return Opers::assign_sum;
       } else if (t_str == "-=") {
-        return assign_difference;
+        return Opers::assign_difference;
       } else if (t_str == "&=") {
-        return assign_bitwise_and;
+        return Opers::assign_bitwise_and;
       } else if (t_str == "|=") {
-        return assign_bitwise_or;
+        return Opers::assign_bitwise_or;
       } else if (t_str == "<<=") {
-        return assign_shift_left;
+        return Opers::assign_shift_left;
       } else if (t_str == ">>=") {
-        return assign_shift_right;
+        return Opers::assign_shift_right;
       } else if (t_str == "%=") {
-        return assign_remainder;
+        return Opers::assign_remainder;
       } else if (t_str == "^=") {
-        return assign_bitwise_xor;
+        return Opers::assign_bitwise_xor;
       } else if (t_str == "<<") {
-        return shift_left;
+        return Opers::shift_left;
       } else if (t_str == ">>") {
-        return shift_right;
+        return Opers::shift_right;
       } else if (t_str == "%") {
-        return remainder;
+        return Opers::remainder;
       } else if (t_str == "&") { 
-        return bitwise_and;
+        return Opers::bitwise_and;
       } else if (t_str == "|") {
-        return bitwise_or;
+        return Opers::bitwise_or;
       } else if (t_str == "^") {
-        return bitwise_xor;
+        return Opers::bitwise_xor;
       } else if (t_str == "~") {
-        return bitwise_complement;
+        return Opers::bitwise_complement;
       } else if (t_str == "+") {
         if (t_is_unary) {
-          return unary_plus;
+          return Opers::unary_plus;
         } else {
-          return sum;
+          return Opers::sum;
         }
       } else if (t_str == "-") {
         if (t_is_unary) {
-          return unary_minus;
+          return Opers::unary_minus;
         } else {
-          return difference;
+          return Opers::difference;
         }
       } else if (t_str == "/") {
-        return quotient;
+        return Opers::quotient;
       } else if (t_str == "*") {
-        return product;
+        return Opers::product;
       } else {
-        return invalid;
+        return Opers::invalid;
       } 
     }
 

include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_common.hpp

@@ -32,28 +32,26 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
 
   /// Types of AST nodes available to the parser and eval
-  class AST_Node_Type {
-  public:
-    enum Type { Error, Int, Float, Id, Char, Str, Eol, Fun_Call, Arg_List, Variable, Equation, Var_Decl,
-                Comparison, Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division, Modulus, Array_Call, Dot_Access, Quoted_String, Single_Quoted_String,
+  enum class AST_Node_Type { Id, Caching_Id, Fun_Call, Arg_List, Equation, Var_Decl,
+    Array_Call, Dot_Access,
     Lambda, Block, Def, While, If, For, Inline_Array, Inline_Map, Return, File, Prefix, Break, Continue, Map_Pair, Value_Range,
-                Inline_Range, Annotation, Try, Catch, Finally, Method, Attr_Decl, Shift, Equality, Bitwise_And, Bitwise_Xor, Bitwise_Or, 
-                Logical_And, Logical_Or, Reference, Switch, Case, Default, Ternary_Cond, Noop, Class, Binary, Arg, Global_Decl
-    };
+    Inline_Range, Try, Catch, Finally, Method, Attr_Decl,  
+    Logical_And, Logical_Or, Reference, Switch, Case, Default, Ternary_Cond, Noop, Class, Binary, Arg, Global_Decl, Constant, Compiled
   };
 
+  enum class Operator_Precidence { Ternary_Cond, Logical_Or, Logical_And, Bitwise_Or, Bitwise_Xor, Bitwise_And, Equality, Comparison, Shift, Addition, Multiplication };
+
   namespace
   {
-
     /// Helper lookup to get the name of each node type
-    const char *ast_node_type_to_string(int ast_node_type) {
-      const char *ast_node_types[] = { "Internal Parser Error", "Int", "Float", "Id", "Char", "Str", "Eol", "Fun_Call", "Arg_List", "Variable", "Equation", "Var_Decl",
-                                    "Comparison", "Addition", "Subtraction", "Multiplication", "Division", "Modulus", "Array_Call", "Dot_Access", "Quoted_String", "Single_Quoted_String",
+    const char *ast_node_type_to_string(AST_Node_Type ast_node_type) {
+      static const char * const ast_node_types[] = { "Id", "Caching_Id", "Fun_Call", "Arg_List", "Equation", "Var_Decl",
+                                    "Array_Call", "Dot_Access", 
                                     "Lambda", "Block", "Def", "While", "If", "For", "Inline_Array", "Inline_Map", "Return", "File", "Prefix", "Break", "Continue", "Map_Pair", "Value_Range",
-                                    "Inline_Range", "Annotation", "Try", "Catch", "Finally", "Method", "Attr_Decl", "Shift", "Equality", "Bitwise_And", "Bitwise_Xor", "Bitwise_Or", 
-                                    "Logical_And", "Logical_Or", "Reference", "Switch", "Case", "Default", "Ternary Condition", "Noop", "Class", "Binary", "Arg"};
+                                    "Inline_Range", "Try", "Catch", "Finally", "Method", "Attr_Decl",
+                                    "Logical_And", "Logical_Or", "Reference", "Switch", "Case", "Default", "Ternary Condition", "Noop", "Class", "Binary", "Arg", "Global_Decl", "Constant", "Compiled"};
 
-      return ast_node_types[ast_node_type];
+      return ast_node_types[static_cast<int>(ast_node_type)];
     }
   }
 
@@ -101,6 +99,36 @@ namespace chaiscript
   /// \brief Classes which may be thrown during error cases when ChaiScript is executing.
   namespace exception
   {
+    /// \brief Thrown if an error occurs while attempting to load a binary module
+    struct load_module_error : std::runtime_error
+    {
+      load_module_error(const std::string &t_reason) noexcept
+        : std::runtime_error(t_reason)
+      {
+      }
+
+      load_module_error(const std::string &t_name, const std::vector<load_module_error> &t_errors)
+        : std::runtime_error(format_error(t_name, t_errors))
+      {
+      }
+
+      load_module_error(const load_module_error &) = default;
+      virtual ~load_module_error() noexcept = default;
+
+      static std::string format_error(const std::string &t_name, const std::vector<load_module_error> &t_errors)
+      {
+        std::stringstream ss;
+        ss << "Error loading module '" << t_name << "'\n"
+           << "  The following locations were searched:\n";
+
+        for (const auto &err : t_errors) {
+          ss << "    " << err.what() << "\n";
+        }
+
+        return ss.str();
+      }
+    };
+
 
     /// Errors generated during parsing or evaluation
     struct eval_error : std::runtime_error {
@@ -113,7 +141,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       eval_error(const std::string &t_why, const File_Position &t_where, const std::string &t_fname,
           const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &t_parameters, const std::vector<chaiscript::Const_Proxy_Function> &t_functions,
           bool t_dot_notation,
-          const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT :
+          const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) noexcept :
         std::runtime_error(format(t_why, t_where, t_fname, t_parameters, t_dot_notation, t_ss)),
         reason(t_why), start_position(t_where), filename(t_fname), detail(format_detail(t_functions, t_dot_notation, t_ss)) 
       {}
@@ -121,18 +149,18 @@ namespace chaiscript
       eval_error(const std::string &t_why, 
            const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &t_parameters, const std::vector<chaiscript::Const_Proxy_Function> &t_functions,
            bool t_dot_notation,
-           const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT :
+           const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine &t_ss) noexcept :
         std::runtime_error(format(t_why, t_parameters, t_dot_notation, t_ss)),
         reason(t_why), detail(format_detail(t_functions, t_dot_notation, t_ss))
       {}
 
 
-      eval_error(const std::string &t_why, const File_Position &t_where, const std::string &t_fname) CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT :
+      eval_error(const std::string &t_why, const File_Position &t_where, const std::string &t_fname) noexcept :
         std::runtime_error(format(t_why, t_where, t_fname)),
         reason(t_why), start_position(t_where), filename(t_fname)
       {}
 
-      eval_error(const std::string &t_why) CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+      eval_error(const std::string &t_why) noexcept
         : std::runtime_error("Error: \"" + t_why + "\" "),
         reason(t_why) 
       {}
@@ -161,12 +189,12 @@ namespace chaiscript
         return ss.str();
       }
 
-      virtual ~eval_error() CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT {}
+      virtual ~eval_error() noexcept = default;
 
     private:
 
       template<typename T>
-        static int id(const T& t)
+        static AST_Node_Type id(const T& t)
         {
           return t->identifier;
         }
@@ -420,12 +448,12 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
     /// Errors generated when loading a file
     struct file_not_found_error : std::runtime_error {
-      file_not_found_error(const std::string &t_filename) CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
+      file_not_found_error(const std::string &t_filename) noexcept
         : std::runtime_error("File Not Found: " + t_filename)
       { }
 
       file_not_found_error(const file_not_found_error &) = default;
-      virtual ~file_not_found_error() CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT {}
+      virtual ~file_not_found_error() noexcept {}
     };
 
   }
@@ -434,11 +462,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
   /// \brief Struct that doubles as both a parser ast_node and an AST node.
   struct AST_Node : std::enable_shared_from_this<AST_Node> {
     public:
-      const int identifier; //< \todo shouldn't this be a strongly typed enum value?
+      const AST_Node_Type identifier;
       const std::string text;
       Parse_Location location;
-      std::vector<AST_NodePtr> children;
-      AST_NodePtr annotation;
 
       const std::string &filename() const {
         return *location.filename;
@@ -452,19 +478,22 @@ namespace chaiscript
         return location.end;
       }
 
-      virtual std::string pretty_print() const
+      std::string pretty_print() const
       {
         std::ostringstream oss;
 
         oss << text;
 
-        for (auto & elem : this->children) {
-          oss << elem->pretty_print();
+        for (auto & elem : this->get_children()) {
+          oss << elem->pretty_print() << ' ';
         }
 
         return oss.str();
       }
 
+      virtual std::vector<AST_NodePtr> get_children() const = 0;
+      virtual Boxed_Value eval(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_e) const = 0;
+
 
       /// Prints the contents of an AST node, including its children, recursively
       std::string to_string(const std::string &t_prepend = "") const {
@@ -473,21 +502,12 @@ namespace chaiscript
         oss << t_prepend << "(" << ast_node_type_to_string(this->identifier) << ") "
             << this->text << " : " << this->location.start.line << ", " << this->location.start.column << '\n';
 
-        for (auto & elem : this->children) {
+        for (auto & elem : this->get_children()) {
           oss << elem->to_string(t_prepend + "  ");
         }
         return oss.str();
       }
 
-      Boxed_Value eval(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_e) const
-      {
-        try {
-          return eval_internal(t_e);
-        } catch (exception::eval_error &ee) {
-          ee.call_stack.push_back(shared_from_this());
-          throw;
-        }
-      }
 
       static bool get_bool_condition(const Boxed_Value &t_bv) {
         try {
@@ -499,33 +519,47 @@ namespace chaiscript
       }
 
 
-      void replace_child(const AST_NodePtr &t_child, const AST_NodePtr &t_new_child)
-      {
-        std::replace(children.begin(), children.end(), t_child, t_new_child);
-      }
-
-      virtual ~AST_Node() {}
-
-    protected:
-      AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text, int t_id, Parse_Location t_loc, 
-               std::vector<AST_NodePtr> t_children = std::vector<AST_NodePtr>()) :
-        identifier(t_id), text(std::move(t_ast_node_text)),
-        location(std::move(t_loc)),
-        children(std::move(t_children))
-      {
-      }
-
-      virtual Boxed_Value eval_internal(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &) const
-      {
-        throw std::runtime_error("Undispatched ast_node (internal error)");
-      }
-
-    private:
-      // Copy and assignment explicitly unimplemented
+      virtual ~AST_Node() = default;
+      AST_Node(AST_Node &&) = default;
+      AST_Node &operator=(AST_Node &&) = default;
       AST_Node(const AST_Node &) = delete;
       AST_Node& operator=(const AST_Node &) = delete;
+
+
+    protected:
+      AST_Node(std::string t_ast_node_text, AST_Node_Type t_id, Parse_Location t_loc)
+        : identifier(t_id), text(std::move(t_ast_node_text)),
+          location(std::move(t_loc))
+      {
+      }
+
+
   };
 
+  namespace parser {
+    class ChaiScript_Parser_Base
+    {
+      public:
+        virtual AST_NodePtr parse(const std::string &t_input, const std::string &t_fname) = 0;
+        virtual void debug_print(AST_NodePtr t, std::string prepend = "") const = 0;
+        virtual void *get_tracer_ptr() = 0;
+        virtual ~ChaiScript_Parser_Base() = default;
+        ChaiScript_Parser_Base() = default;
+        ChaiScript_Parser_Base(ChaiScript_Parser_Base &&) = default;
+        ChaiScript_Parser_Base &operator=(ChaiScript_Parser_Base &&) = delete;
+        ChaiScript_Parser_Base &operator=(const ChaiScript_Parser_Base &&) = delete;
+
+        template<typename T>
+        T &get_tracer()
+        {
+          // to do type check this somehow?
+          return *static_cast<T*>(get_tracer_ptr());
+        }
+
+      protected:
+        ChaiScript_Parser_Base(const ChaiScript_Parser_Base &) = default;
+    };
+  }
 
   namespace eval
   {
@@ -554,77 +588,83 @@ namespace chaiscript
       /// Creates a new scope then pops it on destruction
       struct Scope_Push_Pop
       {
+        Scope_Push_Pop(Scope_Push_Pop &&) = default;
+        Scope_Push_Pop& operator=(Scope_Push_Pop &&) = default;
         Scope_Push_Pop(const Scope_Push_Pop &) = delete;
         Scope_Push_Pop& operator=(const Scope_Push_Pop &) = delete;
 
         Scope_Push_Pop(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ds)
           : m_ds(t_ds)
         {
-          m_ds.get()->new_scope(m_ds.get().stack_holder());
+          m_ds->new_scope(m_ds.stack_holder());
         }
 
         ~Scope_Push_Pop()
         {
-          m_ds.get()->pop_scope(m_ds.get().stack_holder());
+          m_ds->pop_scope(m_ds.stack_holder());
         }
 
 
         private:
-        std::reference_wrapper<const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State> m_ds;
+          const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &m_ds;
       };
 
       /// Creates a new function call and pops it on destruction
       struct Function_Push_Pop
       {
+        Function_Push_Pop(Function_Push_Pop &&) = default;
+        Function_Push_Pop& operator=(Function_Push_Pop &&) = default;
         Function_Push_Pop(const Function_Push_Pop &) = delete;
         Function_Push_Pop& operator=(const Function_Push_Pop &) = delete;
 
         Function_Push_Pop(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ds)
           : m_ds(t_ds)
         {
-          m_ds.get()->new_function_call(m_ds.get().stack_holder(), m_ds.get().conversion_saves());
+          m_ds->new_function_call(m_ds.stack_holder(), m_ds.conversion_saves());
         }
 
         ~Function_Push_Pop()
         {
-          m_ds.get()->pop_function_call(m_ds.get().stack_holder(), m_ds.get().conversion_saves());
+          m_ds->pop_function_call(m_ds.stack_holder(), m_ds.conversion_saves());
         }
 
         void save_params(const std::vector<Boxed_Value> &t_params)
         {
-          m_ds.get()->save_function_params(t_params);
+          m_ds->save_function_params(t_params);
         }
 
         void save_params(std::initializer_list<Boxed_Value> t_params)
         {
-          m_ds.get()->save_function_params(std::move(t_params));
+          m_ds->save_function_params(std::move(t_params));
         }
 
 
         private:
-          std::reference_wrapper<const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State> m_ds;
+          const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &m_ds;
       };
 
       /// Creates a new scope then pops it on destruction
       struct Stack_Push_Pop
       {
+        Stack_Push_Pop(Stack_Push_Pop &&) = default;
+        Stack_Push_Pop& operator=(Stack_Push_Pop &&) = default;
         Stack_Push_Pop(const Stack_Push_Pop &) = delete;
         Stack_Push_Pop& operator=(const Stack_Push_Pop &) = delete;
 
         Stack_Push_Pop(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ds)
           : m_ds(t_ds)
         {
-          m_ds.get()->new_stack(m_ds.get().stack_holder());
+          m_ds->new_stack(m_ds.stack_holder());
         }
 
         ~Stack_Push_Pop()
         {
-          m_ds.get()->pop_stack(m_ds.get().stack_holder());
+          m_ds->pop_stack(m_ds.stack_holder());
         }
 
 
         private:
-          std::reference_wrapper<const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State> m_ds;
+          const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &m_ds;
       };
     }
   }

include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_engine.hpp

@@ -33,14 +33,15 @@
 
 #if defined(_POSIX_VERSION) && !defined(__CYGWIN__) 
 #include <dlfcn.h>
-#else
+#endif
+
+
 #ifdef CHAISCRIPT_WINDOWS
-#define VC_EXTRA_LEAN
-#if !defined(WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN)
-#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
-#endif
-#include <windows.h>
-#endif
+#include "chaiscript_windows.hpp"
+#elif _POSIX_VERSION
+#include "chaiscript_posix.hpp"
+#else
+#include "chaiscript_unknown.hpp"
 #endif
 
 
@@ -49,205 +50,9 @@
 
 namespace chaiscript
 {
-  namespace exception
-  {
-    /// \brief Thrown if an error occurs while attempting to load a binary module
-    struct load_module_error : std::runtime_error
-    {
-      load_module_error(const std::string &t_reason) CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT
-        : std::runtime_error(t_reason)
-      {
-      }
-
-      load_module_error(const load_module_error &) = default;
-      virtual ~load_module_error() CHAISCRIPT_NOEXCEPT {}
-    };
-  }
 
   namespace detail
   {
-#if defined(_POSIX_VERSION) && !defined(__CYGWIN__) 
-    struct Loadable_Module
-    {
-      struct DLModule
-      {
-        DLModule(const std::string &t_filename)
-          : m_data(dlopen(t_filename.c_str(), RTLD_NOW))
-        {
-          if (!m_data)
-          {
-            throw chaiscript::exception::load_module_error(dlerror());
-          }
-        }
-
-        DLModule(const DLModule &); // Explicitly unimplemented copy constructor
-        DLModule &operator=(const DLModule &); // Explicitly unimplemented assignment operator
-
-        ~DLModule()
-        {
-          dlclose(m_data);
-        }
-
-        void *m_data;
-      };
-
-      template<typename T>
-        struct DLSym
-        {
-          DLSym(DLModule &t_mod, const std::string &t_symbol)
-            : m_symbol(cast_symbol(dlsym(t_mod.m_data, t_symbol.c_str())))
-          {
-            if (!m_symbol)
-            {
-              throw chaiscript::exception::load_module_error(dlerror());
-            }
-          }
-
-          static T cast_symbol(void *p)
-          {
-            union cast_union
-            {
-              T func_ptr;
-              void *in_ptr;
-            };
-
-            cast_union c;
-            c.in_ptr = p;
-            return c.func_ptr;
-          }
-
-          T m_symbol;
-        };
-
-      Loadable_Module(const std::string &t_module_name, const std::string &t_filename)
-        : m_dlmodule(t_filename), m_func(m_dlmodule, "create_chaiscript_module_" + t_module_name),
-        m_moduleptr(m_func.m_symbol())
-      {
-      }
-
-      DLModule m_dlmodule;
-      DLSym<Create_Module_Func> m_func;
-      ModulePtr m_moduleptr;
-    };
-#else
-
-#ifdef WIN32
-
-
-    struct Loadable_Module
-    {
-      template<typename T>
-        static std::wstring to_wstring(const T &t_str) 
-        {
-          return std::wstring(t_str.begin(), t_str.end());
-        }
-
-      template<typename T>
-        static std::string to_string(const T &t_str)
-        {
-          return std::string(t_str.begin(), t_str.end());
-        }
-
-#if defined(_UNICODE) || defined(UNICODE)
-        template<typename T>
-        static std::wstring to_proper_string(const T &t_str)
-        {
-          return to_wstring(t_str);
-        }
-#else
-      template<typename T>
-        static std::string to_proper_string(const T &t_str)
-        {
-          return to_string(t_str);
-        }
-#endif
-
-      static std::string get_error_message(DWORD t_err)
-      {
-        typedef LPTSTR StringType;
-
-#if defined(_UNICODE) || defined(UNICODE)
-        std::wstring retval = L"Unknown Error";
-#else
-        std::string retval = "Unknown Error";
-#endif
-        StringType lpMsgBuf = nullptr;
-
-        if (FormatMessage(
-            FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER | 
-            FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM |
-            FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
-            nullptr,
-            t_err,
-            MAKELANGID(LANG_NEUTRAL, SUBLANG_DEFAULT),
-            reinterpret_cast<StringType>(&lpMsgBuf),
-            0, nullptr ) != 0 && lpMsgBuf)
-        {
-          retval = lpMsgBuf;
-          LocalFree(lpMsgBuf);
-        }
-
-        return to_string(retval);
-      }
-
-      struct DLModule
-      {
-        DLModule(const std::string &t_filename)
-          : m_data(LoadLibrary(to_proper_string(t_filename).c_str()))
-        {
-          if (!m_data)
-          {
-            throw chaiscript::exception::load_module_error(get_error_message(GetLastError()));
-          }
-        }
-
-        ~DLModule()
-        {
-          FreeLibrary(m_data);
-        }
-
-        HMODULE m_data;
-      };
-
-      template<typename T>
-        struct DLSym
-        {
-          DLSym(DLModule &t_mod, const std::string &t_symbol)
-            : m_symbol(reinterpret_cast<T>(GetProcAddress(t_mod.m_data, t_symbol.c_str())))
-          {
-            if (!m_symbol)
-            {
-              throw chaiscript::exception::load_module_error(get_error_message(GetLastError()));
-            }
-          }
-
-          T m_symbol;
-        };
-
-      Loadable_Module(const std::string &t_module_name, const std::string &t_filename)
-        : m_dlmodule(t_filename), m_func(m_dlmodule, "create_chaiscript_module_" + t_module_name),
-        m_moduleptr(m_func.m_symbol())
-      {
-      }
-
-      DLModule m_dlmodule;
-      DLSym<Create_Module_Func> m_func;
-      ModulePtr m_moduleptr;
-    };
-
-#else
-    struct Loadable_Module
-    {
-      Loadable_Module(const std::string &, const std::string &)
-      {
-        throw chaiscript::exception::load_module_error("Loadable module support not available for your platform");
-      }
-
-      ModulePtr m_moduleptr;
-    };
-#endif
-#endif
-
     typedef std::shared_ptr<Loadable_Module> Loadable_Module_Ptr;
   }
 
@@ -265,19 +70,16 @@ namespace chaiscript
     std::vector<std::string> m_module_paths;
     std::vector<std::string> m_use_paths;
 
+    std::unique_ptr<parser::ChaiScript_Parser_Base> m_parser;
+
     chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_Engine m_engine;
 
     /// Evaluates the given string in by parsing it and running the results through the evaluator
     Boxed_Value do_eval(const std::string &t_input, const std::string &t_filename = "__EVAL__", bool /* t_internal*/  = false) 
     {
       try {
-        parser::ChaiScript_Parser parser;
-        if (parser.parse(t_input, t_filename)) {
-          //parser.show_match_stack();
-          return parser.optimized_ast()->eval(m_engine);
-        } else {
-          return Boxed_Value();
-        }
+        const auto p = m_parser->parse(t_input, t_filename);
+        return p->eval(m_engine);
       }
       catch (chaiscript::eval::detail::Return_Value &rv) {
         return rv.retval;
@@ -286,8 +88,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
 
 
-
-
     /// Evaluates the given file and looks in the 'use' paths
     const Boxed_Value internal_eval_file(const std::string &t_filename) {
       for (const auto &path : m_use_paths)
@@ -325,27 +125,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
     /// Builds all the requirements for ChaiScript, including its evaluator and a run of its prelude.
     void build_eval_system(const ModulePtr &t_lib) {
-      m_engine.add_reserved_word("def");
-      m_engine.add_reserved_word("fun");
-      m_engine.add_reserved_word("while");
-      m_engine.add_reserved_word("for");
-      m_engine.add_reserved_word("if");
-      m_engine.add_reserved_word("else");
-      m_engine.add_reserved_word("&&");
-      m_engine.add_reserved_word("||");
-      m_engine.add_reserved_word(",");
-      m_engine.add_reserved_word("auto");
-      m_engine.add_reserved_word("return");
-      m_engine.add_reserved_word("break");
-      m_engine.add_reserved_word("true");
-      m_engine.add_reserved_word("false");
-      m_engine.add_reserved_word("class");
-      m_engine.add_reserved_word("attr");
-      m_engine.add_reserved_word("var");
-      m_engine.add_reserved_word("global");
-      m_engine.add_reserved_word("GLOBAL");
-      m_engine.add_reserved_word("_");
-
       if (t_lib)
       {
         add(t_lib);
@@ -397,16 +176,10 @@ namespace chaiscript
       m_engine.add(fun([this](const std::string &t_file){ return internal_eval_file(t_file); }), "eval_file");
       m_engine.add(fun([this](const std::string &t_str){ return internal_eval(t_str); }), "eval");
       m_engine.add(fun([this](const AST_NodePtr &t_ast){ return eval(t_ast); }), "eval");
-      m_engine.add(fun(&parse), "parse");
 
-      m_engine.add(fun(&ChaiScript::version_major), "version_major");
-      m_engine.add(fun(&ChaiScript::version_minor), "version_minor");
-      m_engine.add(fun(&ChaiScript::version_patch), "version_patch");
-      m_engine.add(fun(&ChaiScript::version), "version");
-      m_engine.add(fun(&ChaiScript::compiler_version), "compiler_version");
-      m_engine.add(fun(&ChaiScript::compiler_name), "compiler_name");
-      m_engine.add(fun(&ChaiScript::compiler_id), "compiler_id");
-      m_engine.add(fun(&ChaiScript::debug_build), "debug_build");
+      m_engine.add(fun([this](const std::string &t_str, const bool t_dump){ return parse(t_str, t_dump); }), "parse");
+      m_engine.add(fun([this](const std::string &t_str){ return parse(t_str); }), "parse");
+
 
       m_engine.add(fun([this](const Boxed_Value &t_bv, const std::string &t_name){ add_global_const(t_bv, t_name); }), "add_global_const");
       m_engine.add(fun([this](const Boxed_Value &t_bv, const std::string &t_name){ add_global(t_bv, t_name); }), "add_global");
@@ -445,7 +218,10 @@ namespace chaiscript
     ChaiScript(const ModulePtr &t_lib,
                std::vector<std::string> t_modulepaths = std::vector<std::string>(),
                       std::vector<std::string> t_usepaths = std::vector<std::string>())
-      : m_module_paths(std::move(t_modulepaths)), m_use_paths(std::move(t_usepaths))
+      : m_module_paths(std::move(t_modulepaths)), m_use_paths(std::move(t_usepaths)),
+        m_parser(std::make_unique<parser::ChaiScript_Parser<eval::Noop_Tracer, optimizer::Optimizer<optimizer::Block, optimizer::Caching_Id, optimizer::Constant_Fold, optimizer::If, optimizer::Return, optimizer::For_Loop>>>()),
+        m_engine(*m_parser)
+
     {
       if (m_module_paths.empty())
       {
@@ -469,7 +245,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
     /// \param[in] t_usepaths Vector of paths to search when attempting to "use" an included ChaiScript file
     ChaiScript( std::vector<std::string> t_modulepaths = std::vector<std::string>(),
                       std::vector<std::string> t_usepaths = std::vector<std::string>())
-      : m_module_paths(std::move(t_modulepaths)), m_use_paths(std::move(t_usepaths))
+      : m_module_paths(std::move(t_modulepaths)), m_use_paths(std::move(t_usepaths)),
+        m_parser(std::make_unique<parser::ChaiScript_Parser<eval::Noop_Tracer, optimizer::Optimizer<optimizer::Block, optimizer::Caching_Id, optimizer::Constant_Fold, optimizer::If, optimizer::Return, optimizer::For_Loop>>>()),
+        m_engine(*m_parser)
     {
       if (m_module_paths.empty())
       {
@@ -516,8 +294,21 @@ namespace chaiscript
 #endif
 
 
+      try {
         // attempt to load the stdlib
-      load_module("chaiscript_stdlib-" + version());
+        load_module("chaiscript_stdlib-" + Build_Info::version());
+      } catch (const exception::load_module_error &t_err) {
+        std::cout << "An error occured while trying to load the chaiscript standard library.\n"
+                  << "\n"
+                  << "You must either provide a standard library, or compile it in.\n"
+                  << "For an example of compiling the standard library in,\n"
+                  << "see: https://gist.github.com/lefticus/9456197\n"
+                  << "Compiling the stdlib in is the recommended and MOST SUPPORTED method.\n"
+                  << "\n"
+                  << "\n"
+                  << t_err.what();
+        throw;
+      }
 
       build_eval_system(ModulePtr());
     }
@@ -532,65 +323,16 @@ namespace chaiscript
       }
     }
 
-    static AST_NodePtr parse(const std::string &t_input)
+    AST_NodePtr parse(const std::string &t_input, const bool t_debug_print = false)
     {
-      parser::ChaiScript_Parser parser;
-      if (parser.parse(t_input, "PARSE")) {
-        //parser.show_match_stack();
-        return parser.optimized_ast();
-      } else {
-        throw chaiscript::exception::eval_error("Unknown error while parsing");
+      const auto ast = m_parser->parse(t_input, "PARSE");
+      if (t_debug_print) {
+        m_parser->debug_print(ast);
       }
+      return ast;
     }
 
 
-    static int version_major()
-    {
-      return chaiscript::version_major;
-    }
-
-    static int version_minor()
-    {
-      return chaiscript::version_minor;
-    }
-
-    static int version_patch()
-    {
-      return chaiscript::version_patch;
-    }
-
-    static std::string version()
-    {
-      return std::to_string(version_major()) + '.' + std::to_string(version_minor()) + '.' + std::to_string(version_patch());
-    }
-
-    static std::string compiler_id()
-    {
-      return compiler_name() + '-' + compiler_version();
-    }
-
-    static std::string build_id()
-    {
-      return compiler_id() + (debug_build()?"-Debug":"-Release");
-    }
-
-    static std::string compiler_version()
-    {
-      return chaiscript::compiler_version;
-    }
-
-    static std::string compiler_name()
-    {
-      return chaiscript::compiler_name;
-    }
-
-    static bool debug_build()
-    {
-      return chaiscript::debug_build;
-    }
-
-
-
     std::string get_type_name(const Type_Info &ti) const
     {
       return m_engine.get_type_name(ti);
@@ -805,7 +547,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
     {
       std::vector<exception::load_module_error> errors;
       std::string version_stripped_name = t_module_name;
-      size_t version_pos = version_stripped_name.find("-"+version());
+      size_t version_pos = version_stripped_name.find("-" + Build_Info::version());
       if (version_pos != std::string::npos)
       {
         version_stripped_name.erase(version_pos);
@@ -835,21 +577,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
         }
       }
 
-      std::string errstring;
-
-      for (std::vector<exception::load_module_error>::const_iterator itr = errors.begin();
-           itr != errors.end();
-           ++itr)
-      {
-        if (!errstring.empty())
-        {
-          errstring += "; ";
-        }
-
-        errstring += itr->what();
-      }
-
-      throw chaiscript::exception::load_module_error("Unable to find module: " + t_module_name + " Errors: " + errstring);
+      throw chaiscript::exception::load_module_error(t_module_name, errors);
     }
 
     /// \brief Load a binary module from a dynamic library. Works on platforms that support
@@ -886,14 +614,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
     /// \throw chaiscript::exception::eval_error In the case that evaluation fails.
     Boxed_Value operator()(const std::string &t_script, const Exception_Handler &t_handler = Exception_Handler())
     {
-      try {
-        return do_eval(t_script);
-      } catch (Boxed_Value &bv) {
-        if (t_handler) {
-          t_handler->handle(bv, m_engine);
-        }
-        throw;
-      }
+      return eval(t_script, t_handler);
     }
 
     /// \brief Evaluates a string and returns a typesafe result.
@@ -912,21 +633,14 @@ namespace chaiscript
     template<typename T>
     T eval(const std::string &t_input, const Exception_Handler &t_handler = Exception_Handler(), const std::string &t_filename="__EVAL__")
     {
-      try {
-        return m_engine.boxed_cast<T>(do_eval(t_input, t_filename));
-      } catch (Boxed_Value &bv) {
-        if (t_handler) {
-          t_handler->handle(bv, m_engine);
-        }
-        throw;
-      }
+      return m_engine.boxed_cast<T>(eval(t_input, t_handler, t_filename));
     }
 
     /// \brief casts an object while applying any Dynamic_Conversion available
     template<typename Type>
-      typename detail::Cast_Helper<Type>::Result_Type boxed_cast(const Boxed_Value &bv) const
+      decltype(auto) boxed_cast(const Boxed_Value &bv) const
       {
-        return m_engine.boxed_cast<Type>(bv);
+        return(m_engine.boxed_cast<Type>(bv));
       }
  
 
@@ -958,14 +672,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
     /// \return result of the script execution
     /// \throw chaiscript::exception::eval_error In the case that evaluation fails.
     Boxed_Value eval_file(const std::string &t_filename, const Exception_Handler &t_handler = Exception_Handler()) {
-      try {
-        return do_eval(load_file(t_filename), t_filename);
-      } catch (Boxed_Value &bv) {
-        if (t_handler) {
-          t_handler->handle(bv, m_engine);
-        }
-        throw;
-      }
+      return eval(load_file(t_filename), t_handler, t_filename);
     }
 
     /// \brief Loads the file specified by filename, evaluates it, and returns the type safe result.
@@ -978,14 +685,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
     ///        to the requested type.
     template<typename T>
     T eval_file(const std::string &t_filename, const Exception_Handler &t_handler = Exception_Handler()) {
-      try {
-        return m_engine.boxed_cast<T>(do_eval(load_file(t_filename), t_filename));
-      } catch (Boxed_Value &bv) {
-        if (t_handler) {
-          t_handler->handle(bv, m_engine);
-        }
-        throw;
-      }
+      return m_engine.boxed_cast<T>(eval_file(t_filename, t_handler));
     }
   };
 

include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_optimizer.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+// This file is distributed under the BSD License.
+// See "license.txt" for details.
+// Copyright 2009-2012, Jonathan Turner (jonathan@emptycrate.com)
+// Copyright 2009-2016, Jason Turner (jason@emptycrate.com)
+// http://www.chaiscript.com
+
+#ifndef CHAISCRIPT_OPTIMIZER_HPP_
+#define CHAISCRIPT_OPTIMIZER_HPP_
+
+#include "chaiscript_eval.hpp"
+
+
+namespace chaiscript {
+  namespace optimizer {
+
+    template<typename ... T>
+      struct Optimizer : T...
+    {
+      Optimizer() = default;
+      Optimizer(T ... t)
+        : T(std::move(t))...
+      {
+      }
+
+      template<typename Tracer>
+      auto optimize(eval::AST_Node_Impl_Ptr<Tracer> p) {
+        (void)std::initializer_list<int>{ (p = T::optimize(p), 0)... };
+        return p;
+      }
+    };
+
+    template<typename T>
+      auto child_at(const eval::AST_Node_Impl_Ptr<T> &node, const size_t offset) {
+        if (node->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Compiled) {
+          return dynamic_cast<const eval::Compiled_AST_Node<T>&>(*node).m_original_node->children[offset];
+        } else {
+          return node->children[offset];
+        }
+      }
+
+    template<typename T>
+      auto child_count(const eval::AST_Node_Impl_Ptr<T> &node) {
+        if (node->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Compiled) {
+          return dynamic_cast<const eval::Compiled_AST_Node<T>&>(*node).m_original_node->children.size();
+        } else {
+          return node->children.size();
+        }
+      }
+
+    template<typename T, typename Callable>
+      auto make_compiled_node(const eval::AST_Node_Impl_Ptr<T> &original_node, std::vector<eval::AST_Node_Impl_Ptr<T>> children, Callable callable)
+      {
+        return chaiscript::make_shared<eval::AST_Node_Impl<T>, eval::Compiled_AST_Node<T>>(original_node, std::move(children), std::move(callable));
+      }
+
+
+    struct Return {
+      template<typename T>
+      auto optimize(const eval::AST_Node_Impl_Ptr<T> &p)
+      {
+        if (p->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Def
+            && !p->children.empty())
+        {
+          auto &last_child = p->children.back();
+          if (last_child->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Block) {
+            auto &block_last_child = last_child->children.back();
+            if (block_last_child->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Return) {
+              if (block_last_child->children.size() == 1) {
+                last_child->children.back() = block_last_child->children[0];
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+
+        return p;
+      }
+    };
+
+    template<typename T>
+    bool contains_var_decl_in_scope(const T &node)
+    {
+      if (node->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Var_Decl) {
+        return true;
+      }
+
+      const auto num = child_count(node);
+
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < num; ++i) {
+        const auto &child = child_at(node, i);
+        if (child->identifier != AST_Node_Type::Block
+            && contains_var_decl_in_scope(child)) {
+          return true;
+        }
+      }
+
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    struct Block {
+      template<typename T>
+      auto optimize(const eval::AST_Node_Impl_Ptr<T> &node) {
+        if (node->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Block
+            && node->children.size() == 1
+            && !contains_var_decl_in_scope(node))
+        {
+          return node->children[0];
+        } else {
+          return node;
+        }
+      }
+    };
+
+    struct If {
+      template<typename T>
+      auto optimize(const eval::AST_Node_Impl_Ptr<T> &node) {
+        if (node->identifier == AST_Node_Type::If
+             && node->children.size() >= 2
+             && node->children[0]->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Constant)
+        {
+          const auto condition = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<eval::Constant_AST_Node<T>>(node->children[0])->m_value;
+          if (condition.get_type_info().bare_equal_type_info(typeid(bool))) {
+            if (boxed_cast<bool>(condition)) {
+              return node->children[1];
+            } else if (node->children.size() == 3) {
+              return node->children[2];
+            }
+          }
+        }
+
+        return node;
+      }
+    };
+
+    struct Caching_Id {
+      template<typename T>
+      auto optimize(const eval::AST_Node_Impl_Ptr<T> &node) {
+        if (node->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Id)
+        {
+          return chaiscript::make_shared<eval::AST_Node_Impl<T>, eval::Caching_Id_AST_Node<T>>(node->text, node->location);
+        } else {
+          return node;
+        }
+      }
+    };
+
+    struct Constant_Fold {
+      template<typename T>
+      auto optimize(const eval::AST_Node_Impl_Ptr<T> &node) {
+
+        if (node->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Binary
+            && node->children.size() == 2
+            && node->children[0]->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Constant
+            && node->children[1]->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Constant)
+        {
+          try {
+            const auto &oper = node->text;
+            const auto parsed = Operators::to_operator(oper);
+            if (parsed != Operators::Opers::invalid) {
+              const auto lhs = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<eval::Constant_AST_Node<T>>(node->children[0])->m_value;
+              const auto rhs = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<eval::Constant_AST_Node<T>>(node->children[1])->m_value;
+              if (lhs.get_type_info().is_arithmetic() && rhs.get_type_info().is_arithmetic()) {
+                const auto val  = Boxed_Number::do_oper(parsed, lhs, rhs);
+                const auto match = node->children[0]->text + " " + oper + " " + node->children[1]->text;
+                return chaiscript::make_shared<eval::AST_Node_Impl<T>, eval::Constant_AST_Node<T>>(std::move(match), node->location, std::move(val));
+              }
+            }
+          } catch (const std::exception &) {
+            //failure to fold, that's OK
+          }
+        } else if (node->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Fun_Call
+                   && node->children.size() == 2
+                   && node->children[0]->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Id
+                   && node->children[1]->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Arg_List
+                   && node->children[1]->children.size() == 1
+                   && node->children[1]->children[0]->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Constant) {
+
+          const auto arg = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<eval::Constant_AST_Node<T>>(node->children[1]->children[0])->m_value;
+          if (arg.get_type_info().is_arithmetic()) {
+            const auto &fun_name = node->children[0]->text;
+
+            const auto make_constant = [&node, &fun_name](auto val){
+              const auto match = fun_name + "(" + node->children[1]->children[0]->text + ")";
+              return chaiscript::make_shared<eval::AST_Node_Impl<T>, eval::Constant_AST_Node<T>>(std::move(match), node->location, Boxed_Value(val));
+            };
+
+            if (fun_name == "double") {
+              return make_constant(Boxed_Number(arg).get_as<double>());
+            } else if (fun_name == "int") {
+              return make_constant(Boxed_Number(arg).get_as<int>());
+            } else if (fun_name == "float") {
+              return make_constant(Boxed_Number(arg).get_as<float>());
+            } else if (fun_name == "long") {
+              return make_constant(Boxed_Number(arg).get_as<long>());
+            }
+
+          }
+
+        }
+
+        return node;
+      }
+    };
+
+    struct For_Loop {
+      template<typename T>
+      auto optimize(const eval::AST_Node_Impl_Ptr<T> &for_node) {
+
+        if (for_node->identifier != AST_Node_Type::For) {
+          return for_node;
+        }
+
+        const auto eq_node = child_at(for_node, 0);
+        const auto binary_node = child_at(for_node, 1);
+        const auto prefix_node = child_at(for_node, 2);
+
+        if (eq_node->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Equation
+            && child_count(eq_node) == 2
+            && child_at(eq_node, 0)->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Var_Decl
+            && child_at(eq_node, 1)->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Constant
+            && binary_node->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Binary
+            && binary_node->text == "<"
+            && child_count(binary_node) == 2
+            && child_at(binary_node, 0)->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Id
+            && child_at(binary_node, 0)->text == child_at(child_at(eq_node,0), 0)->text
+            && child_at(binary_node, 1)->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Constant
+            && prefix_node->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Prefix
+            && prefix_node->text == "++"
+            && child_count(prefix_node) == 1
+            && child_at(prefix_node, 0)->identifier == AST_Node_Type::Id
+            && child_at(prefix_node, 0)->text == child_at(child_at(eq_node,0), 0)->text)
+        {
+          const Boxed_Value &begin = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<const eval::Constant_AST_Node<T>>(child_at(eq_node, 1))->m_value;
+          const Boxed_Value &end = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<const eval::Constant_AST_Node<T>>(child_at(binary_node, 1))->m_value;
+          const std::string &id = child_at(prefix_node, 0)->text;
+
+          if (begin.get_type_info().bare_equal(user_type<int>()) 
+              && end.get_type_info().bare_equal(user_type<int>())) {
+
+            const auto start_int = boxed_cast<int>(begin);
+            const auto end_int = boxed_cast<int>(end);
+
+            const auto body = child_at(for_node, 3);
+
+            return make_compiled_node(for_node, {body}, 
+                [id, start_int, end_int](const std::vector<eval::AST_Node_Impl_Ptr<T>> &children, const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &t_ss) {
+                  assert(children.size() == 1);
+                  chaiscript::eval::detail::Scope_Push_Pop spp(t_ss);
+
+                  int i = start_int;
+                  t_ss.add_object(id, var(&i));
+
+                  try {
+                    for (; i < end_int; ++i) {
+                      try {
+                        // Body of Loop
+                        children[0]->eval(t_ss);
+                      } catch (eval::detail::Continue_Loop &) {
+                        // we got a continue exception, which means all of the remaining 
+                        // loop implementation is skipped and we just need to continue to
+                        // the next iteration step
+                      }
+                    }
+                  } catch (eval::detail::Break_Loop &) {
+                    // loop broken
+                  }
+
+                  return void_var();
+                }
+            );
+          } else {
+            return for_node;
+          }
+        } else {
+          return for_node;
+        }
+      }
+    };
+
+
+  }
+}
+
+
+#endif

include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_posix.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+// This file is distributed under the BSD License.
+// See "license.txt" for details.
+// Copyright 2009-2012, Jonathan Turner (jonathan@emptycrate.com)
+// Copyright 2009-2016, Jason Turner (jason@emptycrate.com)
+// http://www.chaiscript.com
+
+#ifndef CHAISCRIPT_POSIX_HPP_
+#define CHAISCRIPT_POSIX_HPP_
+
+namespace chaiscript
+{
+  namespace detail
+  {
+    struct Loadable_Module
+    {
+      struct DLModule
+      {
+        DLModule(const std::string &t_filename)
+          : m_data(dlopen(t_filename.c_str(), RTLD_NOW))
+        {
+          if (!m_data)
+          {
+            throw chaiscript::exception::load_module_error(dlerror());
+          }
+        }
+
+        DLModule(DLModule &&) = default;
+        DLModule &operator=(DLModule &&) = default;
+        DLModule(const DLModule &) = delete;
+        DLModule &operator=(const DLModule &) = delete;
+
+        ~DLModule()
+        {
+          dlclose(m_data);
+        }
+
+        void *m_data;
+      };
+
+      template<typename T>
+        struct DLSym
+        {
+          DLSym(DLModule &t_mod, const std::string &t_symbol)
+            : m_symbol(cast_symbol(dlsym(t_mod.m_data, t_symbol.c_str())))
+          {
+            if (!m_symbol)
+            {
+              throw chaiscript::exception::load_module_error(dlerror());
+            }
+          }
+
+          static T cast_symbol(void *p)
+          {
+            union cast_union
+            {
+              T func_ptr;
+              void *in_ptr;
+            };
+
+            cast_union c;
+            c.in_ptr = p;
+            return c.func_ptr;
+          }
+
+          T m_symbol;
+        };
+
+      Loadable_Module(const std::string &t_module_name, const std::string &t_filename)
+        : m_dlmodule(t_filename), m_func(m_dlmodule, "create_chaiscript_module_" + t_module_name),
+        m_moduleptr(m_func.m_symbol())
+      {
+      }
+
+      DLModule m_dlmodule;
+      DLSym<Create_Module_Func> m_func;
+      ModulePtr m_moduleptr;
+    };
+  }
+}
+#endif
+

include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_prelude.hpp

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // This file is distributed under the BSD License.
 // See "license.txt" for details.
 // Copyright 2009-2012, Jonathan Turner (jonathan@emptycrate.com)
-// and Jason Turner (jason@emptycrate.com)
+// and 2009-2016, Jason Turner (jason@emptycrate.com)
 // http://www.chaiscript.com
 
 #ifndef CHAISCRIPT_PRELUDE_HPP_
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 
 namespace chaiscript {
 struct ChaiScript_Prelude { 
-  static std::string chaiscript_prelude() {  return R""(
+  static std::string chaiscript_prelude() {  return R"chaiscript(
 
 def lt(l, r) { 
   if (call_exists(`<`, l, r)) { 
@@ -215,6 +215,29 @@ def for_each(container, func) : call_exists(range, container) {
   } 
 } 
 
+def any_of(container, func) : call_exists(range, container) { 
+  var t_range := range(container); 
+  while (!t_range.empty()) { 
+    if (func(t_range.front())) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    t_range.pop_front(); 
+  }
+  false;
+}
+
+def all_of(container, func) : call_exists(range, container) { 
+  var t_range := range(container); 
+  while (!t_range.empty()) { 
+    if (!func(t_range.front())) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    t_range.pop_front(); 
+  }
+
+  true;
+}
+
 def back_inserter(container) {
   bind(push_back, container, _);
 }
@@ -530,7 +553,7 @@ def find(container, value) {
 } 
 
 
-)"";
+)chaiscript";
 }
 
 };

include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_prelude_docs.hpp

@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ class Function
     /// \endcode
     Vector get_contained_functions() const;
 
-    /// \brief Returns a vector of the contained functions
+    /// \brief Returns a function guard as function
     /// 
     /// Example:
     /// \code

include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_tracer.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+// This file is distributed under the BSD License.
+// See "license.txt" for details.
+// Copyright 2009-2012, Jonathan Turner (jonathan@emptycrate.com)
+// Copyright 2009-2016, Jason Turner (jason@emptycrate.com)
+// http://www.chaiscript.com
+
+#ifndef CHAISCRIPT_TRACER_HPP_
+#define CHAISCRIPT_TRACER_HPP_
+
+namespace chaiscript {
+  namespace eval {
+
+    struct Noop_Tracer
+    {
+      template<typename T>
+        static void trace(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &, const AST_Node_Impl<T> *)
+        {
+        }
+    };
+
+    template<typename ... T>
+      struct Tracer : T...
+    {
+      Tracer() = default;
+      Tracer(T ... t)
+        : T(std::move(t))...
+      {
+      }
+
+      void do_trace(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &ds, const AST_Node_Impl<Tracer<T...>> *node) {
+        (void)std::initializer_list<int>{ (T::trace(ds, node), 0)... };
+      }
+
+      static void trace(const chaiscript::detail::Dispatch_State &ds, const AST_Node_Impl<Tracer<T...>> *node) {
+        ds->get_parser().get_tracer<Tracer<T...>>().do_trace(ds, node);
+      }
+    };
+
+  }
+}
+
+#endif
+

include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_unknown.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+// This file is distributed under the BSD License.
+// See "license.txt" for details.
+// Copyright 2009-2012, Jonathan Turner (jonathan@emptycrate.com)
+// Copyright 2009-2016, Jason Turner (jason@emptycrate.com)
+// http://www.chaiscript.com
+
+#ifndef CHAISCRIPT_UNKNOWN_HPP_
+#define CHAISCRIPT_UNKNOWN_HPP_
+
+
+namespace chaiscript
+{
+  namespace detail
+  {
+    struct Loadable_Module
+    {
+      Loadable_Module(const std::string &, const std::string &)
+      {
+        throw chaiscript::exception::load_module_error("Loadable module support not available for your platform");
+      }
+
+      ModulePtr m_moduleptr;
+    };
+  }
+}
+#endif
+

include/chaiscript/language/chaiscript_windows.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+// This file is distributed under the BSD License.
+// See "license.txt" for details.
+// Copyright 2009-2012, Jonathan Turner (jonathan@emptycrate.com)
+// Copyright 2009-2016, Jason Turner (jason@emptycrate.com)
+// http://www.chaiscript.com
+
+#ifndef CHAISCRIPT_WINDOWS_HPP_
+#define CHAISCRIPT_WINDOWS_HPP_
+
+#include <string>
+
+#ifdef CHAISCRIPT_WINDOWS
+#define VC_EXTRA_LEAN
+#if !defined(WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN)
+#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#endif
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+
+namespace chaiscript
+{
+  namespace detail
+  {
+    struct Loadable_Module
+    {
+      template<typename T>
+        static std::wstring to_wstring(const T &t_str) 
+        {
+          return std::wstring(t_str.begin(), t_str.end());
+        }
+
+      template<typename T>
+        static std::string to_string(const T &t_str)
+        {
+          return std::string(t_str.begin(), t_str.end());
+        }
+
+#if defined(_UNICODE) || defined(UNICODE)
+        template<typename T>
+        static std::wstring to_proper_string(const T &t_str)
+        {
+          return to_wstring(t_str);
+        }
+#else
+      template<typename T>
+        static std::string to_proper_string(const T &t_str)
+        {
+          return to_string(t_str);
+        }
+#endif
+
+      static std::string get_error_message(DWORD t_err)
+      {
+        typedef LPTSTR StringType;
+
+#if defined(_UNICODE) || defined(UNICODE)
+        std::wstring retval = L"Unknown Error";
+#else
+        std::string retval = "Unknown Error";
+#endif
+        StringType lpMsgBuf = nullptr;
+
+        if (FormatMessage(
+            FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER | 
+            FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM |
+            FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
+            nullptr,
+            t_err,
+            MAKELANGID(LANG_NEUTRAL, SUBLANG_DEFAULT),
+            reinterpret_cast<StringType>(&lpMsgBuf),
+            0, nullptr ) != 0 && lpMsgBuf)
+        {
+          retval = lpMsgBuf;
+          LocalFree(lpMsgBuf);
+        }
+
+        return to_string(retval);
+      }
+
+      struct DLModule
+      {
+        DLModule(const std::string &t_filename)
+          : m_data(LoadLibrary(to_proper_string(t_filename).c_str()))
+        {
+          if (!m_data)
+          {
+            throw chaiscript::exception::load_module_error(get_error_message(GetLastError()));
+          }
+        }
+
+        DLModule(DLModule &&) = default;
+        DLModule &operator=(DLModule &&) = default;
+        DLModule(const DLModule &) = delete;
+        DLModule &operator=(const DLModule &) = delete;
+
+        ~DLModule()
+        {
+          FreeLibrary(m_data);
+        }
+
+        HMODULE m_data;
+      };
+
+      template<typename T>
+        struct DLSym
+        {
+          DLSym(DLModule &t_mod, const std::string &t_symbol)
+            : m_symbol(reinterpret_cast<T>(GetProcAddress(t_mod.m_data, t_symbol.c_str())))
+          {
+            if (!m_symbol)
+            {
+              throw chaiscript::exception::load_module_error(get_error_message(GetLastError()));
+            }
+          }
+
+          T m_symbol;
+        };
+
+      Loadable_Module(const std::string &t_module_name, const std::string &t_filename)
+        : m_dlmodule(t_filename), m_func(m_dlmodule, "create_chaiscript_module_" + t_module_name),
+        m_moduleptr(m_func.m_symbol())
+      {
+      }
+
+      DLModule m_dlmodule;
+      DLSym<Create_Module_Func> m_func;
+      ModulePtr m_moduleptr;
+    };
+  }
+}
+#endif 
+

include/chaiscript/utility/json.hpp

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cctype>
 #include <string>
-#include <deque>
+#include <vector>
 #include <map>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <initializer_list>
@@ -23,9 +23,6 @@
 
 namespace json {
 
-using std::map;
-using std::deque;
-using std::string;
 using std::enable_if;
 using std::initializer_list;
 using std::is_same;
@@ -33,10 +30,330 @@ using std::is_convertible;
 using std::is_integral;
 using std::is_floating_point;
 
-namespace {
-    string json_escape( const string &str ) {
-        string output;
-        for( unsigned i = 0; i < str.length(); ++i )
+
+
+
+class JSON
+{
+  public:
+    enum class Class {
+      Null,
+      Object,
+      Array,
+      String,
+      Floating,
+      Integral,
+      Boolean
+    };
+
+  private:
+    struct Internal {
+      template<typename T>
+        auto clone(const std::unique_ptr<T> &ptr) {
+          if (ptr != nullptr) {
+            return std::make_unique<T>(*ptr);
+          } else {
+            return std::unique_ptr<T>(nullptr);
+          }
+        }
+
+      Internal( double d ) : Float( d ), Type(Class::Floating) {}
+      Internal( long   l ) : Int( l ), Type(Class::Integral) {}
+      Internal( bool   b ) : Bool( b ), Type(Class::Boolean) {}
+      Internal( std::string s ) : String(std::make_unique<std::string>(std::move(s))), Type(Class::String) {}
+      Internal()           : Type(Class::Null) {}
+
+      Internal(Class t_type) {
+        set_type(t_type);
+      }
+
+      Internal(const Internal &other)
+        : List(clone(other.List)),
+        Map(clone(other.Map)),
+        String(clone(other.String)),
+        Float(other.Float),
+        Int(other.Int),
+        Bool(other.Bool),
+        Type(other.Type)
+      {
+      }
+
+      Internal &operator=(const Internal &other)
+      {
+        List = clone(other.List);
+        Map = clone(other.Map);
+        String = clone(other.String);
+        Float = other.Float;
+        Int = other.Int;
+        Bool = other.Bool;
+        Type = other.Type;
+        return *this;
+      }
+
+      void set_type( Class type ) {
+        if( type == Type ) {
+          return;
+        }
+
+        Map.reset();
+        List.reset();
+        String.reset();
+
+        switch( type ) {
+          case Class::Object:    Map    = std::make_unique<std::map<std::string,JSON>>(); break;
+          case Class::Array:     List   = std::make_unique<std::vector<JSON>>();      break;
+          case Class::String:    String = std::make_unique<std::string>();           break;
+          case Class::Floating:  Float  = 0.0;                    break;
+          case Class::Integral:  Int    = 0;                      break;
+          case Class::Boolean:   Bool   = false;                  break;
+          case Class::Null:      break;
+        }
+
+        Type = type;
+      }
+
+      Internal(Internal &&) = default;
+      Internal &operator=(Internal &&) = default;
+
+      std::unique_ptr<std::vector<JSON>>      List;
+      std::unique_ptr<std::map<std::string,JSON>> Map;
+      std::unique_ptr<std::string>           String;
+      double              Float = 0;
+      long                Int = 0;
+      bool                Bool = false;
+
+      Class Type = Class::Null;
+    };
+
+    Internal internal;
+
+  public:
+
+    template <typename Container>
+      class JSONWrapper {
+        Container *object = nullptr;
+
+        public:
+        JSONWrapper( Container *val ) : object( val ) {}
+        JSONWrapper( std::nullptr_t ) {}
+
+        typename Container::iterator begin() { return object ? object->begin() : typename Container::iterator(); }
+        typename Container::iterator end() { return object ? object->end() : typename Container::iterator(); }
+        typename Container::const_iterator begin() const { return object ? object->begin() : typename Container::iterator(); }
+        typename Container::const_iterator end() const { return object ? object->end() : typename Container::iterator(); }
+      };
+
+    template <typename Container>
+      class JSONConstWrapper {
+        const Container *object = nullptr;
+
+        public:
+        JSONConstWrapper( const Container *val ) : object( val ) {}
+        JSONConstWrapper( std::nullptr_t ) {}
+
+        typename Container::const_iterator begin() const { return object ? object->begin() : typename Container::const_iterator(); }
+        typename Container::const_iterator end() const { return object ? object->end() : typename Container::const_iterator(); }
+      };
+
+    JSON() = default;
+    JSON( std::nullptr_t ) {} 
+
+    explicit JSON(Class type)
+      : internal(type)
+    {
+    }
+
+    JSON( initializer_list<JSON> list ) 
+      : internal(Class::Object)
+    {
+      for( auto i = list.begin(), e = list.end(); i != e; ++i, ++i ) {
+        operator[]( i->to_string() ) = *std::next( i );
+      }
+    }
+
+    template <typename T>
+      explicit JSON( T b, typename enable_if<is_same<T,bool>::value>::type* = nullptr ) : internal( static_cast<bool>(b) ) {}
+
+    template <typename T>
+      explicit JSON( T i, typename enable_if<is_integral<T>::value && !is_same<T,bool>::value>::type* = nullptr ) : internal( static_cast<long>(i) ) {}
+
+    template <typename T>
+      explicit JSON( T f, typename enable_if<is_floating_point<T>::value>::type* = nullptr ) : internal( static_cast<double>(f) ) {}
+
+    template <typename T>
+      explicit JSON( T s, typename enable_if<is_convertible<T,std::string>::value>::type* = nullptr ) : internal( static_cast<std::string>(s) ) {}
+
+
+
+    static JSON Load( const std::string & );
+
+    JSON& operator[]( const std::string &key ) {
+      internal.set_type( Class::Object ); 
+      return internal.Map->operator[]( key );
+    }
+
+    JSON& operator[]( const size_t index ) {
+      internal.set_type( Class::Array );
+      if( index >= internal.List->size() ) {
+        internal.List->resize( index + 1 );
+      }
+
+      return internal.List->operator[]( index );
+    }
+
+
+    JSON &at( const std::string &key ) {
+      return operator[]( key );
+    }
+
+    const JSON &at( const std::string &key ) const {
+      return internal.Map->at( key );
+    }
+
+    JSON &at( size_t index ) {
+      return operator[]( index );
+    }
+
+    const JSON &at( size_t index ) const {
+      return internal.List->at( index );
+    }
+
+
+    long length() const {
+      if( internal.Type == Class::Array ) {
+        return static_cast<long>(internal.List->size());
+      } else {
+        return -1;
+      }
+    }
+
+    bool has_key( const std::string &key ) const {
+      if( internal.Type == Class::Object ) {
+        return internal.Map->find( key ) != internal.Map->end();
+      }
+
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    int size() const {
+      if( internal.Type == Class::Object ) {
+        return static_cast<int>(internal.Map->size());
+      } else if( internal.Type == Class::Array ) {
+        return static_cast<int>(internal.List->size());
+      } else {
+        return -1;
+      }
+    }
+
+    Class JSONType() const { return internal.Type; }
+
+    /// Functions for getting primitives from the JSON object.
+    bool is_null() const { return internal.Type == Class::Null; }
+
+    std::string to_string() const { bool b; return to_string( b ); }
+    std::string to_string( bool &ok ) const {
+      ok = (internal.Type == Class::String);
+      return ok ? *internal.String : std::string("");
+    }
+
+    double to_float() const { bool b; return to_float( b ); }
+    double to_float( bool &ok ) const {
+      ok = (internal.Type == Class::Floating);
+      return ok ? internal.Float : 0.0;
+    }
+
+    long to_int() const { bool b; return to_int( b ); }
+    long to_int( bool &ok ) const {
+      ok = (internal.Type == Class::Integral);
+      return ok ? internal.Int : 0;
+    }
+
+    bool to_bool() const { bool b; return to_bool( b ); }
+    bool to_bool( bool &ok ) const {
+      ok = (internal.Type == Class::Boolean);
+      return ok ? internal.Bool : false;
+    }
+
+    JSONWrapper<std::map<std::string,JSON>> object_range() {
+      if( internal.Type == Class::Object ) {
+        return JSONWrapper<std::map<std::string,JSON>>( internal.Map.get() );
+      } else {
+        return JSONWrapper<std::map<std::string,JSON>>( nullptr );
+      }
+    }
+
+    JSONWrapper<std::vector<JSON>> array_range() {
+      if( internal.Type == Class::Array ) {
+        return JSONWrapper<std::vector<JSON>>( internal.List.get() );
+      } else {
+        return JSONWrapper<std::vector<JSON>>( nullptr );
+      }
+    }
+
+    JSONConstWrapper<std::map<std::string,JSON>> object_range() const {
+      if( internal.Type == Class::Object ) {
+        return JSONConstWrapper<std::map<std::string,JSON>>( internal.Map.get() );
+      } else {
+        return JSONConstWrapper<std::map<std::string,JSON>>( nullptr );
+      }
+    }
+
+
+    JSONConstWrapper<std::vector<JSON>> array_range() const { 
+      if( internal.Type == Class::Array ) {
+        return JSONConstWrapper<std::vector<JSON>>( internal.List.get() );
+      } else {
+        return JSONConstWrapper<std::vector<JSON>>( nullptr );
+      }
+    }
+
+    std::string dump( long depth = 1, std::string tab = "  ") const {
+      switch( internal.Type ) {
+        case Class::Null:
+          return "null";
+        case Class::Object: {
+                              std::string pad = "";
+                              for( long i = 0; i < depth; ++i, pad += tab );
+
+                              std::string s = "{\n";
+                              bool skip = true;
+                              for( auto &p : *internal.Map ) {
+                                if( !skip ) s += ",\n";
+                                s += ( pad + "\"" + p.first + "\" : " + p.second.dump( depth + 1, tab ) );
+                                skip = false;
+                              }
+                              s += ( "\n" + pad.erase( 0, 2 ) + "}" ) ;
+                              return s;
+                            }
+        case Class::Array: {
+                             std::string s = "[";
+                             bool skip = true;
+                             for( auto &p : *internal.List ) {
+                               if( !skip ) s += ", ";
+                               s += p.dump( depth + 1, tab );
+                               skip = false;
+                             }
+                             s += "]";
+                             return s;
+                           }
+        case Class::String:
+                           return "\"" + json_escape( *internal.String ) + "\"";
+        case Class::Floating:
+                           return std::to_string( internal.Float );
+        case Class::Integral:
+                           return std::to_string( internal.Int );
+        case Class::Boolean:
+                           return internal.Bool ? "true" : "false";
+      }
+
+      throw std::runtime_error("Unhandled JSON type");
+    }
+
+
+  private:
+    static std::string json_escape( const std::string &str ) {
+      std::string output;
+      for( size_t i = 0; i < str.length(); ++i )
         switch( str[i] ) {
           case '\"': output += "\\\""; break;
           case '\\': output += "\\\\"; break;
@@ -50,7 +367,13 @@ namespace {
       return output;
     }
 
-    bool isspace(const char c)
+
+  private:
+};
+
+
+struct JSONParser {
+  static bool isspace(const char c)
   {
 #ifdef CHAISCRIPT_MSVC
     // MSVC warns on these line in some circumstances
@@ -64,408 +387,13 @@ namespace {
 
 
   }
-}
 
-class JSON
-{
-    union BackingData {
-        BackingData( double d ) : Float( d ){}
-        BackingData( long   l ) : Int( l ){}
-        BackingData( bool   b ) : Bool( b ){}
-        BackingData( string s ) : String( new string( s ) ){}
-        BackingData()           : Int( 0 ){}
-
-        deque<JSON>        *List;
-        map<string,JSON>   *Map;
-        string             *String;
-        double              Float;
-        long                Int;
-        bool                Bool;
-    } Internal;
-
-    public:
-        enum class Class {
-            Null,
-            Object,
-            Array,
-            String,
-            Floating,
-            Integral,
-            Boolean
-        };
-
-        template <typename Container>
-        class JSONWrapper {
-            Container *object;
-
-            public:
-                JSONWrapper( Container *val ) : object( val ) {}
-                JSONWrapper( std::nullptr_t )  : object( nullptr ) {}
-
-                typename Container::iterator begin() { return object ? object->begin() : typename Container::iterator(); }
-                typename Container::iterator end() { return object ? object->end() : typename Container::iterator(); }
-                typename Container::const_iterator begin() const { return object ? object->begin() : typename Container::iterator(); }
-                typename Container::const_iterator end() const { return object ? object->end() : typename Container::iterator(); }
-        };
-
-        template <typename Container>
-        class JSONConstWrapper {
-            const Container *object;
-
-            public:
-                JSONConstWrapper( const Container *val ) : object( val ) {}
-                JSONConstWrapper( std::nullptr_t )  : object( nullptr ) {}
-
-                typename Container::const_iterator begin() const { return object ? object->begin() : typename Container::const_iterator(); }
-                typename Container::const_iterator end() const { return object ? object->end() : typename Container::const_iterator(); }
-        };
-
-        JSON() : Internal(), Type( Class::Null ){}
-
-        explicit JSON(Class type)
-            : Internal(), Type(Class::Null)
-        {
-            SetType( type );
+  static void consume_ws( const std::string &str, size_t &offset ) {
+    while( isspace( str[offset] ) && offset <= str.size() ) ++offset;
   }
 
-        JSON( initializer_list<JSON> list ) 
-            : Internal(), Type(Class::Null)
-        {
-            SetType( Class::Object );
-            for( auto i = list.begin(), e = list.end(); i != e; ++i, ++i )
-                operator[]( i->ToString() ) = *std::next( i );
-        }
-
-        JSON( JSON&& other )
-            : Internal( other.Internal )
-            , Type( other.Type )
-        { other.Type = Class::Null; other.Internal.Map = nullptr; }
-
-        JSON& operator=( JSON&& other ) {
-            Internal = other.Internal;
-            Type = other.Type;
-            other.Internal.Map = nullptr;
-            other.Type = Class::Null;
-            return *this;
-        }
-
-        JSON( const JSON &other ) {
-            switch( other.Type ) {
-            case Class::Object:
-                Internal.Map = 
-                    new map<string,JSON>( other.Internal.Map->begin(),
-                                          other.Internal.Map->end() );
-                break;
-            case Class::Array:
-                Internal.List = 
-                    new deque<JSON>( other.Internal.List->begin(),
-                                      other.Internal.List->end() );
-                break;
-            case Class::String:
-                Internal.String = 
-                    new string( *other.Internal.String );
-                break;
-            default:
-                Internal = other.Internal;
-            }
-            Type = other.Type;
-        }
-
-        JSON& operator=( const JSON &other ) {
-            if (&other == this) return *this;
-
-            switch( other.Type ) {
-            case Class::Object:
-                Internal.Map = 
-                    new map<string,JSON>( other.Internal.Map->begin(),
-                                          other.Internal.Map->end() );
-                break;
-            case Class::Array:
-                Internal.List = 
-                    new deque<JSON>( other.Internal.List->begin(),
-                                      other.Internal.List->end() );
-                break;
-            case Class::String:
-                Internal.String = 
-                    new string( *other.Internal.String );
-                break;
-            default:
-                Internal = other.Internal;
-            }
-            Type = other.Type;
-            return *this;
-        }
-
-        ~JSON() {
-            switch( Type ) {
-            case Class::Array:
-                delete Internal.List;
-                break;
-            case Class::Object:
-                delete Internal.Map;
-                break;
-            case Class::String:
-                delete Internal.String;
-                break;
-            default:;
-            }
-        }
-
-        template <typename T>
-        JSON( T b, typename enable_if<is_same<T,bool>::value>::type* = nullptr ) : Internal( b ), Type( Class::Boolean ){}
-
-        template <typename T>
-        JSON( T i, typename enable_if<is_integral<T>::value && !is_same<T,bool>::value>::type* = nullptr ) : Internal( long(i) ), Type( Class::Integral ){}
-
-        template <typename T>
-        JSON( T f, typename enable_if<is_floating_point<T>::value>::type* = nullptr ) : Internal( double(f) ), Type( Class::Floating ){}
-
-        template <typename T>
-        JSON( T s, typename enable_if<is_convertible<T,string>::value>::type* = nullptr ) : Internal( string( s ) ), Type( Class::String ){}
-
-        JSON( std::nullptr_t ) : Internal(), Type( Class::Null ){}
-
-        static JSON Make( Class type ) {
-            return JSON(type);
-        }
-
-        static JSON Load( const string & );
-
-        template <typename T>
-        void append( T arg ) {
-            SetType( Class::Array ); Internal.List->emplace_back( arg );
-        }
-
-        template <typename T, typename... U>
-        void append( T arg, U... args ) {
-            append( arg ); append( args... );
-        }
-
-        template <typename T>
-            typename enable_if<is_same<T,bool>::value, JSON&>::type operator=( T b ) {
-                SetType( Class::Boolean ); Internal.Bool = b; return *this;
-            }
-
-        template <typename T>
-            typename enable_if<is_integral<T>::value && !is_same<T,bool>::value, JSON&>::type operator=( T i ) {
-                SetType( Class::Integral ); Internal.Int = i; return *this;
-            }
-
-        template <typename T>
-            typename enable_if<is_floating_point<T>::value, JSON&>::type operator=( T f ) {
-                SetType( Class::Floating ); Internal.Float = f; return *this;
-            }
-
-        template <typename T>
-            typename enable_if<is_convertible<T,string>::value, JSON&>::type operator=( T s ) {
-                SetType( Class::String ); *Internal.String = string( s ); return *this;
-            }
-
-        JSON& operator[]( const string &key ) {
-            SetType( Class::Object ); return Internal.Map->operator[]( key );
-        }
-
-        JSON& operator[]( const size_t index ) {
-            SetType( Class::Array );
-            if( index >= Internal.List->size() ) Internal.List->resize( index + 1 );
-            return Internal.List->operator[]( index );
-        }
-
-        JSON &at( const string &key ) {
-            return operator[]( key );
-        }
-
-        const JSON &at( const string &key ) const {
-            return Internal.Map->at( key );
-        }
-
-        JSON &at( unsigned index ) {
-            return operator[]( index );
-        }
-
-        const JSON &at( unsigned index ) const {
-            return Internal.List->at( index );
-        }
-
-        int length() const {
-            if( Type == Class::Array )
-                return static_cast<int>(Internal.List->size());
-            else
-                return -1;
-        }
-
-        bool hasKey( const string &key ) const {
-            if( Type == Class::Object )
-                return Internal.Map->find( key ) != Internal.Map->end();
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        int size() const {
-            if( Type == Class::Object )
-                return static_cast<int>(Internal.Map->size());
-            else if( Type == Class::Array )
-                return static_cast<int>(Internal.List->size());
-            else
-                return -1;
-        }
-
-        Class JSONType() const { return Type; }
-
-        /// Functions for getting primitives from the JSON object.
-        bool IsNull() const { return Type == Class::Null; }
-
-        string ToString() const { bool b; return ToString( b ); }
-        string ToString( bool &ok ) const {
-            ok = (Type == Class::String);
-            return ok ? *Internal.String : string("");
-        }
-
-        double ToFloat() const { bool b; return ToFloat( b ); }
-        double ToFloat( bool &ok ) const {
-            ok = (Type == Class::Floating);
-            return ok ? Internal.Float : 0.0;
-        }
-
-        long ToInt() const { bool b; return ToInt( b ); }
-        long ToInt( bool &ok ) const {
-            ok = (Type == Class::Integral);
-            return ok ? Internal.Int : 0;
-        }
-
-        bool ToBool() const { bool b; return ToBool( b ); }
-        bool ToBool( bool &ok ) const {
-            ok = (Type == Class::Boolean);
-            return ok ? Internal.Bool : false;
-        }
-
-        JSONWrapper<map<string,JSON>> ObjectRange() {
-            if( Type == Class::Object )
-                return JSONWrapper<map<string,JSON>>( Internal.Map );
-            return JSONWrapper<map<string,JSON>>( nullptr );
-        }
-
-        JSONWrapper<deque<JSON>> ArrayRange() {
-            if( Type == Class::Array )
-                return JSONWrapper<deque<JSON>>( Internal.List );
-            return JSONWrapper<deque<JSON>>( nullptr );
-        }
-
-        JSONConstWrapper<map<string,JSON>> ObjectRange() const {
-            if( Type == Class::Object )
-                return JSONConstWrapper<map<string,JSON>>( Internal.Map );
-            return JSONConstWrapper<map<string,JSON>>( nullptr );
-        }
-
-
-        JSONConstWrapper<deque<JSON>> ArrayRange() const { 
-            if( Type == Class::Array )
-                return JSONConstWrapper<deque<JSON>>( Internal.List );
-            return JSONConstWrapper<deque<JSON>>( nullptr );
-        }
-
-        string dump( int depth = 1, string tab = "  ") const {
-            switch( Type ) {
-                case Class::Null:
-                    return "null";
-                case Class::Object: {
-                    string pad = "";
-                    for( int i = 0; i < depth; ++i, pad += tab );
-
-                    string s = "{\n";
-                    bool skip = true;
-                    for( auto &p : *Internal.Map ) {
-                        if( !skip ) s += ",\n";
-                        s += ( pad + "\"" + p.first + "\" : " + p.second.dump( depth + 1, tab ) );
-                        skip = false;
-                    }
-                    s += ( "\n" + pad.erase( 0, 2 ) + "}" ) ;
-                    return s;
-                }
-                case Class::Array: {
-                    string s = "[";
-                    bool skip = true;
-                    for( auto &p : *Internal.List ) {
-                        if( !skip ) s += ", ";
-                        s += p.dump( depth + 1, tab );
-                        skip = false;
-                    }
-                    s += "]";
-                    return s;
-                }
-                case Class::String:
-                    return "\"" + json_escape( *Internal.String ) + "\"";
-                case Class::Floating:
-                    return std::to_string( Internal.Float );
-                case Class::Integral:
-                    return std::to_string( Internal.Int );
-                case Class::Boolean:
-                    return Internal.Bool ? "true" : "false";
-            }
-
-            throw std::runtime_error("Unhandled JSON type");
-        }
-
-        friend std::ostream& operator<<( std::ostream&, const JSON & );
-
-    private:
-        void SetType( Class type ) {
-            if( type == Type )
-                return;
-
-            switch( Type ) {
-            case Class::Object: delete Internal.Map;    break;
-            case Class::Array:  delete Internal.List;   break;
-            case Class::String: delete Internal.String; break;
-            default:;
-            }
-
-            switch( type ) {
-            case Class::Null:      Internal.Map    = nullptr;                break;
-            case Class::Object:    Internal.Map    = new map<string,JSON>(); break;
-            case Class::Array:     Internal.List   = new deque<JSON>();     break;
-            case Class::String:    Internal.String = new string();           break;
-            case Class::Floating:  Internal.Float  = 0.0;                    break;
-            case Class::Integral:  Internal.Int    = 0;                      break;
-            case Class::Boolean:   Internal.Bool   = false;                  break;
-            }
-
-            Type = type;
-        }
-
-    private:
-
-        Class Type;
-};
-
-inline JSON Array() {
-    return JSON::Make( JSON::Class::Array );
-}
-
-template <typename... T>
-inline JSON Array( T... args ) {
-    JSON arr = JSON::Make( JSON::Class::Array );
-    arr.append( args... );
-    return arr;
-}
-
-inline JSON Object() {
-    return JSON::Make( JSON::Class::Object );
-}
-
-inline std::ostream& operator<<( std::ostream &os, const JSON &json ) {
-    os << json.dump();
-    return os;
-}
-
-namespace {
-    JSON parse_next( const string &, size_t & );
-
-    void consume_ws( const string &str, size_t &offset ) {
-        while( isspace( str[offset] ) ) ++offset;
-    }
-
-    JSON parse_object( const string &str, size_t &offset ) {
-        JSON Object = JSON::Make( JSON::Class::Object );
+  static JSON parse_object( const std::string &str, size_t &offset ) {
+    JSON Object( JSON::Class::Object );
 
     ++offset;
     consume_ws( str, offset );
@@ -481,7 +409,7 @@ namespace {
       }
       consume_ws( str, ++offset );
       JSON Value = parse_next( str, offset );
-            Object[Key.ToString()] = Value;
+      Object[Key.to_string()] = Value;
 
       consume_ws( str, offset );
       if( str[offset] == ',' ) {
@@ -498,9 +426,9 @@ namespace {
     return Object;
   }
 
-    JSON parse_array( const string &str, size_t &offset ) {
-        JSON Array = JSON::Make( JSON::Class::Array );
-        unsigned index = 0;
+  static JSON parse_array( const std::string &str, size_t &offset ) {
+    JSON Array( JSON::Class::Array );
+    size_t index = 0;
 
     ++offset;
     consume_ws( str, offset );
@@ -526,8 +454,8 @@ namespace {
     return Array;
   }
 
-    JSON parse_string( const string &str, size_t &offset ) {
-        string val;
+  static JSON parse_string( const std::string &str, size_t &offset ) {
+    std::string val;
     for( char c = str[++offset]; c != '\"' ; c = str[++offset] ) {
       if( c == '\\' ) {
         switch( str[ ++offset ] ) {
@@ -541,7 +469,7 @@ namespace {
           case 't' : val += '\t'; break;
           case 'u' : {
                        val += "\\u" ;
-                    for( unsigned i = 1; i <= 4; ++i ) {
+                       for( size_t i = 1; i <= 4; ++i ) {
                          c = str[offset+i];
                          if( (c >= '0' && c <= '9') || (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f') || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F') )
                            val += c;
@@ -561,9 +489,8 @@ namespace {
     return JSON(val);
   }
 
-    JSON parse_number( const string &str, size_t &offset ) {
-        JSON Number;
-        string val, exp_str;
+  static JSON parse_number( const std::string &str, size_t &offset ) {
+    std::string val, exp_str;
     char c = '\0';
     bool isDouble = false;
     long exp = 0;
@@ -594,39 +521,37 @@ namespace {
         else
           break;
       }
-            exp = std::stol( exp_str );
+      exp = chaiscript::parse_num<long>( exp_str );
     }
     else if( offset < str.size() && (!isspace( c ) && c != ',' && c != ']' && c != '}' )) {
       throw std::runtime_error(std::string("JSON ERROR: Number: unexpected character '") + c + "'");
     }
     --offset;
 
-        if( isDouble )
-            Number = std::stod( val ) * std::pow( 10, exp );
-        else {
-            if( !exp_str.empty() )
-                Number = static_cast<double>(std::stol( val )) * std::pow( 10, exp );
-            else
-                Number = std::stol( val );
+    if( isDouble ) {
+      return JSON(chaiscript::parse_num<double>( val ) * std::pow( 10, exp ));
+    } else {
+      if( !exp_str.empty() ) {
+        return JSON(static_cast<double>(chaiscript::parse_num<long>( val )) * std::pow( 10, exp ));
+      } else {
+        return JSON(chaiscript::parse_num<long>( val ));
+      }
     }
-        return Number;
   }
 
-    JSON parse_bool( const string &str, size_t &offset ) {
-        JSON Bool;
+  static JSON parse_bool( const std::string &str, size_t &offset ) {
     if( str.substr( offset, 4 ) == "true" ) {
       offset += 4;
-            Bool = true;
+      return JSON(true);
     } else if( str.substr( offset, 5 ) == "false" ) {
       offset += 5;
-            Bool = false;
+      return JSON(false);
     } else {
       throw std::runtime_error(std::string("JSON ERROR: Bool: Expected 'true' or 'false', found '") + str.substr( offset, 5 ) + "'");
     }
-        return Bool;
   }
 
-    JSON parse_null( const string &str, size_t &offset ) {
+  static JSON parse_null( const std::string &str, size_t &offset ) {
     if( str.substr( offset, 4 ) != "null" ) {
       throw std::runtime_error(std::string("JSON ERROR: Null: Expected 'null', found '") + str.substr( offset, 4 ) + "'");
     }
@@ -634,7 +559,7 @@ namespace {
     return JSON();
   }
 
-    JSON parse_next( const string &str, size_t &offset ) {
+  static JSON parse_next( const std::string &str, size_t &offset ) {
     char value;
     consume_ws( str, offset );
     value = str[offset];
@@ -650,11 +575,12 @@ namespace {
     }
     throw std::runtime_error(std::string("JSON ERROR: Parse: Unexpected starting character '") + value + "'");
   }
-}
 
-inline JSON JSON::Load( const string &str ) {
+};
+
+inline JSON JSON::Load( const std::string &str ) {
   size_t offset = 0;
-    return parse_next( str, offset );
+  return JSONParser::parse_next( str, offset );
 }
 
 } // End Namespace json

include/chaiscript/utility/json_wrap.hpp

@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ namespace chaiscript
   {
     public:
 
-      static ModulePtr library(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+      static Module& library(Module& m)
       {
 
-        m->add(chaiscript::fun([](const std::string &t_str) { return from_json(t_str); }), "from_json");
-        m->add(chaiscript::fun(&json_wrap::to_json), "to_json");
+        m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const std::string &t_str) { return from_json(t_str); }), "from_json");
+        m.add(chaiscript::fun(&json_wrap::to_json), "to_json");
 
         return m;
 
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
             {
               std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value> m;
 
-              for (const auto &p : t_json.ObjectRange())
+              for (const auto &p : t_json.object_range())
               {
                 m.insert(std::make_pair(p.first, from_json(p.second)));
               }
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
             {
               std::vector<Boxed_Value> vec;
 
-              for (const auto &p : t_json.ArrayRange()) 
+              for (const auto &p : t_json.array_range()) 
               {
                 vec.emplace_back(from_json(p));
               }
@@ -49,13 +49,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
               return Boxed_Value(vec);
             }
           case json::JSON::Class::String:
-            return Boxed_Value(t_json.ToString());
+            return Boxed_Value(t_json.to_string());
           case json::JSON::Class::Floating:
-            return Boxed_Value(t_json.ToFloat());
+            return Boxed_Value(t_json.to_float());
           case json::JSON::Class::Integral:
-            return Boxed_Value(t_json.ToInt());
+            return Boxed_Value(t_json.to_int());
           case json::JSON::Class::Boolean:
-            return Boxed_Value(t_json.ToBool());
+            return Boxed_Value(t_json.to_bool());
         }
 
         throw std::runtime_error("Unknown JSON type");
@@ -102,32 +102,24 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
         try {
           Boxed_Number bn(t_bv);
-          json::JSON obj;
           if (Boxed_Number::is_floating_point(t_bv))
           {
-            obj = bn.get_as<double>();
+            return json::JSON(bn.get_as<double>());
           } else {
-            obj = bn.get_as<long>();
+            return json::JSON(bn.get_as<long>());
           }
-          return obj;
         } catch (const chaiscript::detail::exception::bad_any_cast &) {
           // not a number
         }
 
         try {
-          bool b = boxed_cast<bool>(t_bv);
-          json::JSON obj;
-          obj = b;
-          return obj;
+          return json::JSON(boxed_cast<bool>(t_bv));
         } catch (const chaiscript::exception::bad_boxed_cast &) {
           // not a bool
         }
 
         try {
-          std::string s = boxed_cast<std::string>(t_bv);
-          json::JSON obj;
-          obj = s;
-          return obj;
+          return json::JSON(boxed_cast<std::string>(t_bv));
         } catch (const chaiscript::exception::bad_boxed_cast &) {
           // not a string
         }

include/chaiscript/utility/utility.hpp

@@ -12,9 +12,8 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "../chaiscript.hpp"
-#include "../dispatchkit/proxy_functions.hpp"
-#include "../dispatchkit/type_info.hpp"
+#include "../language/chaiscript_common.hpp"
+#include "../dispatchkit/register_function.hpp"
 #include "../dispatchkit/operators.hpp"
 
 
@@ -69,11 +68,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
       typename std::enable_if<std::is_enum<Enum>::value, void>::type
       add_class(ModuleType &t_module,
         const std::string &t_class_name,
-#ifdef CHAISCRIPT_GCC_4_6
-        const std::vector<std::pair<int, std::string>> &t_constants
-#else
         const std::vector<std::pair<typename std::underlying_type<Enum>::type, std::string>> &t_constants
-#endif
         )
       {
         t_module.add(chaiscript::user_type<Enum>(), t_class_name);
@@ -82,18 +77,12 @@ namespace chaiscript
         t_module.add(chaiscript::constructor<Enum (const Enum &)>(), t_class_name);
 
         using namespace chaiscript::bootstrap::operators;
-        t_module.add([](){
-              // add some comparison and assignment operators
-              return assign<Enum>(not_equal<Enum>(equal<Enum>()));
-            }());
+        equal<Enum>(t_module);
+        not_equal<Enum>(t_module);
+        assign<Enum>(t_module);
 
-#ifdef CHAISCRIPT_GCC_4_6
         t_module.add(chaiscript::fun([](const Enum &e, const int &i) { return e == i; }), "==");
         t_module.add(chaiscript::fun([](const int &i, const Enum &e) { return i == e; }), "==");
-#else
-        t_module.add(chaiscript::fun([](const Enum &e, const typename std::underlying_type<Enum>::type &i) { return e == i; }), "==");
-        t_module.add(chaiscript::fun([](const typename std::underlying_type<Enum>::type &i, const Enum &e) { return i == e; }), "==");
-#endif
 
         for (const auto &constant : t_constants)
         {

readme.md

@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+<a href="https://www.patreon.com/bePatron?u=2977989&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.patreon.com%2Flefticus">
+    <img height="40" width="204" src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/widget-images/become-patron-widget-medium%402x.png">
+</a>
+
+
 Master Status: [![Linux Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/ChaiScript/ChaiScript.png?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/ChaiScript/ChaiScript) [![Windows Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/6u3r4s81kkjqmsqw?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/lefticus/chaiscript) [![codecov.io](http://codecov.io/github/ChaiScript/ChaiScript/coverage.svg?branch=master)](http://codecov.io/github/ChaiScript/ChaiScript?branch=master)
 
 Develop Status: [![Linux Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/ChaiScript/ChaiScript.png?branch=develop)](https://travis-ci.org/ChaiScript/ChaiScript) [![Windows Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/6u3r4s81kkjqmsqw/branch/develop?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/lefticus/chaiscript/branch/develop) [![codecov.io](http://codecov.io/github/ChaiScript/ChaiScript/coverage.svg?branch=develop)](http://codecov.io/github/ChaiScript/ChaiScript?branch=develop)

samples/inheritance.cpp

@@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ class ChaiScriptDerived : public BaseClass
       tie(t_funcs.at(1), m_validateValueImpl);
     }
 
-    std::string doSomething(float f, double d) const CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+    std::string doSomething(float f, double d) const override
     {
       assert(m_doSomethingImpl);
       return m_doSomethingImpl(*this, f, d);
     }
 
   protected:
-    bool validateValue(const std::string &t_val) CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE
+    bool validateValue(const std::string &t_val) override
     {
       assert(m_validateValueImpl);
       return m_validateValueImpl(*this, t_val);

src/main.cpp

@@ -371,6 +371,9 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
         return EXIT_FAILURE;
       }
     }
+    catch (const chaiscript::exception::load_module_error &e) {
+      std::cout << "Unhandled module load error\n" << e.what() << '\n';
+    }
 
 //    catch (std::exception &e) {
 //      std::cout << e.what() << '\n';

src/stl_extra.cpp

@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@
 
 CHAISCRIPT_MODULE_EXPORT chaiscript::ModulePtr create_chaiscript_module_stl_extra()
 {
-
-  auto module = chaiscript::bootstrap::standard_library::list_type<std::list<chaiscript::Boxed_Value> >("List");
-  module->add(chaiscript::bootstrap::standard_library::vector_type<std::vector<uint16_t> >("u16vector"));
+  auto module = std::make_shared<chaiscript::Module>();
+  chaiscript::bootstrap::standard_library::list_type<std::list<chaiscript::Boxed_Value> >("List", *module);
+  chaiscript::bootstrap::standard_library::vector_type<std::vector<uint16_t> >("u16vector", *module);
   module->add(chaiscript::vector_conversion<std::vector<uint16_t>>());
   return module;
 }

src/test_module.cpp

@@ -8,17 +8,9 @@
 class TestBaseType
 {
   public:
-#ifdef CHAISCRIPT_MSVC_12
-#pragma warning(push)
-#pragma warning(disable : 4351)
-#endif
-    // MSVC 12 warns that we are using new (correct) behavior 
     TestBaseType() : val(10), const_val(15), mdarray{} { }
     TestBaseType(int) : val(10), const_val(15), mdarray{} { }
     TestBaseType(int *) : val(10), const_val(15), mdarray{} { }
-#ifdef CHAISCRIPT_MSVC_12
-#pragma warning(pop)
-#endif    
 
     TestBaseType(const TestBaseType &) = default;
     virtual ~TestBaseType() {}
@@ -30,6 +22,11 @@ class TestBaseType
 
     int val;
     const int const_val;
+    const int *const_val_ptr = &const_val;
+
+    const int *get_const_val_ptr() {
+      return const_val_ptr;
+    }
 
     int mdarray[2][3][5];
     std::function<int (int)> func_member;
@@ -84,7 +81,7 @@ class TestDerivedType : public TestBaseType
     virtual ~TestDerivedType() {}
     TestDerivedType(const TestDerivedType &) = default;
     TestDerivedType() = default;
-    virtual int func() CHAISCRIPT_OVERRIDE { return 1; }
+    virtual int func() override { return 1; }
     int derived_only_func() { return 19; }
 
   private:
@@ -186,19 +183,15 @@ CHAISCRIPT_MODULE_EXPORT  chaiscript::ModulePtr create_chaiscript_module_test_mo
   m->add(chaiscript::fun(&TestBaseType::func), "func");
   m->add(chaiscript::fun(&TestBaseType::val), "val");
   m->add(chaiscript::fun(&TestBaseType::const_val), "const_val");
+  m->add(chaiscript::fun(&TestBaseType::const_val_ptr), "const_val_ptr");
+  m->add(chaiscript::fun(&TestBaseType::get_const_val_ptr), "get_const_val_ptr");
   m->add(chaiscript::fun(&TestBaseType::base_only_func), "base_only_func");
   m->add(chaiscript::fun(&TestBaseType::set_string_val), "set_string_val");
 
-#ifndef CHAISCRIPT_MSVC_12
-  // we cannot support these in MSVC_12 because of a bug in the implementation of
-  // std::reference_wrapper
-  // Array types
   m->add(chaiscript::fun(&TestBaseType::mdarray), "mdarray");
-  m->add(chaiscript::bootstrap::array<int[2][3][5]>("IntArray_2_3_5"));
-  m->add(chaiscript::bootstrap::array<int[3][5]>("IntArray_3_5"));
-  m->add(chaiscript::bootstrap::array<int[5]>("IntArray_5"));
-  // end array types
-#endif
+  chaiscript::bootstrap::array<int[2][3][5]>("IntArray_2_3_5", *m);
+  chaiscript::bootstrap::array<int[3][5]>("IntArray_3_5", *m);
+  chaiscript::bootstrap::array<int[5]>("IntArray_5", *m);
 
   // member that is a function
   m->add(chaiscript::fun(&TestBaseType::func_member), "func_member");

supporters.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+

unittests/3.x/dispatch_functions.chai

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 assert_equal(`==`, `==`);
 assert_not_equal(`==`, `<`);
 assert_equal(`<`.get_arity(), 2);
-assert_equal(`+`.get_annotation(), "Multiple method dispatch function wrapper.");
 assert_equal(get_arity.get_contained_functions().size(), 0);
 assert_equal(get_arity.get_arity(), 1);
 assert_equal(get_arity.get_param_types().size(), 2);

unittests/3.x/function_introspection.chai

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ def test_function(a)
 
 // test_function tests
 assert_equal(test_function.get_arity(), 1);
-assert_equal(trim(test_function.get_annotation()), "#Test Function Description");
 assert_equal(test_function.get_contained_functions().size(), 0);
 assert_equal(test_function.get_param_types().size(), 2);
 

unittests/3.x/reflection_test.chai

@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-var parser := ChaiScript_Parser()
-var parse_success = parser.parse("3 + 4", "INPUT")
-var a := parser.ast()
-
-assert_equal(eval(a), 7)
-
-var childs := a.children.front().children
-var node := childs[0]
-
-var parser2 := ChaiScript_Parser()
-parser2.parse("9", "INPUT")
-
-
-a.children.front().replace_child(childs[0], parser2.ast())
-
-assert_equal(eval(a), 13)
-assert_equal(node.filename, "INPUT")
-
-
-
-def my_fun()
-{
-  return 1;
-}
-
-
-assert_equal(true, my_fun.has_parse_tree());
-assert_equal(false, `+`.has_parse_tree());
-
-assert_throws("Function does not have a parse tree", fun() { `+`.get_parse_tree(); } );
-
-var parsetree := my_fun.get_parse_tree();
-
-assert_equal(1, eval(parsetree));
-
-print(parsetree.text());

unittests/boxed_cast_test.cpp

@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ bool built_in_type_test(const T &initial, bool ispod)
 
   /** shared_ptr tests **/
 
-  std::shared_ptr<T> ip(new T(initial));
+  auto ip = std::make_shared<T>(initial);
 
   passed &= do_test<T>(var(ip), true, true, true, true, true, 
                                  true, true, true, true, true,
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ bool built_in_type_test(const T &initial, bool ispod)
                                        ispod, ispod, ispod, false, true);
 
   /** const shared_ptr tests **/
-  std::shared_ptr<const T> ipc(new T(initial));
+  auto ipc = std::make_shared<const T>(T(initial));
 
   passed &= do_test<T>(var(ipc), true, true, false, true, false, 
                                        true, false, true, false, true,

unittests/dispatch_functions.chai

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 assert_equal(`==`, `==`);
 assert_not_equal(`==`, `<`);
 assert_equal(`<`.get_arity(), 2);
-assert_equal(`+`.get_annotation(), "Multiple method dispatch function wrapper.");
 assert_equal(get_arity.get_contained_functions().size(), 0);
 assert_equal(get_arity.get_arity(), 1);
 assert_equal(get_arity.get_param_types().size(), 2);

unittests/dynamic_object_assignment.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+class MyClass
+{
+  def MyClass()
+  {
+    this.x = 2;
+  }
+
+  var x;
+}
+
+
+var o = MyClass();
+var o2 = MyClass();
+
+o2.x = 5;
+o = o2;
+
+assert_true(o.x == 5)
+assert_true(o == o2)
+
+o2.x = 3;
+
+print(o2.x);
+print(o.x);
+
+assert_true(o != o2)

unittests/function_introspection.chai

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ def test_function(a)
 
 // test_function tests
 assert_equal(test_function.get_arity(), 1);
-assert_equal(trim(test_function.get_annotation()), "#Test Function Description");
 assert_equal(test_function.get_contained_functions().size(), 0);
 assert_equal(test_function.get_param_types().size(), 2);
 

unittests/global_lcase.chai

@@ -16,3 +16,8 @@ def f() {
 
 f();
 
+
+global &h = v;
+assert_true(h == v)
+v = 3;
+assert_true(h == 3)

unittests/list_resize.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+load_module("stl_extra");
+
+auto list = List();
+
+list.resize(2);
+assert_equal(list.size(), 2);
+
+list.resize(6, "AAA");
+assert_equal(list.back(), "AAA");
+
+list.resize(0);
+assert_equal(list.size(), 0);
+

unittests/member_variable_access.chai

@@ -8,4 +8,6 @@ assert_equal(13, t0.val)
 assert_equal(15, t0.constMe().const_val)
 assert_equal(13, t0.constMe().val)
 
+assert_equal(15, t0.get_const_val_ptr())
+assert_equal(15, t0.const_val_ptr)
 

unittests/reflection_test.chai

@@ -1,22 +1,9 @@
-auto& parser = ChaiScript_Parser()
-auto parse_success = parser.parse("3 + 4", "INPUT")
-auto& a = parser.ast()
+auto a = parse("3 + 4")
 
 assert_equal(eval(a), 7)
 
-auto& childs = a.children.front().children
-auto& node = childs[0]
-
-auto& parser2 = ChaiScript_Parser()
-parser2.parse("9", "INPUT")
-
-
-a.children.front().replace_child(childs[0], parser2.ast())
-
-assert_equal(eval(a), 13)
-assert_equal(node.filename, "INPUT")
-
-
+assert_equal(1, a.children.size());
+assert_equal("3 + 4", a.children[0].text());
 
 def my_fun()
 {

unittests/vector_reserve.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+load_module("stl_extra");
+
+auto uint16v = u16vector();
+
+uint16v.reserve(5);
+assert_true(uint16v.capacity() >= 5);
+

unittests/vector_resize.chai

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+load_module("stl_extra");
+
+auto uint16v = u16vector();
+
+uint16v.resize(2);
+assert_equal(uint16v.size(), 2);
+
+uint16v.resize(6, 3);
+assert_equal(uint16v[5], 3);
+
+uint16v.resize(0);
+assert_equal(uint16v.size(), 0);
+