vpx/vp9/encoder/vp9_encodeframe.c

/*
 *  Copyright (c) 2010 The WebM project authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 *  Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license
 *  that can be found in the LICENSE file in the root of the source
 *  tree. An additional intellectual property rights grant can be found
 *  in the file PATENTS.  All contributing project authors may
 *  be found in the AUTHORS file in the root of the source tree.
 */

#include <limits.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>

#include "./vp9_rtcd.h"
#include "./vpx_dsp_rtcd.h"
#include "./vpx_config.h"

#include "vpx_dsp/vpx_dsp_common.h"
#include "vpx_ports/mem.h"
#include "vpx_ports/vpx_timer.h"
#include "vpx_ports/system_state.h"

#include "vp9/common/vp9_common.h"
#include "vp9/common/vp9_entropy.h"
#include "vp9/common/vp9_entropymode.h"
#include "vp9/common/vp9_idct.h"
#include "vp9/common/vp9_mvref_common.h"
#include "vp9/common/vp9_pred_common.h"
#include "vp9/common/vp9_quant_common.h"
#include "vp9/common/vp9_reconintra.h"
#include "vp9/common/vp9_reconinter.h"
#include "vp9/common/vp9_seg_common.h"
#include "vp9/common/vp9_tile_common.h"

#include "vp9/encoder/vp9_aq_360.h"
#include "vp9/encoder/vp9_aq_complexity.h"
#include "vp9/encoder/vp9_aq_cyclicrefresh.h"
#include "vp9/encoder/vp9_aq_variance.h"
#include "vp9/encoder/vp9_encodeframe.h"
#include "vp9/encoder/vp9_encodemb.h"
#include "vp9/encoder/vp9_encodemv.h"
#include "vp9/encoder/vp9_ethread.h"
#include "vp9/encoder/vp9_extend.h"
#include "vp9/encoder/vp9_pickmode.h"
#include "vp9/encoder/vp9_rd.h"
#include "vp9/encoder/vp9_rdopt.h"
#include "vp9/encoder/vp9_segmentation.h"
#include "vp9/encoder/vp9_tokenize.h"

static void encode_superblock(VP9_COMP *cpi, ThreadData *td, TOKENEXTRA **t,
                              int output_enabled, int mi_row, int mi_col,
                              BLOCK_SIZE bsize, PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx);

// This is used as a reference when computing the source variance for the
//  purpose of activity masking.
// Eventually this should be replaced by custom no-reference routines,
//  which will be faster.
static const uint8_t VP9_VAR_OFFS[64] = {
  128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128,
  128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128,
  128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128,
  128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128,
  128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128
};

#if CONFIG_VP9_HIGHBITDEPTH
static const uint16_t VP9_HIGH_VAR_OFFS_8[64] = {
  128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128,
  128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128,
  128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128,
  128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128,
  128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128
};

static const uint16_t VP9_HIGH_VAR_OFFS_10[64] = {
  128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4,
  128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4,
  128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4,
  128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4,
  128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4,
  128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4,
  128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4,
  128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4, 128 * 4
};

static const uint16_t VP9_HIGH_VAR_OFFS_12[64] = {
  128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16,
  128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16,
  128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16,
  128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16,
  128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16,
  128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16,
  128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16,
  128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16,
  128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16, 128 * 16,
  128 * 16
};
#endif  // CONFIG_VP9_HIGHBITDEPTH

unsigned int vp9_get_sby_perpixel_variance(VP9_COMP *cpi,
                                           const struct buf_2d *ref,
                                           BLOCK_SIZE bs) {
  unsigned int sse;
  const unsigned int var =
      cpi->fn_ptr[bs].vf(ref->buf, ref->stride, VP9_VAR_OFFS, 0, &sse);
  return ROUND_POWER_OF_TWO(var, num_pels_log2_lookup[bs]);
}

#if CONFIG_VP9_HIGHBITDEPTH
unsigned int vp9_high_get_sby_perpixel_variance(VP9_COMP *cpi,
                                                const struct buf_2d *ref,
                                                BLOCK_SIZE bs, int bd) {
  unsigned int var, sse;
  switch (bd) {
    case 10:
      var =
          cpi->fn_ptr[bs].vf(ref->buf, ref->stride,
                             CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(VP9_HIGH_VAR_OFFS_10), 0, &sse);
      break;
    case 12:
      var =
          cpi->fn_ptr[bs].vf(ref->buf, ref->stride,
                             CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(VP9_HIGH_VAR_OFFS_12), 0, &sse);
      break;
    case 8:
    default:
      var =
          cpi->fn_ptr[bs].vf(ref->buf, ref->stride,
                             CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(VP9_HIGH_VAR_OFFS_8), 0, &sse);
      break;
  }
  return ROUND64_POWER_OF_TWO((int64_t)var, num_pels_log2_lookup[bs]);
}
#endif  // CONFIG_VP9_HIGHBITDEPTH

static unsigned int get_sby_perpixel_diff_variance(VP9_COMP *cpi,
                                                   const struct buf_2d *ref,
                                                   int mi_row, int mi_col,
                                                   BLOCK_SIZE bs) {
  unsigned int sse, var;
  uint8_t *last_y;
  const YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *last = get_ref_frame_buffer(cpi, LAST_FRAME);

  assert(last != NULL);
  last_y =
      &last->y_buffer[mi_row * MI_SIZE * last->y_stride + mi_col * MI_SIZE];
  var = cpi->fn_ptr[bs].vf(ref->buf, ref->stride, last_y, last->y_stride, &sse);
  return ROUND_POWER_OF_TWO(var, num_pels_log2_lookup[bs]);
}

static BLOCK_SIZE get_rd_var_based_fixed_partition(VP9_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                                   int mi_row, int mi_col) {
  unsigned int var = get_sby_perpixel_diff_variance(
      cpi, &x->plane[0].src, mi_row, mi_col, BLOCK_64X64);
  if (var < 8)
    return BLOCK_64X64;
  else if (var < 128)
    return BLOCK_32X32;
  else if (var < 2048)
    return BLOCK_16X16;
  else
    return BLOCK_8X8;
}

// Lighter version of set_offsets that only sets the mode info
// pointers.
static INLINE void set_mode_info_offsets(VP9_COMMON *const cm,
                                         MACROBLOCK *const x,
                                         MACROBLOCKD *const xd, int mi_row,
                                         int mi_col) {
  const int idx_str = xd->mi_stride * mi_row + mi_col;
  xd->mi = cm->mi_grid_visible + idx_str;
  xd->mi[0] = cm->mi + idx_str;
  x->mbmi_ext = x->mbmi_ext_base + (mi_row * cm->mi_cols + mi_col);
}

static void set_offsets(VP9_COMP *cpi, const TileInfo *const tile,
                        MACROBLOCK *const x, int mi_row, int mi_col,
                        BLOCK_SIZE bsize) {
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MODE_INFO *mi;
  const int mi_width = num_8x8_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize];
  const int mi_height = num_8x8_blocks_high_lookup[bsize];
  const struct segmentation *const seg = &cm->seg;
  MvLimits *const mv_limits = &x->mv_limits;

  set_skip_context(xd, mi_row, mi_col);

  set_mode_info_offsets(cm, x, xd, mi_row, mi_col);

  mi = xd->mi[0];

  // Set up destination pointers.
  vp9_setup_dst_planes(xd->plane, get_frame_new_buffer(cm), mi_row, mi_col);

  // Set up limit values for MV components.
  // Mv beyond the range do not produce new/different prediction block.
  mv_limits->row_min = -(((mi_row + mi_height) * MI_SIZE) + VP9_INTERP_EXTEND);
  mv_limits->col_min = -(((mi_col + mi_width) * MI_SIZE) + VP9_INTERP_EXTEND);
  mv_limits->row_max = (cm->mi_rows - mi_row) * MI_SIZE + VP9_INTERP_EXTEND;
  mv_limits->col_max = (cm->mi_cols - mi_col) * MI_SIZE + VP9_INTERP_EXTEND;

  // Set up distance of MB to edge of frame in 1/8th pel units.
  assert(!(mi_col & (mi_width - 1)) && !(mi_row & (mi_height - 1)));
  set_mi_row_col(xd, tile, mi_row, mi_height, mi_col, mi_width, cm->mi_rows,
                 cm->mi_cols);

  // Set up source buffers.
  vp9_setup_src_planes(x, cpi->Source, mi_row, mi_col);

  // R/D setup.
  x->rddiv = cpi->rd.RDDIV;
  x->rdmult = cpi->rd.RDMULT;

  // Setup segment ID.
  if (seg->enabled) {
    if (cpi->oxcf.aq_mode != VARIANCE_AQ && cpi->oxcf.aq_mode != LOOKAHEAD_AQ &&
        cpi->oxcf.aq_mode != EQUATOR360_AQ) {
      const uint8_t *const map =
          seg->update_map ? cpi->segmentation_map : cm->last_frame_seg_map;
      mi->segment_id = get_segment_id(cm, map, bsize, mi_row, mi_col);
    }
    vp9_init_plane_quantizers(cpi, x);

    x->encode_breakout = cpi->segment_encode_breakout[mi->segment_id];
  } else {
    mi->segment_id = 0;
    x->encode_breakout = cpi->encode_breakout;
  }

  // required by vp9_append_sub8x8_mvs_for_idx() and vp9_find_best_ref_mvs()
  xd->tile = *tile;
}

static void duplicate_mode_info_in_sb(VP9_COMMON *cm, MACROBLOCKD *xd,
                                      int mi_row, int mi_col,
                                      BLOCK_SIZE bsize) {
  const int block_width =
      VPXMIN(num_8x8_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize], cm->mi_cols - mi_col);
  const int block_height =
      VPXMIN(num_8x8_blocks_high_lookup[bsize], cm->mi_rows - mi_row);
  const int mi_stride = xd->mi_stride;
  MODE_INFO *const src_mi = xd->mi[0];
  int i, j;

  for (j = 0; j < block_height; ++j)
    for (i = 0; i < block_width; ++i) xd->mi[j * mi_stride + i] = src_mi;
}

static void set_block_size(VP9_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *const x,
                           MACROBLOCKD *const xd, int mi_row, int mi_col,
                           BLOCK_SIZE bsize) {
  if (cpi->common.mi_cols > mi_col && cpi->common.mi_rows > mi_row) {
    set_mode_info_offsets(&cpi->common, x, xd, mi_row, mi_col);
    xd->mi[0]->sb_type = bsize;
  }
}

typedef struct {
  int64_t sum_square_error;
  int64_t sum_error;
  int log2_count;
  int variance;
} var;

typedef struct {
  var none;
  var horz[2];
  var vert[2];
} partition_variance;

typedef struct {
  partition_variance part_variances;
  var split[4];
} v4x4;

typedef struct {
  partition_variance part_variances;
  v4x4 split[4];
} v8x8;

typedef struct {
  partition_variance part_variances;
  v8x8 split[4];
} v16x16;

typedef struct {
  partition_variance part_variances;
  v16x16 split[4];
} v32x32;

typedef struct {
  partition_variance part_variances;
  v32x32 split[4];
} v64x64;

typedef struct {
  partition_variance *part_variances;
  var *split[4];
} variance_node;

typedef enum {
  V16X16,
  V32X32,
  V64X64,
} TREE_LEVEL;

static void tree_to_node(void *data, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, variance_node *node) {
  int i;
  node->part_variances = NULL;
  switch (bsize) {
    case BLOCK_64X64: {
      v64x64 *vt = (v64x64 *)data;
      node->part_variances = &vt->part_variances;
      for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
        node->split[i] = &vt->split[i].part_variances.none;
      break;
    }
    case BLOCK_32X32: {
      v32x32 *vt = (v32x32 *)data;
      node->part_variances = &vt->part_variances;
      for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
        node->split[i] = &vt->split[i].part_variances.none;
      break;
    }
    case BLOCK_16X16: {
      v16x16 *vt = (v16x16 *)data;
      node->part_variances = &vt->part_variances;
      for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
        node->split[i] = &vt->split[i].part_variances.none;
      break;
    }
    case BLOCK_8X8: {
      v8x8 *vt = (v8x8 *)data;
      node->part_variances = &vt->part_variances;
      for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
        node->split[i] = &vt->split[i].part_variances.none;
      break;
    }
    case BLOCK_4X4: {
      v4x4 *vt = (v4x4 *)data;
      node->part_variances = &vt->part_variances;
      for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) node->split[i] = &vt->split[i];
      break;
    }
    default: {
      assert(0);
      break;
    }
  }
}

// Set variance values given sum square error, sum error, count.
static void fill_variance(int64_t s2, int64_t s, int c, var *v) {
  v->sum_square_error = s2;
  v->sum_error = s;
  v->log2_count = c;
}

static void get_variance(var *v) {
  v->variance =
      (int)(256 * (v->sum_square_error -
                   ((v->sum_error * v->sum_error) >> v->log2_count)) >>
            v->log2_count);
}

static void sum_2_variances(const var *a, const var *b, var *r) {
  assert(a->log2_count == b->log2_count);
  fill_variance(a->sum_square_error + b->sum_square_error,
                a->sum_error + b->sum_error, a->log2_count + 1, r);
}

static void fill_variance_tree(void *data, BLOCK_SIZE bsize) {
  variance_node node;
  memset(&node, 0, sizeof(node));
  tree_to_node(data, bsize, &node);
  sum_2_variances(node.split[0], node.split[1], &node.part_variances->horz[0]);
  sum_2_variances(node.split[2], node.split[3], &node.part_variances->horz[1]);
  sum_2_variances(node.split[0], node.split[2], &node.part_variances->vert[0]);
  sum_2_variances(node.split[1], node.split[3], &node.part_variances->vert[1]);
  sum_2_variances(&node.part_variances->vert[0], &node.part_variances->vert[1],
                  &node.part_variances->none);
}

static int set_vt_partitioning(VP9_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *const x,
                               MACROBLOCKD *const xd, void *data,
                               BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int mi_row, int mi_col,
                               int64_t threshold, BLOCK_SIZE bsize_min,
                               int force_split) {
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  variance_node vt;
  const int block_width = num_8x8_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize];
  const int block_height = num_8x8_blocks_high_lookup[bsize];

  assert(block_height == block_width);
  tree_to_node(data, bsize, &vt);

  if (force_split == 1) return 0;

  // For bsize=bsize_min (16x16/8x8 for 8x8/4x4 downsampling), select if
  // variance is below threshold, otherwise split will be selected.
  // No check for vert/horiz split as too few samples for variance.
  if (bsize == bsize_min) {
    // Variance already computed to set the force_split.
    if (cm->frame_type == KEY_FRAME) get_variance(&vt.part_variances->none);
    if (mi_col + block_width / 2 < cm->mi_cols &&
        mi_row + block_height / 2 < cm->mi_rows &&
        vt.part_variances->none.variance < threshold) {
      set_block_size(cpi, x, xd, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
      return 1;
    }
    return 0;
  } else if (bsize > bsize_min) {
    // Variance already computed to set the force_split.
    if (cm->frame_type == KEY_FRAME) get_variance(&vt.part_variances->none);
    // For key frame: take split for bsize above 32X32 or very high variance.
    if (cm->frame_type == KEY_FRAME &&
        (bsize > BLOCK_32X32 ||
         vt.part_variances->none.variance > (threshold << 4))) {
      return 0;
    }
    // If variance is low, take the bsize (no split).
    if (mi_col + block_width / 2 < cm->mi_cols &&
        mi_row + block_height / 2 < cm->mi_rows &&
        vt.part_variances->none.variance < threshold) {
      set_block_size(cpi, x, xd, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
      return 1;
    }

    // Check vertical split.
    if (mi_row + block_height / 2 < cm->mi_rows) {
      BLOCK_SIZE subsize = get_subsize(bsize, PARTITION_VERT);
      get_variance(&vt.part_variances->vert[0]);
      get_variance(&vt.part_variances->vert[1]);
      if (vt.part_variances->vert[0].variance < threshold &&
          vt.part_variances->vert[1].variance < threshold &&
          get_plane_block_size(subsize, &xd->plane[1]) < BLOCK_INVALID) {
        set_block_size(cpi, x, xd, mi_row, mi_col, subsize);
        set_block_size(cpi, x, xd, mi_row, mi_col + block_width / 2, subsize);
        return 1;
      }
    }
    // Check horizontal split.
    if (mi_col + block_width / 2 < cm->mi_cols) {
      BLOCK_SIZE subsize = get_subsize(bsize, PARTITION_HORZ);
      get_variance(&vt.part_variances->horz[0]);
      get_variance(&vt.part_variances->horz[1]);
      if (vt.part_variances->horz[0].variance < threshold &&
          vt.part_variances->horz[1].variance < threshold &&
          get_plane_block_size(subsize, &xd->plane[1]) < BLOCK_INVALID) {
        set_block_size(cpi, x, xd, mi_row, mi_col, subsize);
        set_block_size(cpi, x, xd, mi_row + block_height / 2, mi_col, subsize);
        return 1;
      }
    }

    return 0;
  }
  return 0;
}

// Set the variance split thresholds for following the block sizes:
// 0 - threshold_64x64, 1 - threshold_32x32, 2 - threshold_16x16,
// 3 - vbp_threshold_8x8. vbp_threshold_8x8 (to split to 4x4 partition) is
// currently only used on key frame.
static void set_vbp_thresholds(VP9_COMP *cpi, int64_t thresholds[], int q) {
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  const int is_key_frame = (cm->frame_type == KEY_FRAME);
  const int threshold_multiplier = is_key_frame ? 20 : 1;
  int64_t threshold_base =
      (int64_t)(threshold_multiplier * cpi->y_dequant[q][1]);
  if (is_key_frame) {
    thresholds[0] = threshold_base;
    thresholds[1] = threshold_base >> 2;
    thresholds[2] = threshold_base >> 2;
    thresholds[3] = threshold_base << 2;
  } else {
    // Increase base variance threshold based on estimated noise level.
    if (cpi->noise_estimate.enabled && cm->width >= 640 && cm->height >= 480) {
      NOISE_LEVEL noise_level =
          vp9_noise_estimate_extract_level(&cpi->noise_estimate);
      if (noise_level == kHigh)
        threshold_base = 3 * threshold_base;
      else if (noise_level == kMedium)
        threshold_base = threshold_base << 1;
      else if (noise_level < kLow)
        threshold_base = (7 * threshold_base) >> 3;
    }
    thresholds[0] = threshold_base;
    thresholds[2] = threshold_base << cpi->oxcf.speed;
    if (cm->width <= 352 && cm->height <= 288) {
      thresholds[0] = threshold_base >> 3;
      thresholds[1] = threshold_base >> 1;
      thresholds[2] = threshold_base << 3;
    } else if (cm->width < 1280 && cm->height < 720) {
      thresholds[1] = (5 * threshold_base) >> 2;
    } else if (cm->width < 1920 && cm->height < 1080) {
      thresholds[1] = threshold_base << 1;
    } else {
      thresholds[1] = (5 * threshold_base) >> 1;
    }
  }
}

void vp9_set_variance_partition_thresholds(VP9_COMP *cpi, int q) {
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  SPEED_FEATURES *const sf = &cpi->sf;
  const int is_key_frame = (cm->frame_type == KEY_FRAME);
  if (sf->partition_search_type != VAR_BASED_PARTITION &&
      sf->partition_search_type != REFERENCE_PARTITION) {
    return;
  } else {
    set_vbp_thresholds(cpi, cpi->vbp_thresholds, q);
    // The thresholds below are not changed locally.
    if (is_key_frame) {
      cpi->vbp_threshold_sad = 0;
      cpi->vbp_threshold_copy = 0;
      cpi->vbp_bsize_min = BLOCK_8X8;
    } else {
      if (cm->width <= 352 && cm->height <= 288)
        cpi->vbp_threshold_sad = 10;
      else
        cpi->vbp_threshold_sad = (cpi->y_dequant[q][1] << 1) > 1000
                                     ? (cpi->y_dequant[q][1] << 1)
                                     : 1000;
      cpi->vbp_bsize_min = BLOCK_16X16;
      if (cm->width <= 352 && cm->height <= 288)
        cpi->vbp_threshold_copy = 40960;
      else
        cpi->vbp_threshold_copy = (cpi->y_dequant[q][1] << 6) > 32000
                                      ? (cpi->y_dequant[q][1] << 6)
                                      : 32000;
    }
    cpi->vbp_threshold_minmax = 15 + (q >> 3);
  }
}

// Compute the minmax over the 8x8 subblocks.
static int compute_minmax_8x8(const uint8_t *s, int sp, const uint8_t *d,
                              int dp, int x16_idx, int y16_idx,
#if CONFIG_VP9_HIGHBITDEPTH
                              int highbd_flag,
#endif
                              int pixels_wide, int pixels_high) {
  int k;
  int minmax_max = 0;
  int minmax_min = 255;
  // Loop over the 4 8x8 subblocks.
  for (k = 0; k < 4; k++) {
    int x8_idx = x16_idx + ((k & 1) << 3);
    int y8_idx = y16_idx + ((k >> 1) << 3);
    int min = 0;
    int max = 0;
    if (x8_idx < pixels_wide && y8_idx < pixels_high) {
#if CONFIG_VP9_HIGHBITDEPTH
      if (highbd_flag & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
        vpx_highbd_minmax_8x8(s + y8_idx * sp + x8_idx, sp,
                              d + y8_idx * dp + x8_idx, dp, &min, &max);
      } else {
        vpx_minmax_8x8(s + y8_idx * sp + x8_idx, sp, d + y8_idx * dp + x8_idx,
                       dp, &min, &max);
      }
#else
      vpx_minmax_8x8(s + y8_idx * sp + x8_idx, sp, d + y8_idx * dp + x8_idx, dp,
                     &min, &max);
#endif
      if ((max - min) > minmax_max) minmax_max = (max - min);
      if ((max - min) < minmax_min) minmax_min = (max - min);
    }
  }
  return (minmax_max - minmax_min);
}

static void fill_variance_4x4avg(const uint8_t *s, int sp, const uint8_t *d,
                                 int dp, int x8_idx, int y8_idx, v8x8 *vst,
#if CONFIG_VP9_HIGHBITDEPTH
                                 int highbd_flag,
#endif
                                 int pixels_wide, int pixels_high,
                                 int is_key_frame) {
  int k;
  for (k = 0; k < 4; k++) {
    int x4_idx = x8_idx + ((k & 1) << 2);
    int y4_idx = y8_idx + ((k >> 1) << 2);
    unsigned int sse = 0;
    int sum = 0;
    if (x4_idx < pixels_wide && y4_idx < pixels_high) {
      int s_avg;
      int d_avg = 128;
#if CONFIG_VP9_HIGHBITDEPTH
      if (highbd_flag & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
        s_avg = vpx_highbd_avg_4x4(s + y4_idx * sp + x4_idx, sp);
        if (!is_key_frame)
          d_avg = vpx_highbd_avg_4x4(d + y4_idx * dp + x4_idx, dp);
      } else {
        s_avg = vpx_avg_4x4(s + y4_idx * sp + x4_idx, sp);
        if (!is_key_frame) d_avg = vpx_avg_4x4(d + y4_idx * dp + x4_idx, dp);
      }
#else
      s_avg = vpx_avg_4x4(s + y4_idx * sp + x4_idx, sp);
      if (!is_key_frame) d_avg = vpx_avg_4x4(d + y4_idx * dp + x4_idx, dp);
#endif
      sum = s_avg - d_avg;
      sse = sum * sum;
    }
    fill_variance(sse, sum, 0, &vst->split[k].part_variances.none);
  }
}

static void fill_variance_8x8avg(const uint8_t *s, int sp, const uint8_t *d,
                                 int dp, int x16_idx, int y16_idx, v16x16 *vst,
#if CONFIG_VP9_HIGHBITDEPTH
                                 int highbd_flag,
#endif
                                 int pixels_wide, int pixels_high,
                                 int is_key_frame) {
  int k;
  for (k = 0; k < 4; k++) {
    int x8_idx = x16_idx + ((k & 1) << 3);
    int y8_idx = y16_idx + ((k >> 1) << 3);
    unsigned int sse = 0;
    int sum = 0;
    if (x8_idx < pixels_wide && y8_idx < pixels_high) {
      int s_avg;
      int d_avg = 128;
#if CONFIG_VP9_HIGHBITDEPTH
      if (highbd_flag & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
        s_avg = vpx_highbd_avg_8x8(s + y8_idx * sp + x8_idx, sp);
        if (!is_key_frame)
          d_avg = vpx_highbd_avg_8x8(d + y8_idx * dp + x8_idx, dp);
      } else {
        s_avg = vpx_avg_8x8(s + y8_idx * sp + x8_idx, sp);
        if (!is_key_frame) d_avg = vpx_avg_8x8(d + y8_idx * dp + x8_idx, dp);
      }
#else
      s_avg = vpx_avg_8x8(s + y8_idx * sp + x8_idx, sp);
      if (!is_key_frame) d_avg = vpx_avg_8x8(d + y8_idx * dp + x8_idx, dp);
#endif
      sum = s_avg - d_avg;
      sse = sum * sum;
    }
    fill_variance(sse, sum, 0, &vst->split[k].part_variances.none);
  }
}

#if !CONFIG_VP9_HIGHBITDEPTH
// Check if most of the superblock is skin content, and if so, force split to
// 32x32, and set x->sb_is_skin for use in mode selection.
static int skin_sb_split(VP9_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, const int low_res,
                         int mi_row, int mi_col, int *force_split) {
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  // Avoid checking superblocks on/near boundary and avoid low resolutions.
  // Note superblock may still pick 64X64 if y_sad is very small
  // (i.e., y_sad < cpi->vbp_threshold_sad) below. For now leave this as is.
  if (!low_res && (mi_col >= 8 && mi_col + 8 < cm->mi_cols && mi_row >= 8 &&
                   mi_row + 8 < cm->mi_rows)) {
    int num_16x16_skin = 0;
    int num_16x16_nonskin = 0;
    uint8_t *ysignal = x->plane[0].src.buf;
    uint8_t *usignal = x->plane[1].src.buf;
    uint8_t *vsignal = x->plane[2].src.buf;
    int sp = x->plane[0].src.stride;
    int spuv = x->plane[1].src.stride;
    const int block_index = mi_row * cm->mi_cols + mi_col;
    const int bw = num_8x8_blocks_wide_lookup[BLOCK_64X64];
    const int bh = num_8x8_blocks_high_lookup[BLOCK_64X64];
    const int xmis = VPXMIN(cm->mi_cols - mi_col, bw);
    const int ymis = VPXMIN(cm->mi_rows - mi_row, bh);
    // Loop through the 16x16 sub-blocks.
    int i, j;
    for (i = 0; i < ymis; i += 2) {
      for (j = 0; j < xmis; j += 2) {
        int bl_index = block_index + i * cm->mi_cols + j;
        int bl_index1 = bl_index + 1;
        int bl_index2 = bl_index + cm->mi_cols;
        int bl_index3 = bl_index2 + 1;
        int consec_zeromv =
            VPXMIN(cpi->consec_zero_mv[bl_index],
                   VPXMIN(cpi->consec_zero_mv[bl_index1],
                          VPXMIN(cpi->consec_zero_mv[bl_index2],
                                 cpi->consec_zero_mv[bl_index3])));
        int is_skin = vp9_compute_skin_block(
            ysignal, usignal, vsignal, sp, spuv, BLOCK_16X16, consec_zeromv, 0);
        num_16x16_skin += is_skin;
        num_16x16_nonskin += (1 - is_skin);
        if (num_16x16_nonskin > 3) {
          // Exit loop if at least 4 of the 16x16 blocks are not skin.
          i = ymis;
          break;
        }
        ysignal += 16;
        usignal += 8;
        vsignal += 8;
      }
      ysignal += (sp << 4) - 64;
      usignal += (spuv << 3) - 32;
      vsignal += (spuv << 3) - 32;
    }
    if (num_16x16_skin > 12) {
      *force_split = 1;
      return 1;
    }
  }
  return 0;
}
#endif

static void set_low_temp_var_flag(VP9_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, MACROBLOCKD *xd,
                                  v64x64 *vt, int64_t thresholds[],
                                  MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref_frame_partition,
                                  int mi_col, int mi_row) {
  int i, j;
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  const int mv_thr = cm->width > 640 ? 8 : 4;
  // Check temporal variance for bsize >= 16x16, if LAST_FRAME was selected and
  // int_pro mv is small. If the temporal variance is small set the flag
  // variance_low for the block. The variance threshold can be adjusted, the
  // higher the more aggressive.
  if (ref_frame_partition == LAST_FRAME &&
      (cpi->sf.short_circuit_low_temp_var == 1 ||
       (xd->mi[0]->mv[0].as_mv.col < mv_thr &&
        xd->mi[0]->mv[0].as_mv.col > -mv_thr &&
        xd->mi[0]->mv[0].as_mv.row < mv_thr &&
        xd->mi[0]->mv[0].as_mv.row > -mv_thr))) {
    if (xd->mi[0]->sb_type == BLOCK_64X64) {
      if ((vt->part_variances).none.variance < (thresholds[0] >> 1))
        x->variance_low[0] = 1;
    } else if (xd->mi[0]->sb_type == BLOCK_64X32) {
      for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
        if (vt->part_variances.horz[i].variance < (thresholds[0] >> 2))
          x->variance_low[i + 1] = 1;
      }
    } else if (xd->mi[0]->sb_type == BLOCK_32X64) {
      for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
        if (vt->part_variances.vert[i].variance < (thresholds[0] >> 2))
          x->variance_low[i + 3] = 1;
      }
    } else {
      for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
        const int idx[4][2] = { { 0, 0 }, { 0, 4 }, { 4, 0 }, { 4, 4 } };
        const int idx_str =
            cm->mi_stride * (mi_row + idx[i][0]) + mi_col + idx[i][1];
        MODE_INFO **this_mi = cm->mi_grid_visible + idx_str;

        if (cm->mi_cols <= mi_col + idx[i][1] ||
            cm->mi_rows <= mi_row + idx[i][0])
          continue;

        if ((*this_mi)->sb_type == BLOCK_32X32) {
          int64_t threshold_32x32 = (cpi->sf.short_circuit_low_temp_var == 1 ||
                                     cpi->sf.short_circuit_low_temp_var == 3)
                                        ? ((5 * thresholds[1]) >> 3)
                                        : (thresholds[1] >> 1);
          if (vt->split[i].part_variances.none.variance < threshold_32x32)
            x->variance_low[i + 5] = 1;
        } else if (cpi->sf.short_circuit_low_temp_var >= 2) {
          // For 32x16 and 16x32 blocks, the flag is set on each 16x16 block
          // inside.
          if ((*this_mi)->sb_type == BLOCK_16X16 ||
              (*this_mi)->sb_type == BLOCK_32X16 ||
              (*this_mi)->sb_type == BLOCK_16X32) {
            for (j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
              if (vt->split[i].split[j].part_variances.none.variance <
                  (thresholds[2] >> 8))
                x->variance_low[(i << 2) + j + 9] = 1;
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

static void copy_prev_partition(VP9_COMP *cpi, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int mi_row,
                                int mi_col) {
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  BLOCK_SIZE *prev_part = cpi->prev_partition;
  int start_pos = mi_row * cm->mi_stride + mi_col;

  const int bsl = b_width_log2_lookup[bsize];
  const int bs = (1 << bsl) / 4;
  BLOCK_SIZE subsize;
  PARTITION_TYPE partition;
  MODE_INFO *mi = NULL;

  if (mi_row >= cm->mi_rows || mi_col >= cm->mi_cols) return;

  partition = partition_lookup[bsl][prev_part[start_pos]];
  subsize = get_subsize(bsize, partition);
  mi = cm->mi_grid_visible[mi_row * cm->mi_stride + mi_col];

  if (subsize < BLOCK_8X8) {
    mi->sb_type = bsize;
  } else {
    switch (partition) {
      case PARTITION_NONE: mi->sb_type = bsize; break;
      case PARTITION_HORZ:
        mi->sb_type = subsize;
        if (mi_row + bs < cm->mi_rows)
          cm->mi_grid_visible[(mi_row + bs) * cm->mi_stride + mi_col]->sb_type =
              subsize;
        break;
      case PARTITION_VERT:
        mi->sb_type = subsize;
        if (mi_col + bs < cm->mi_cols)
          cm->mi_grid_visible[mi_row * cm->mi_stride + mi_col + bs]->sb_type =
              subsize;
        break;
      case PARTITION_SPLIT:
        copy_prev_partition(cpi, subsize, mi_row, mi_col);
        copy_prev_partition(cpi, subsize, mi_row + bs, mi_col);
        copy_prev_partition(cpi, subsize, mi_row, mi_col + bs);
        copy_prev_partition(cpi, subsize, mi_row + bs, mi_col + bs);
        break;
      default: assert(0);
    }
  }
}

static void update_prev_partition(VP9_COMP *cpi, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int mi_row,
                                  int mi_col) {
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  BLOCK_SIZE *prev_part = cpi->prev_partition;
  int start_pos = mi_row * cm->mi_stride + mi_col;
  const int bsl = b_width_log2_lookup[bsize];
  const int bs = (1 << bsl) / 4;
  BLOCK_SIZE subsize;
  PARTITION_TYPE partition;
  const MODE_INFO *mi = NULL;

  if (mi_row >= cm->mi_rows || mi_col >= cm->mi_cols) return;

  mi = cm->mi_grid_visible[start_pos];
  partition = partition_lookup[bsl][mi->sb_type];
  subsize = get_subsize(bsize, partition);
  if (subsize < BLOCK_8X8) {
    prev_part[start_pos] = bsize;
  } else {
    switch (partition) {
      case PARTITION_NONE: prev_part[start_pos] = bsize; break;
      case PARTITION_HORZ:
        prev_part[start_pos] = subsize;
        if (mi_row + bs < cm->mi_rows)
          prev_part[start_pos + bs * cm->mi_stride] = subsize;
        break;
      case PARTITION_VERT:
        prev_part[start_pos] = subsize;
        if (mi_col + bs < cm->mi_cols) prev_part[start_pos + bs] = subsize;
        break;
      case PARTITION_SPLIT:
        update_prev_partition(cpi, subsize, mi_row, mi_col);
        update_prev_partition(cpi, subsize, mi_row + bs, mi_col);
        update_prev_partition(cpi, subsize, mi_row, mi_col + bs);
        update_prev_partition(cpi, subsize, mi_row + bs, mi_col + bs);
        break;
      default: assert(0);
    }
  }
}

static void chroma_check(VP9_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, int bsize,
                         unsigned int y_sad, int is_key_frame) {
  int i;
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  if (is_key_frame) return;

  for (i = 1; i <= 2; ++i) {
    unsigned int uv_sad = UINT_MAX;
    struct macroblock_plane *p = &x->plane[i];
    struct macroblockd_plane *pd = &xd->plane[i];
    const BLOCK_SIZE bs = get_plane_block_size(bsize, pd);

    if (bs != BLOCK_INVALID)
      uv_sad = cpi->fn_ptr[bs].sdf(p->src.buf, p->src.stride, pd->dst.buf,
                                   pd->dst.stride);

    // TODO(marpan): Investigate if we should lower this threshold if
    // superblock is detected as skin.
    x->color_sensitivity[i - 1] = uv_sad > (y_sad >> 2);
  }
}

// This function chooses partitioning based on the variance between source and
// reconstructed last, where variance is computed for down-sampled inputs.
static int choose_partitioning(VP9_COMP *cpi, const TileInfo *const tile,
                               MACROBLOCK *x, int mi_row, int mi_col) {
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  int i, j, k, m;
  v64x64 vt;
  v16x16 vt2[16];
  int force_split[21];
  int avg_32x32;
  int max_var_32x32 = 0;
  int min_var_32x32 = INT_MAX;
  int var_32x32;
  int avg_16x16[4];
  int64_t threshold_4x4avg;
  NOISE_LEVEL noise_level = kLow;
  uint8_t *s;
  const uint8_t *d;
  int sp;
  int dp;
  unsigned int y_sad = UINT_MAX;
  BLOCK_SIZE bsize = BLOCK_64X64;
  // Ref frame used in partitioning.
  MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref_frame_partition = LAST_FRAME;
  int pixels_wide = 64, pixels_high = 64;
  int64_t thresholds[4] = { cpi->vbp_thresholds[0], cpi->vbp_thresholds[1],
                            cpi->vbp_thresholds[2], cpi->vbp_thresholds[3] };

  // For the variance computation under SVC mode, we treat the frame as key if
  // the reference (base layer frame) is key frame (i.e., is_key_frame == 1).
  const int is_key_frame =
      (cm->frame_type == KEY_FRAME ||
       (is_one_pass_cbr_svc(cpi) &&
        cpi->svc.layer_context[cpi->svc.temporal_layer_id].is_key_frame));
  // Always use 4x4 partition for key frame.
  const int use_4x4_partition = cm->frame_type == KEY_FRAME;
  const int low_res = (cm->width <= 352 && cm->height <= 288);
  int variance4x4downsample[16];
  int segment_id;
  int offset = cm->mi_stride * mi_row + mi_col;

  set_offsets(cpi, tile, x, mi_row, mi_col, BLOCK_64X64);
  segment_id = xd->mi[0]->segment_id;
  if (cpi->oxcf.aq_mode == CYCLIC_REFRESH_AQ && cm->seg.enabled) {
    if (cyclic_refresh_segment_id_boosted(segment_id)) {
      int q = vp9_get_qindex(&cm->seg, segment_id, cm->base_qindex);
      set_vbp_thresholds(cpi, thresholds, q);
    }
  }

  // For non keyframes, disable 4x4 average for low resolution when speed = 8
  threshold_4x4avg = (cpi->oxcf.speed < 8) ? thresholds[1] << 1 : INT64_MAX;

  memset(x->variance_low, 0, sizeof(x->variance_low));

  if (xd->mb_to_right_edge < 0) pixels_wide += (xd->mb_to_right_edge >> 3);
  if (xd->mb_to_bottom_edge < 0) pixels_high += (xd->mb_to_bottom_edge >> 3);

  s = x->plane[0].src.buf;
  sp = x->plane[0].src.stride;

  // Index for force_split: 0 for 64x64, 1-4 for 32x32 blocks,
  // 5-20 for the 16x16 blocks.
  force_split[0] = 0;

  if (!is_key_frame) {
    // In the case of spatial/temporal scalable coding, the assumption here is
    // that the temporal reference frame will always be of type LAST_FRAME.
    // TODO(marpan): If that assumption is broken, we need to revisit this code.
    MODE_INFO *mi = xd->mi[0];
    YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *yv12 = get_ref_frame_buffer(cpi, LAST_FRAME);

    const YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *yv12_g = NULL;
    unsigned int y_sad_g, y_sad_thr, y_sad_last;
    bsize = BLOCK_32X32 + (mi_col + 4 < cm->mi_cols) * 2 +
            (mi_row + 4 < cm->mi_rows);

    assert(yv12 != NULL);

    if (!(is_one_pass_cbr_svc(cpi) && cpi->svc.spatial_layer_id)) {
      // For now, GOLDEN will not be used for non-zero spatial layers, since
      // it may not be a temporal reference.
      yv12_g = get_ref_frame_buffer(cpi, GOLDEN_FRAME);
    }

    if (yv12_g && yv12_g != yv12 && (cpi->ref_frame_flags & VP9_GOLD_FLAG)) {
      vp9_setup_pre_planes(xd, 0, yv12_g, mi_row, mi_col,
                           &cm->frame_refs[GOLDEN_FRAME - 1].sf);
      y_sad_g = cpi->fn_ptr[bsize].sdf(
          x->plane[0].src.buf, x->plane[0].src.stride, xd->plane[0].pre[0].buf,
          xd->plane[0].pre[0].stride);
    } else {
      y_sad_g = UINT_MAX;
    }

    if (cpi->oxcf.lag_in_frames > 0 && cpi->oxcf.rc_mode == VPX_VBR &&
        cpi->rc.is_src_frame_alt_ref) {
      yv12 = get_ref_frame_buffer(cpi, ALTREF_FRAME);
      vp9_setup_pre_planes(xd, 0, yv12, mi_row, mi_col,
                           &cm->frame_refs[ALTREF_FRAME - 1].sf);
      mi->ref_frame[0] = ALTREF_FRAME;
      y_sad_g = UINT_MAX;
    } else {
      vp9_setup_pre_planes(xd, 0, yv12, mi_row, mi_col,
                           &cm->frame_refs[LAST_FRAME - 1].sf);
      mi->ref_frame[0] = LAST_FRAME;
    }
    mi->ref_frame[1] = NONE;
    mi->sb_type = BLOCK_64X64;
    mi->mv[0].as_int = 0;
    mi->interp_filter = BILINEAR;

    y_sad = vp9_int_pro_motion_estimation(cpi, x, bsize, mi_row, mi_col);
    y_sad_last = y_sad;
    // Pick ref frame for partitioning, bias last frame when y_sad_g and y_sad
    // are close if short_circuit_low_temp_var is on.
    y_sad_thr = cpi->sf.short_circuit_low_temp_var ? (y_sad * 7) >> 3 : y_sad;
    if (y_sad_g < y_sad_thr) {
      vp9_setup_pre_planes(xd, 0, yv12_g, mi_row, mi_col,
                           &cm->frame_refs[GOLDEN_FRAME - 1].sf);
      mi->ref_frame[0] = GOLDEN_FRAME;
      mi->mv[0].as_int = 0;
      y_sad = y_sad_g;
      ref_frame_partition = GOLDEN_FRAME;
    } else {
      x->pred_mv[LAST_FRAME] = mi->mv[0].as_mv;
      ref_frame_partition = LAST_FRAME;
    }

    set_ref_ptrs(cm, xd, mi->ref_frame[0], mi->ref_frame[1]);
    vp9_build_inter_predictors_sb(xd, mi_row, mi_col, BLOCK_64X64);

    x->sb_is_skin = 0;
#if !CONFIG_VP9_HIGHBITDEPTH
    if (cpi->use_skin_detection)
      x->sb_is_skin =
          skin_sb_split(cpi, x, low_res, mi_row, mi_col, force_split);
#endif

    d = xd->plane[0].dst.buf;
    dp = xd->plane[0].dst.stride;

    // If the y_sad is very small, take 64x64 as partition and exit.
    // Don't check on boosted segment for now, as 64x64 is suppressed there.
    if (segment_id == CR_SEGMENT_ID_BASE && y_sad < cpi->vbp_threshold_sad) {
      const int block_width = num_8x8_blocks_wide_lookup[BLOCK_64X64];
      const int block_height = num_8x8_blocks_high_lookup[BLOCK_64X64];
      if (mi_col + block_width / 2 < cm->mi_cols &&
          mi_row + block_height / 2 < cm->mi_rows) {
        set_block_size(cpi, x, xd, mi_row, mi_col, BLOCK_64X64);
        chroma_check(cpi, x, bsize, y_sad, is_key_frame);
        return 0;
      }
    }

    // If the y_sad is small enough, copy the partition of the superblock in the
    // last frame to current frame only if the last frame is not a keyframe.
    // TODO(jianj) : tune the threshold.
    if (cpi->sf.copy_partition_flag && cpi->rc.frames_since_key > 1 &&
        segment_id == CR_SEGMENT_ID_BASE &&
        cpi->prev_segment_id[offset] == CR_SEGMENT_ID_BASE &&
        y_sad_last < cpi->vbp_threshold_copy) {
      if (cpi->prev_partition != NULL) {
        copy_prev_partition(cpi, BLOCK_64X64, mi_row, mi_col);
        chroma_check(cpi, x, bsize, y_sad, is_key_frame);
        return 0;
      }
    }
  } else {
    d = VP9_VAR_OFFS;
    dp = 0;
#if CONFIG_VP9_HIGHBITDEPTH
    if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
      switch (xd->bd) {
        case 10: d = CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(VP9_HIGH_VAR_OFFS_10); break;
        case 12: d = CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(VP9_HIGH_VAR_OFFS_12); break;
        case 8:
        default: d = CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(VP9_HIGH_VAR_OFFS_8); break;
      }
    }
#endif  // CONFIG_VP9_HIGHBITDEPTH
  }

  // Fill in the entire tree of 8x8 (or 4x4 under some conditions) variances
  // for splits.
  for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
    const int x32_idx = ((i & 1) << 5);
    const int y32_idx = ((i >> 1) << 5);
    const int i2 = i << 2;
    force_split[i + 1] = 0;
    avg_16x16[i] = 0;
    for (j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
      const int x16_idx = x32_idx + ((j & 1) << 4);
      const int y16_idx = y32_idx + ((j >> 1) << 4);
      const int split_index = 5 + i2 + j;
      v16x16 *vst = &vt.split[i].split[j];
      force_split[split_index] = 0;
      variance4x4downsample[i2 + j] = 0;
      if (!is_key_frame) {
        fill_variance_8x8avg(s, sp, d, dp, x16_idx, y16_idx, vst,
#if CONFIG_VP9_HIGHBITDEPTH
                             xd->cur_buf->flags,
#endif
                             pixels_wide, pixels_high, is_key_frame);
        fill_variance_tree(&vt.split[i].split[j], BLOCK_16X16);
        get_variance(&vt.split[i].split[j].part_variances.none);
        avg_16x16[i] += vt.split[i].split[j].part_variances.none.variance;
        if (vt.split[i].split[j].part_variances.none.variance > thresholds[2]) {
          // 16X16 variance is above threshold for split, so force split to 8x8
          // for this 16x16 block (this also forces splits for upper levels).
          force_split[split_index] = 1;
          force_split[i + 1] = 1;
          force_split[0] = 1;
        } else if (cpi->oxcf.speed < 8 &&
                   vt.split[i].split[j].part_variances.none.variance >
                       thresholds[1] &&
                   !cyclic_refresh_segment_id_boosted(segment_id)) {
          // We have some nominal amount of 16x16 variance (based on average),
          // compute the minmax over the 8x8 sub-blocks, and if above threshold,
          // force split to 8x8 block for this 16x16 block.
          int minmax = compute_minmax_8x8(s, sp, d, dp, x16_idx, y16_idx,
#if CONFIG_VP9_HIGHBITDEPTH
                                          xd->cur_buf->flags,
#endif
                                          pixels_wide, pixels_high);
          if (minmax > cpi->vbp_threshold_minmax) {
            force_split[split_index] = 1;
            force_split[i + 1] = 1;
            force_split[0] = 1;
          }
        }
      }
      if (is_key_frame || (low_res &&
                           vt.split[i].split[j].part_variances.none.variance >
                               threshold_4x4avg)) {
        force_split[split_index] = 0;
        // Go down to 4x4 down-sampling for variance.
        variance4x4downsample[i2 + j] = 1;
        for (k = 0; k < 4; k++) {
          int x8_idx = x16_idx + ((k & 1) << 3);
          int y8_idx = y16_idx + ((k >> 1) << 3);
          v8x8 *vst2 = is_key_frame ? &vst->split[k] : &vt2[i2 + j].split[k];
          fill_variance_4x4avg(s, sp, d, dp, x8_idx, y8_idx, vst2,
#if CONFIG_VP9_HIGHBITDEPTH
                               xd->cur_buf->flags,
#endif
                               pixels_wide, pixels_high, is_key_frame);
        }
      }
    }
  }
  // Fill the rest of the variance tree by summing split partition values.
  avg_32x32 = 0;
  for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
    const int i2 = i << 2;
    for (j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
      if (variance4x4downsample[i2 + j] == 1) {
        v16x16 *vtemp = (!is_key_frame) ? &vt2[i2 + j] : &vt.split[i].split[j];
        for (m = 0; m < 4; m++) fill_variance_tree(&vtemp->split[m], BLOCK_8X8);
        fill_variance_tree(vtemp, BLOCK_16X16);
        // If variance of this 16x16 block is above the threshold, force block
        // to split. This also forces a split on the upper levels.
        get_variance(&vtemp->part_variances.none);
        if (vtemp->part_variances.none.variance > thresholds[2]) {
          force_split[5 + i2 + j] = 1;
          force_split[i + 1] = 1;
          force_split[0] = 1;
        }
      }
    }
    fill_variance_tree(&vt.split[i], BLOCK_32X32);
    // If variance of this 32x32 block is above the threshold, or if its above
    // (some threshold of) the average variance over the sub-16x16 blocks, then
    // force this block to split. This also forces a split on the upper
    // (64x64) level.
    if (!force_split[i + 1]) {
      get_variance(&vt.split[i].part_variances.none);
      var_32x32 = vt.split[i].part_variances.none.variance;
      max_var_32x32 = VPXMAX(var_32x32, max_var_32x32);
      min_var_32x32 = VPXMIN(var_32x32, min_var_32x32);
      if (vt.split[i].part_variances.none.variance > thresholds[1] ||
          (!is_key_frame &&
           vt.split[i].part_variances.none.variance > (thresholds[1] >> 1) &&
           vt.split[i].part_variances.none.variance > (avg_16x16[i] >> 1))) {
        force_split[i + 1] = 1;
        force_split[0] = 1;
      }
      avg_32x32 += var_32x32;
    }
  }
  if (!force_split[0]) {
    fill_variance_tree(&vt, BLOCK_64X64);
    get_variance(&vt.part_variances.none);
    if (cpi->noise_estimate.enabled)
      noise_level = vp9_noise_estimate_extract_level(&cpi->noise_estimate);
    // If variance of this 64x64 block is above (some threshold of) the average
    // variance over the sub-32x32 blocks, then force this block to split.
    // Only checking this for noise level >= medium for now.
    if (!is_key_frame && noise_level >= kMedium &&
        vt.part_variances.none.variance > (5 * avg_32x32) >> 4)
      force_split[0] = 1;
    // Else if the maximum 32x32 variance minus the miniumum 32x32 variance in
    // a 64x64 block is greater than threshold and the maximum 32x32 variance is
    // above a miniumum threshold, then force the split of a 64x64 block
    // Only check this for low noise.
    else if (!is_key_frame && noise_level < kMedium &&
             (max_var_32x32 - min_var_32x32) > 3 * (thresholds[0] >> 3) &&
             max_var_32x32 > thresholds[0] >> 1)
      force_split[0] = 1;
  }

  // Now go through the entire structure, splitting every block size until
  // we get to one that's got a variance lower than our threshold.
  if (mi_col + 8 > cm->mi_cols || mi_row + 8 > cm->mi_rows ||
      !set_vt_partitioning(cpi, x, xd, &vt, BLOCK_64X64, mi_row, mi_col,
                           thresholds[0], BLOCK_16X16, force_split[0])) {
    for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
      const int x32_idx = ((i & 1) << 2);
      const int y32_idx = ((i >> 1) << 2);
      const int i2 = i << 2;
      if (!set_vt_partitioning(cpi, x, xd, &vt.split[i], BLOCK_32X32,
                               (mi_row + y32_idx), (mi_col + x32_idx),
                               thresholds[1], BLOCK_16X16,
                               force_split[i + 1])) {
        for (j = 0; j < 4; ++j) {
          const int x16_idx = ((j & 1) << 1);
          const int y16_idx = ((j >> 1) << 1);
          // For inter frames: if variance4x4downsample[] == 1 for this 16x16
          // block, then the variance is based on 4x4 down-sampling, so use vt2
          // in set_vt_partioning(), otherwise use vt.
          v16x16 *vtemp = (!is_key_frame && variance4x4downsample[i2 + j] == 1)
                              ? &vt2[i2 + j]
                              : &vt.split[i].split[j];
          if (!set_vt_partitioning(
                  cpi, x, xd, vtemp, BLOCK_16X16, mi_row + y32_idx + y16_idx,
                  mi_col + x32_idx + x16_idx, thresholds[2], cpi->vbp_bsize_min,
                  force_split[5 + i2 + j])) {
            for (k = 0; k < 4; ++k) {
              const int x8_idx = (k & 1);
              const int y8_idx = (k >> 1);
              if (use_4x4_partition) {
                if (!set_vt_partitioning(cpi, x, xd, &vtemp->split[k],
                                         BLOCK_8X8,
                                         mi_row + y32_idx + y16_idx + y8_idx,
                                         mi_col + x32_idx + x16_idx + x8_idx,
                                         thresholds[3], BLOCK_8X8, 0)) {
                  set_block_size(
                      cpi, x, xd, (mi_row + y32_idx + y16_idx + y8_idx),
                      (mi_col + x32_idx + x16_idx + x8_idx), BLOCK_4X4);
                }
              } else {
                set_block_size(
                    cpi, x, xd, (mi_row + y32_idx + y16_idx + y8_idx),
                    (mi_col + x32_idx + x16_idx + x8_idx), BLOCK_8X8);
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }

  if (cm->frame_type != KEY_FRAME && cpi->sf.copy_partition_flag) {
    update_prev_partition(cpi, BLOCK_64X64, mi_row, mi_col);
    cpi->prev_segment_id[offset] = segment_id;
  }

  if (cpi->sf.short_circuit_low_temp_var) {
    set_low_temp_var_flag(cpi, x, xd, &vt, thresholds, ref_frame_partition,
                          mi_col, mi_row);
  }

  chroma_check(cpi, x, bsize, y_sad, is_key_frame);
  return 0;
}

static void update_state(VP9_COMP *cpi, ThreadData *td, PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx,
                         int mi_row, int mi_col, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                         int output_enabled) {
  int i, x_idx, y;
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  RD_COUNTS *const rdc = &td->rd_counts;
  MACROBLOCK *const x = &td->mb;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  struct macroblock_plane *const p = x->plane;
  struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = xd->plane;
  MODE_INFO *mi = &ctx->mic;
  MODE_INFO *const xdmi = xd->mi[0];
  MODE_INFO *mi_addr = xd->mi[0];
  const struct segmentation *const seg = &cm->seg;
  const int bw = num_8x8_blocks_wide_lookup[mi->sb_type];
  const int bh = num_8x8_blocks_high_lookup[mi->sb_type];
  const int x_mis = VPXMIN(bw, cm->mi_cols - mi_col);
  const int y_mis = VPXMIN(bh, cm->mi_rows - mi_row);
  MV_REF *const frame_mvs = cm->cur_frame->mvs + mi_row * cm->mi_cols + mi_col;
  int w, h;

  const int mis = cm->mi_stride;
  const int mi_width = num_8x8_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize];
  const int mi_height = num_8x8_blocks_high_lookup[bsize];
  int max_plane;

  assert(mi->sb_type == bsize);

  *mi_addr = *mi;
  *x->mbmi_ext = ctx->mbmi_ext;

  // If segmentation in use
  if (seg->enabled) {
    // For in frame complexity AQ copy the segment id from the segment map.
    if (cpi->oxcf.aq_mode == COMPLEXITY_AQ) {
      const uint8_t *const map =
          seg->update_map ? cpi->segmentation_map : cm->last_frame_seg_map;
      mi_addr->segment_id = get_segment_id(cm, map, bsize, mi_row, mi_col);
    }
    // Else for cyclic refresh mode update the segment map, set the segment id
    // and then update the quantizer.
    if (cpi->oxcf.aq_mode == CYCLIC_REFRESH_AQ) {
      vp9_cyclic_refresh_update_segment(cpi, xd->mi[0], mi_row, mi_col, bsize,
                                        ctx->rate, ctx->dist, x->skip, p);
    }
  }

  max_plane = is_inter_block(xdmi) ? MAX_MB_PLANE : 1;
  for (i = 0; i < max_plane; ++i) {
    p[i].coeff = ctx->coeff_pbuf[i][1];
    p[i].qcoeff = ctx->qcoeff_pbuf[i][1];
    pd[i].dqcoeff = ctx->dqcoeff_pbuf[i][1];
    p[i].eobs = ctx->eobs_pbuf[i][1];
  }

  for (i = max_plane; i < MAX_MB_PLANE; ++i) {
    p[i].coeff = ctx->coeff_pbuf[i][2];
    p[i].qcoeff = ctx->qcoeff_pbuf[i][2];
    pd[i].dqcoeff = ctx->dqcoeff_pbuf[i][2];
    p[i].eobs = ctx->eobs_pbuf[i][2];
  }

  // Restore the coding context of the MB to that that was in place
  // when the mode was picked for it
  for (y = 0; y < mi_height; y++)
    for (x_idx = 0; x_idx < mi_width; x_idx++)
      if ((xd->mb_to_right_edge >> (3 + MI_SIZE_LOG2)) + mi_width > x_idx &&
          (xd->mb_to_bottom_edge >> (3 + MI_SIZE_LOG2)) + mi_height > y) {
        xd->mi[x_idx + y * mis] = mi_addr;
      }

  if (cpi->oxcf.aq_mode != NO_AQ) vp9_init_plane_quantizers(cpi, x);

  if (is_inter_block(xdmi) && xdmi->sb_type < BLOCK_8X8) {
    xdmi->mv[0].as_int = mi->bmi[3].as_mv[0].as_int;
    xdmi->mv[1].as_int = mi->bmi[3].as_mv[1].as_int;
  }

  x->skip = ctx->skip;
  memcpy(x->zcoeff_blk[xdmi->tx_size], ctx->zcoeff_blk,
         sizeof(ctx->zcoeff_blk[0]) * ctx->num_4x4_blk);

  if (!output_enabled) return;

#if CONFIG_INTERNAL_STATS
  if (frame_is_intra_only(cm)) {
    static const int kf_mode_index[] = {
      THR_DC /*DC_PRED*/,          THR_V_PRED /*V_PRED*/,
      THR_H_PRED /*H_PRED*/,       THR_D45_PRED /*D45_PRED*/,
      THR_D135_PRED /*D135_PRED*/, THR_D117_PRED /*D117_PRED*/,
      THR_D153_PRED /*D153_PRED*/, THR_D207_PRED /*D207_PRED*/,
      THR_D63_PRED /*D63_PRED*/,   THR_TM /*TM_PRED*/,
    };
    ++cpi->mode_chosen_counts[kf_mode_index[xdmi->mode]];
  } else {
    // Note how often each mode chosen as best
    ++cpi->mode_chosen_counts[ctx->best_mode_index];
  }
#endif
  if (!frame_is_intra_only(cm)) {
    if (is_inter_block(xdmi)) {
      vp9_update_mv_count(td);

      if (cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE) {
        const int ctx = get_pred_context_switchable_interp(xd);
        ++td->counts->switchable_interp[ctx][xdmi->interp_filter];
      }
    }

    rdc->comp_pred_diff[SINGLE_REFERENCE] += ctx->single_pred_diff;
    rdc->comp_pred_diff[COMPOUND_REFERENCE] += ctx->comp_pred_diff;
    rdc->comp_pred_diff[REFERENCE_MODE_SELECT] += ctx->hybrid_pred_diff;

    for (i = 0; i < SWITCHABLE_FILTER_CONTEXTS; ++i)
      rdc->filter_diff[i] += ctx->best_filter_diff[i];
  }

  for (h = 0; h < y_mis; ++h) {
    MV_REF *const frame_mv = frame_mvs + h * cm->mi_cols;
    for (w = 0; w < x_mis; ++w) {
      MV_REF *const mv = frame_mv + w;
      mv->ref_frame[0] = mi->ref_frame[0];
      mv->ref_frame[1] = mi->ref_frame[1];
      mv->mv[0].as_int = mi->mv[0].as_int;
      mv->mv[1].as_int = mi->mv[1].as_int;
    }
  }
}

void vp9_setup_src_planes(MACROBLOCK *x, const YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *src,
                          int mi_row, int mi_col) {
  uint8_t *const buffers[3] = { src->y_buffer, src->u_buffer, src->v_buffer };
  const int strides[3] = { src->y_stride, src->uv_stride, src->uv_stride };
  int i;

  // Set current frame pointer.
  x->e_mbd.cur_buf = src;

  for (i = 0; i < MAX_MB_PLANE; i++)
    setup_pred_plane(&x->plane[i].src, buffers[i], strides[i], mi_row, mi_col,
                     NULL, x->e_mbd.plane[i].subsampling_x,
                     x->e_mbd.plane[i].subsampling_y);
}

static void set_mode_info_seg_skip(MACROBLOCK *x, TX_MODE tx_mode,
                                   RD_COST *rd_cost, BLOCK_SIZE bsize) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MODE_INFO *const mi = xd->mi[0];
  INTERP_FILTER filter_ref;

  filter_ref = get_pred_context_switchable_interp(xd);
  if (filter_ref == SWITCHABLE_FILTERS) filter_ref = EIGHTTAP;

  mi->sb_type = bsize;
  mi->mode = ZEROMV;
  mi->tx_size =
      VPXMIN(max_txsize_lookup[bsize], tx_mode_to_biggest_tx_size[tx_mode]);
  mi->skip = 1;
  mi->uv_mode = DC_PRED;
  mi->ref_frame[0] = LAST_FRAME;
  mi->ref_frame[1] = NONE;
  mi->mv[0].as_int = 0;
  mi->interp_filter = filter_ref;

  xd->mi[0]->bmi[0].as_mv[0].as_int = 0;
  x->skip = 1;

  vp9_rd_cost_init(rd_cost);
}

static int set_segment_rdmult(VP9_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *const x,
                              int8_t segment_id) {
  int segment_qindex;
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  vp9_init_plane_quantizers(cpi, x);
  vpx_clear_system_state();
  segment_qindex = vp9_get_qindex(&cm->seg, segment_id, cm->base_qindex);
  return vp9_compute_rd_mult(cpi, segment_qindex + cm->y_dc_delta_q);
}

static void rd_pick_sb_modes(VP9_COMP *cpi, TileDataEnc *tile_data,
                             MACROBLOCK *const x, int mi_row, int mi_col,
                             RD_COST *rd_cost, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                             PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx, int64_t best_rd) {
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  TileInfo *const tile_info = &tile_data->tile_info;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MODE_INFO *mi;
  struct macroblock_plane *const p = x->plane;
  struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = xd->plane;
  const AQ_MODE aq_mode = cpi->oxcf.aq_mode;
  int i, orig_rdmult;

  vpx_clear_system_state();

  // Use the lower precision, but faster, 32x32 fdct for mode selection.
  x->use_lp32x32fdct = 1;

  set_offsets(cpi, tile_info, x, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
  mi = xd->mi[0];
  mi->sb_type = bsize;

  for (i = 0; i < MAX_MB_PLANE; ++i) {
    p[i].coeff = ctx->coeff_pbuf[i][0];
    p[i].qcoeff = ctx->qcoeff_pbuf[i][0];
    pd[i].dqcoeff = ctx->dqcoeff_pbuf[i][0];
    p[i].eobs = ctx->eobs_pbuf[i][0];
  }
  ctx->is_coded = 0;
  ctx->skippable = 0;
  ctx->pred_pixel_ready = 0;
  x->skip_recode = 0;

  // Set to zero to make sure we do not use the previous encoded frame stats
  mi->skip = 0;

#if CONFIG_VP9_HIGHBITDEPTH
  if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
    x->source_variance = vp9_high_get_sby_perpixel_variance(
        cpi, &x->plane[0].src, bsize, xd->bd);
  } else {
    x->source_variance =
        vp9_get_sby_perpixel_variance(cpi, &x->plane[0].src, bsize);
  }
#else
  x->source_variance =
      vp9_get_sby_perpixel_variance(cpi, &x->plane[0].src, bsize);
#endif  // CONFIG_VP9_HIGHBITDEPTH

  // Save rdmult before it might be changed, so it can be restored later.
  orig_rdmult = x->rdmult;

  if ((cpi->sf.tx_domain_thresh > 0.0) || (cpi->sf.quant_opt_thresh > 0.0)) {
    double logvar = vp9_log_block_var(cpi, x, bsize);
    // Check block complexity as part of descision on using pixel or transform
    // domain distortion in rd tests.
    x->block_tx_domain = cpi->sf.allow_txfm_domain_distortion &&
                         (logvar >= cpi->sf.tx_domain_thresh);

    // Check block complexity as part of descision on using quantized
    // coefficient optimisation inside the rd loop.
    x->block_qcoeff_opt =
        cpi->sf.allow_quant_coeff_opt && (logvar <= cpi->sf.quant_opt_thresh);
  } else {
    x->block_tx_domain = cpi->sf.allow_txfm_domain_distortion;
    x->block_qcoeff_opt = cpi->sf.allow_quant_coeff_opt;
  }

  if (aq_mode == VARIANCE_AQ) {
    const int energy =
        bsize <= BLOCK_16X16 ? x->mb_energy : vp9_block_energy(cpi, x, bsize);

    if (cm->frame_type == KEY_FRAME || cpi->refresh_alt_ref_frame ||
        cpi->force_update_segmentation ||
        (cpi->refresh_golden_frame && !cpi->rc.is_src_frame_alt_ref)) {
      mi->segment_id = vp9_vaq_segment_id(energy);
    } else {
      const uint8_t *const map =
          cm->seg.update_map ? cpi->segmentation_map : cm->last_frame_seg_map;
      mi->segment_id = get_segment_id(cm, map, bsize, mi_row, mi_col);
    }
    x->rdmult = set_segment_rdmult(cpi, x, mi->segment_id);
  } else if (aq_mode == LOOKAHEAD_AQ) {
    const uint8_t *const map = cpi->segmentation_map;

    // I do not change rdmult here consciously.
    mi->segment_id = get_segment_id(cm, map, bsize, mi_row, mi_col);
  } else if (aq_mode == EQUATOR360_AQ) {
    if (cm->frame_type == KEY_FRAME || cpi->force_update_segmentation) {
      mi->segment_id = vp9_360aq_segment_id(mi_row, cm->mi_rows);
    } else {
      const uint8_t *const map =
          cm->seg.update_map ? cpi->segmentation_map : cm->last_frame_seg_map;
      mi->segment_id = get_segment_id(cm, map, bsize, mi_row, mi_col);
    }
    x->rdmult = set_segment_rdmult(cpi, x, mi->segment_id);
  } else if (aq_mode == COMPLEXITY_AQ) {
    x->rdmult = set_segment_rdmult(cpi, x, mi->segment_id);
  } else if (aq_mode == CYCLIC_REFRESH_AQ) {
    const uint8_t *const map =
        cm->seg.update_map ? cpi->segmentation_map : cm->last_frame_seg_map;
    // If segment is boosted, use rdmult for that segment.
    if (cyclic_refresh_segment_id_boosted(
            get_segment_id(cm, map, bsize, mi_row, mi_col)))
      x->rdmult = vp9_cyclic_refresh_get_rdmult(cpi->cyclic_refresh);
  }

  // Find best coding mode & reconstruct the MB so it is available
  // as a predictor for MBs that follow in the SB
  if (frame_is_intra_only(cm)) {
    vp9_rd_pick_intra_mode_sb(cpi, x, rd_cost, bsize, ctx, best_rd);
  } else {
    if (bsize >= BLOCK_8X8) {
      if (segfeature_active(&cm->seg, mi->segment_id, SEG_LVL_SKIP))
        vp9_rd_pick_inter_mode_sb_seg_skip(cpi, tile_data, x, rd_cost, bsize,
                                           ctx, best_rd);
      else
        vp9_rd_pick_inter_mode_sb(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row, mi_col, rd_cost,
                                  bsize, ctx, best_rd);
    } else {
      vp9_rd_pick_inter_mode_sub8x8(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row, mi_col, rd_cost,
                                    bsize, ctx, best_rd);
    }
  }

  // Examine the resulting rate and for AQ mode 2 make a segment choice.
  if ((rd_cost->rate != INT_MAX) && (aq_mode == COMPLEXITY_AQ) &&
      (bsize >= BLOCK_16X16) &&
      (cm->frame_type == KEY_FRAME || cpi->refresh_alt_ref_frame ||
       (cpi->refresh_golden_frame && !cpi->rc.is_src_frame_alt_ref))) {
    vp9_caq_select_segment(cpi, x, bsize, mi_row, mi_col, rd_cost->rate);
  }

  x->rdmult = orig_rdmult;

  // TODO(jingning) The rate-distortion optimization flow needs to be
  // refactored to provide proper exit/return handle.
  if (rd_cost->rate == INT_MAX) rd_cost->rdcost = INT64_MAX;

  ctx->rate = rd_cost->rate;
  ctx->dist = rd_cost->dist;
}

static void update_stats(VP9_COMMON *cm, ThreadData *td) {
  const MACROBLOCK *x = &td->mb;
  const MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const MODE_INFO *const mi = xd->mi[0];
  const MB_MODE_INFO_EXT *const mbmi_ext = x->mbmi_ext;
  const BLOCK_SIZE bsize = mi->sb_type;

  if (!frame_is_intra_only(cm)) {
    FRAME_COUNTS *const counts = td->counts;
    const int inter_block = is_inter_block(mi);
    const int seg_ref_active =
        segfeature_active(&cm->seg, mi->segment_id, SEG_LVL_REF_FRAME);
    if (!seg_ref_active) {
      counts->intra_inter[get_intra_inter_context(xd)][inter_block]++;
      // If the segment reference feature is enabled we have only a single
      // reference frame allowed for the segment so exclude it from
      // the reference frame counts used to work out probabilities.
      if (inter_block) {
        const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref0 = mi->ref_frame[0];
        if (cm->reference_mode == REFERENCE_MODE_SELECT)
          counts->comp_inter[vp9_get_reference_mode_context(cm, xd)]
                            [has_second_ref(mi)]++;

        if (has_second_ref(mi)) {
          counts->comp_ref[vp9_get_pred_context_comp_ref_p(cm, xd)]
                          [ref0 == GOLDEN_FRAME]++;
        } else {
          counts->single_ref[vp9_get_pred_context_single_ref_p1(xd)][0]
                            [ref0 != LAST_FRAME]++;
          if (ref0 != LAST_FRAME)
            counts->single_ref[vp9_get_pred_context_single_ref_p2(xd)][1]
                              [ref0 != GOLDEN_FRAME]++;
        }
      }
    }
    if (inter_block &&
        !segfeature_active(&cm->seg, mi->segment_id, SEG_LVL_SKIP)) {
      const int mode_ctx = mbmi_ext->mode_context[mi->ref_frame[0]];
      if (bsize >= BLOCK_8X8) {
        const PREDICTION_MODE mode = mi->mode;
        ++counts->inter_mode[mode_ctx][INTER_OFFSET(mode)];
      } else {
        const int num_4x4_w = num_4x4_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize];
        const int num_4x4_h = num_4x4_blocks_high_lookup[bsize];
        int idx, idy;
        for (idy = 0; idy < 2; idy += num_4x4_h) {
          for (idx = 0; idx < 2; idx += num_4x4_w) {
            const int j = idy * 2 + idx;
            const PREDICTION_MODE b_mode = mi->bmi[j].as_mode;
            ++counts->inter_mode[mode_ctx][INTER_OFFSET(b_mode)];
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

static void restore_context(MACROBLOCK *const x, int mi_row, int mi_col,
                            ENTROPY_CONTEXT a[16 * MAX_MB_PLANE],
                            ENTROPY_CONTEXT l[16 * MAX_MB_PLANE],
                            PARTITION_CONTEXT sa[8], PARTITION_CONTEXT sl[8],
                            BLOCK_SIZE bsize) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  int p;
  const int num_4x4_blocks_wide = num_4x4_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize];
  const int num_4x4_blocks_high = num_4x4_blocks_high_lookup[bsize];
  int mi_width = num_8x8_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize];
  int mi_height = num_8x8_blocks_high_lookup[bsize];
  for (p = 0; p < MAX_MB_PLANE; p++) {
    memcpy(xd->above_context[p] + ((mi_col * 2) >> xd->plane[p].subsampling_x),
           a + num_4x4_blocks_wide * p,
           (sizeof(ENTROPY_CONTEXT) * num_4x4_blocks_wide) >>
               xd->plane[p].subsampling_x);
    memcpy(xd->left_context[p] +
               ((mi_row & MI_MASK) * 2 >> xd->plane[p].subsampling_y),
           l + num_4x4_blocks_high * p,
           (sizeof(ENTROPY_CONTEXT) * num_4x4_blocks_high) >>
               xd->plane[p].subsampling_y);
  }
  memcpy(xd->above_seg_context + mi_col, sa,
         sizeof(*xd->above_seg_context) * mi_width);
  memcpy(xd->left_seg_context + (mi_row & MI_MASK), sl,
         sizeof(xd->left_seg_context[0]) * mi_height);
}

static void save_context(MACROBLOCK *const x, int mi_row, int mi_col,
                         ENTROPY_CONTEXT a[16 * MAX_MB_PLANE],
                         ENTROPY_CONTEXT l[16 * MAX_MB_PLANE],
                         PARTITION_CONTEXT sa[8], PARTITION_CONTEXT sl[8],
                         BLOCK_SIZE bsize) {
  const MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  int p;
  const int num_4x4_blocks_wide = num_4x4_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize];
  const int num_4x4_blocks_high = num_4x4_blocks_high_lookup[bsize];
  int mi_width = num_8x8_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize];
  int mi_height = num_8x8_blocks_high_lookup[bsize];

  // buffer the above/left context information of the block in search.
  for (p = 0; p < MAX_MB_PLANE; ++p) {
    memcpy(a + num_4x4_blocks_wide * p,
           xd->above_context[p] + (mi_col * 2 >> xd->plane[p].subsampling_x),
           (sizeof(ENTROPY_CONTEXT) * num_4x4_blocks_wide) >>
               xd->plane[p].subsampling_x);
    memcpy(l + num_4x4_blocks_high * p,
           xd->left_context[p] +
               ((mi_row & MI_MASK) * 2 >> xd->plane[p].subsampling_y),
           (sizeof(ENTROPY_CONTEXT) * num_4x4_blocks_high) >>
               xd->plane[p].subsampling_y);
  }
  memcpy(sa, xd->above_seg_context + mi_col,
         sizeof(*xd->above_seg_context) * mi_width);
  memcpy(sl, xd->left_seg_context + (mi_row & MI_MASK),
         sizeof(xd->left_seg_context[0]) * mi_height);
}

static void encode_b(VP9_COMP *cpi, const TileInfo *const tile, ThreadData *td,
                     TOKENEXTRA **tp, int mi_row, int mi_col,
                     int output_enabled, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                     PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx) {
  MACROBLOCK *const x = &td->mb;
  set_offsets(cpi, tile, x, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
  update_state(cpi, td, ctx, mi_row, mi_col, bsize, output_enabled);
  encode_superblock(cpi, td, tp, output_enabled, mi_row, mi_col, bsize, ctx);

  if (output_enabled) {
    update_stats(&cpi->common, td);

    (*tp)->token = EOSB_TOKEN;
    (*tp)++;
  }
}

static void encode_sb(VP9_COMP *cpi, ThreadData *td, const TileInfo *const tile,
                      TOKENEXTRA **tp, int mi_row, int mi_col,
                      int output_enabled, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, PC_TREE *pc_tree) {
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCK *const x = &td->mb;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;

  const int bsl = b_width_log2_lookup[bsize], hbs = (1 << bsl) / 4;
  int ctx;
  PARTITION_TYPE partition;
  BLOCK_SIZE subsize = bsize;

  if (mi_row >= cm->mi_rows || mi_col >= cm->mi_cols) return;

  if (bsize >= BLOCK_8X8) {
    ctx = partition_plane_context(xd, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
    subsize = get_subsize(bsize, pc_tree->partitioning);
  } else {
    ctx = 0;
    subsize = BLOCK_4X4;
  }

  partition = partition_lookup[bsl][subsize];
  if (output_enabled && bsize != BLOCK_4X4)
    td->counts->partition[ctx][partition]++;

  switch (partition) {
    case PARTITION_NONE:
      encode_b(cpi, tile, td, tp, mi_row, mi_col, output_enabled, subsize,
               &pc_tree->none);
      break;
    case PARTITION_VERT:
      encode_b(cpi, tile, td, tp, mi_row, mi_col, output_enabled, subsize,
               &pc_tree->vertical[0]);
      if (mi_col + hbs < cm->mi_cols && bsize > BLOCK_8X8) {
        encode_b(cpi, tile, td, tp, mi_row, mi_col + hbs, output_enabled,
                 subsize, &pc_tree->vertical[1]);
      }
      break;
    case PARTITION_HORZ:
      encode_b(cpi, tile, td, tp, mi_row, mi_col, output_enabled, subsize,
               &pc_tree->horizontal[0]);
      if (mi_row + hbs < cm->mi_rows && bsize > BLOCK_8X8) {
        encode_b(cpi, tile, td, tp, mi_row + hbs, mi_col, output_enabled,
                 subsize, &pc_tree->horizontal[1]);
      }
      break;
    case PARTITION_SPLIT:
      if (bsize == BLOCK_8X8) {
        encode_b(cpi, tile, td, tp, mi_row, mi_col, output_enabled, subsize,
                 pc_tree->leaf_split[0]);
      } else {
        encode_sb(cpi, td, tile, tp, mi_row, mi_col, output_enabled, subsize,
                  pc_tree->split[0]);
        encode_sb(cpi, td, tile, tp, mi_row, mi_col + hbs, output_enabled,
                  subsize, pc_tree->split[1]);
        encode_sb(cpi, td, tile, tp, mi_row + hbs, mi_col, output_enabled,
                  subsize, pc_tree->split[2]);
        encode_sb(cpi, td, tile, tp, mi_row + hbs, mi_col + hbs, output_enabled,
                  subsize, pc_tree->split[3]);
      }
      break;
    default: assert(0 && "Invalid partition type."); break;
  }

  if (partition != PARTITION_SPLIT || bsize == BLOCK_8X8)
    update_partition_context(xd, mi_row, mi_col, subsize, bsize);
}

// Check to see if the given partition size is allowed for a specified number
// of 8x8 block rows and columns remaining in the image.
// If not then return the largest allowed partition size
static BLOCK_SIZE find_partition_size(BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int rows_left,
                                      int cols_left, int *bh, int *bw) {
  if (rows_left <= 0 || cols_left <= 0) {
    return VPXMIN(bsize, BLOCK_8X8);
  } else {
    for (; bsize > 0; bsize -= 3) {
      *bh = num_8x8_blocks_high_lookup[bsize];
      *bw = num_8x8_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize];
      if ((*bh <= rows_left) && (*bw <= cols_left)) {
        break;
      }
    }
  }
  return bsize;
}

static void set_partial_b64x64_partition(MODE_INFO *mi, int mis, int bh_in,
                                         int bw_in, int row8x8_remaining,
                                         int col8x8_remaining, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                         MODE_INFO **mi_8x8) {
  int bh = bh_in;
  int r, c;
  for (r = 0; r < MI_BLOCK_SIZE; r += bh) {
    int bw = bw_in;
    for (c = 0; c < MI_BLOCK_SIZE; c += bw) {
      const int index = r * mis + c;
      mi_8x8[index] = mi + index;
      mi_8x8[index]->sb_type = find_partition_size(
          bsize, row8x8_remaining - r, col8x8_remaining - c, &bh, &bw);
    }
  }
}

// This function attempts to set all mode info entries in a given SB64
// to the same block partition size.
// However, at the bottom and right borders of the image the requested size
// may not be allowed in which case this code attempts to choose the largest
// allowable partition.
static void set_fixed_partitioning(VP9_COMP *cpi, const TileInfo *const tile,
                                   MODE_INFO **mi_8x8, int mi_row, int mi_col,
                                   BLOCK_SIZE bsize) {
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  const int mis = cm->mi_stride;
  const int row8x8_remaining = tile->mi_row_end - mi_row;
  const int col8x8_remaining = tile->mi_col_end - mi_col;
  int block_row, block_col;
  MODE_INFO *mi_upper_left = cm->mi + mi_row * mis + mi_col;
  int bh = num_8x8_blocks_high_lookup[bsize];
  int bw = num_8x8_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize];

  assert((row8x8_remaining > 0) && (col8x8_remaining > 0));

  // Apply the requested partition size to the SB64 if it is all "in image"
  if ((col8x8_remaining >= MI_BLOCK_SIZE) &&
      (row8x8_remaining >= MI_BLOCK_SIZE)) {
    for (block_row = 0; block_row < MI_BLOCK_SIZE; block_row += bh) {
      for (block_col = 0; block_col < MI_BLOCK_SIZE; block_col += bw) {
        int index = block_row * mis + block_col;
        mi_8x8[index] = mi_upper_left + index;
        mi_8x8[index]->sb_type = bsize;
      }
    }
  } else {
    // Else this is a partial SB64.
    set_partial_b64x64_partition(mi_upper_left, mis, bh, bw, row8x8_remaining,
                                 col8x8_remaining, bsize, mi_8x8);
  }
}

static const struct {
  int row;
  int col;
} coord_lookup[16] = {
  // 32x32 index = 0
  { 0, 0 },
  { 0, 2 },
  { 2, 0 },
  { 2, 2 },
  // 32x32 index = 1
  { 0, 4 },
  { 0, 6 },
  { 2, 4 },
  { 2, 6 },
  // 32x32 index = 2
  { 4, 0 },
  { 4, 2 },
  { 6, 0 },
  { 6, 2 },
  // 32x32 index = 3
  { 4, 4 },
  { 4, 6 },
  { 6, 4 },
  { 6, 6 },
};

static void set_source_var_based_partition(VP9_COMP *cpi,
                                           const TileInfo *const tile,
                                           MACROBLOCK *const x,
                                           MODE_INFO **mi_8x8, int mi_row,
                                           int mi_col) {
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  const int mis = cm->mi_stride;
  const int row8x8_remaining = tile->mi_row_end - mi_row;
  const int col8x8_remaining = tile->mi_col_end - mi_col;
  MODE_INFO *mi_upper_left = cm->mi + mi_row * mis + mi_col;

  vp9_setup_src_planes(x, cpi->Source, mi_row, mi_col);

  assert((row8x8_remaining > 0) && (col8x8_remaining > 0));

  // In-image SB64
  if ((col8x8_remaining >= MI_BLOCK_SIZE) &&
      (row8x8_remaining >= MI_BLOCK_SIZE)) {
    int i, j;
    int index;
    diff d32[4];
    const int offset = (mi_row >> 1) * cm->mb_cols + (mi_col >> 1);
    int is_larger_better = 0;
    int use32x32 = 0;
    unsigned int thr = cpi->source_var_thresh;

    memset(d32, 0, 4 * sizeof(diff));

    for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
      diff *d16[4];

      for (j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
        int b_mi_row = coord_lookup[i * 4 + j].row;
        int b_mi_col = coord_lookup[i * 4 + j].col;
        int boffset = b_mi_row / 2 * cm->mb_cols + b_mi_col / 2;

        d16[j] = cpi->source_diff_var + offset + boffset;

        index = b_mi_row * mis + b_mi_col;
        mi_8x8[index] = mi_upper_left + index;
        mi_8x8[index]->sb_type = BLOCK_16X16;

        // TODO(yunqingwang): If d16[j].var is very large, use 8x8 partition
        // size to further improve quality.
      }

      is_larger_better = (d16[0]->var < thr) && (d16[1]->var < thr) &&
                         (d16[2]->var < thr) && (d16[3]->var < thr);

      // Use 32x32 partition
      if (is_larger_better) {
        use32x32 += 1;

        for (j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
          d32[i].sse += d16[j]->sse;
          d32[i].sum += d16[j]->sum;
        }

        d32[i].var =
            (unsigned int)(d32[i].sse -
                           (unsigned int)(((int64_t)d32[i].sum * d32[i].sum) >>
                                          10));

        index = coord_lookup[i * 4].row * mis + coord_lookup[i * 4].col;
        mi_8x8[index] = mi_upper_left + index;
        mi_8x8[index]->sb_type = BLOCK_32X32;
      }
    }

    if (use32x32 == 4) {
      thr <<= 1;
      is_larger_better = (d32[0].var < thr) && (d32[1].var < thr) &&
                         (d32[2].var < thr) && (d32[3].var < thr);

      // Use 64x64 partition
      if (is_larger_better) {
        mi_8x8[0] = mi_upper_left;
        mi_8x8[0]->sb_type = BLOCK_64X64;
      }
    }
  } else {  // partial in-image SB64
    int bh = num_8x8_blocks_high_lookup[BLOCK_16X16];
    int bw = num_8x8_blocks_wide_lookup[BLOCK_16X16];
    set_partial_b64x64_partition(mi_upper_left, mis, bh, bw, row8x8_remaining,
                                 col8x8_remaining, BLOCK_16X16, mi_8x8);
  }
}

static void update_state_rt(VP9_COMP *cpi, ThreadData *td,
                            PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx, int mi_row, int mi_col,
                            int bsize) {
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCK *const x = &td->mb;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MODE_INFO *const mi = xd->mi[0];
  struct macroblock_plane *const p = x->plane;
  const struct segmentation *const seg = &cm->seg;
  const int bw = num_8x8_blocks_wide_lookup[mi->sb_type];
  const int bh = num_8x8_blocks_high_lookup[mi->sb_type];
  const int x_mis = VPXMIN(bw, cm->mi_cols - mi_col);
  const int y_mis = VPXMIN(bh, cm->mi_rows - mi_row);

  *(xd->mi[0]) = ctx->mic;
  *(x->mbmi_ext) = ctx->mbmi_ext;

  if (seg->enabled && cpi->oxcf.aq_mode != NO_AQ) {
    // For in frame complexity AQ or variance AQ, copy segment_id from
    // segmentation_map.
    if (cpi->oxcf.aq_mode != CYCLIC_REFRESH_AQ) {
      const uint8_t *const map =
          seg->update_map ? cpi->segmentation_map : cm->last_frame_seg_map;
      mi->segment_id = get_segment_id(cm, map, bsize, mi_row, mi_col);
    } else {
      // Setting segmentation map for cyclic_refresh.
      vp9_cyclic_refresh_update_segment(cpi, mi, mi_row, mi_col, bsize,
                                        ctx->rate, ctx->dist, x->skip, p);
    }
    vp9_init_plane_quantizers(cpi, x);
  }

  if (is_inter_block(mi)) {
    vp9_update_mv_count(td);
    if (cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE) {
      const int pred_ctx = get_pred_context_switchable_interp(xd);
      ++td->counts->switchable_interp[pred_ctx][mi->interp_filter];
    }

    if (mi->sb_type < BLOCK_8X8) {
      mi->mv[0].as_int = mi->bmi[3].as_mv[0].as_int;
      mi->mv[1].as_int = mi->bmi[3].as_mv[1].as_int;
    }
  }

  if (cm->use_prev_frame_mvs || !cm->error_resilient_mode ||
      (cpi->svc.use_base_mv && cpi->svc.number_spatial_layers > 1 &&
       cpi->svc.spatial_layer_id != cpi->svc.number_spatial_layers - 1)) {
    MV_REF *const frame_mvs =
        cm->cur_frame->mvs + mi_row * cm->mi_cols + mi_col;
    int w, h;

    for (h = 0; h < y_mis; ++h) {
      MV_REF *const frame_mv = frame_mvs + h * cm->mi_cols;
      for (w = 0; w < x_mis; ++w) {
        MV_REF *const mv = frame_mv + w;
        mv->ref_frame[0] = mi->ref_frame[0];
        mv->ref_frame[1] = mi->ref_frame[1];
        mv->mv[0].as_int = mi->mv[0].as_int;
        mv->mv[1].as_int = mi->mv[1].as_int;
      }
    }
  }

  x->skip = ctx->skip;
  x->skip_txfm[0] = mi->segment_id ? 0 : ctx->skip_txfm[0];
}

static void encode_b_rt(VP9_COMP *cpi, ThreadData *td,
                        const TileInfo *const tile, TOKENEXTRA **tp, int mi_row,
                        int mi_col, int output_enabled, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                        PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx) {
  MACROBLOCK *const x = &td->mb;
  set_offsets(cpi, tile, x, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
  update_state_rt(cpi, td, ctx, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);

  encode_superblock(cpi, td, tp, output_enabled, mi_row, mi_col, bsize, ctx);
  update_stats(&cpi->common, td);

  (*tp)->token = EOSB_TOKEN;
  (*tp)++;
}

static void encode_sb_rt(VP9_COMP *cpi, ThreadData *td,
                         const TileInfo *const tile, TOKENEXTRA **tp,
                         int mi_row, int mi_col, int output_enabled,
                         BLOCK_SIZE bsize, PC_TREE *pc_tree) {
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCK *const x = &td->mb;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;

  const int bsl = b_width_log2_lookup[bsize], hbs = (1 << bsl) / 4;
  int ctx;
  PARTITION_TYPE partition;
  BLOCK_SIZE subsize;

  if (mi_row >= cm->mi_rows || mi_col >= cm->mi_cols) return;

  if (bsize >= BLOCK_8X8) {
    const int idx_str = xd->mi_stride * mi_row + mi_col;
    MODE_INFO **mi_8x8 = cm->mi_grid_visible + idx_str;
    ctx = partition_plane_context(xd, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
    subsize = mi_8x8[0]->sb_type;
  } else {
    ctx = 0;
    subsize = BLOCK_4X4;
  }

  partition = partition_lookup[bsl][subsize];
  if (output_enabled && bsize != BLOCK_4X4)
    td->counts->partition[ctx][partition]++;

  switch (partition) {
    case PARTITION_NONE:
      encode_b_rt(cpi, td, tile, tp, mi_row, mi_col, output_enabled, subsize,
                  &pc_tree->none);
      break;
    case PARTITION_VERT:
      encode_b_rt(cpi, td, tile, tp, mi_row, mi_col, output_enabled, subsize,
                  &pc_tree->vertical[0]);
      if (mi_col + hbs < cm->mi_cols && bsize > BLOCK_8X8) {
        encode_b_rt(cpi, td, tile, tp, mi_row, mi_col + hbs, output_enabled,
                    subsize, &pc_tree->vertical[1]);
      }
      break;
    case PARTITION_HORZ:
      encode_b_rt(cpi, td, tile, tp, mi_row, mi_col, output_enabled, subsize,
                  &pc_tree->horizontal[0]);
      if (mi_row + hbs < cm->mi_rows && bsize > BLOCK_8X8) {
        encode_b_rt(cpi, td, tile, tp, mi_row + hbs, mi_col, output_enabled,
                    subsize, &pc_tree->horizontal[1]);
      }
      break;
    case PARTITION_SPLIT:
      subsize = get_subsize(bsize, PARTITION_SPLIT);
      encode_sb_rt(cpi, td, tile, tp, mi_row, mi_col, output_enabled, subsize,
                   pc_tree->split[0]);
      encode_sb_rt(cpi, td, tile, tp, mi_row, mi_col + hbs, output_enabled,
                   subsize, pc_tree->split[1]);
      encode_sb_rt(cpi, td, tile, tp, mi_row + hbs, mi_col, output_enabled,
                   subsize, pc_tree->split[2]);
      encode_sb_rt(cpi, td, tile, tp, mi_row + hbs, mi_col + hbs,
                   output_enabled, subsize, pc_tree->split[3]);
      break;
    default: assert(0 && "Invalid partition type."); break;
  }

  if (partition != PARTITION_SPLIT || bsize == BLOCK_8X8)
    update_partition_context(xd, mi_row, mi_col, subsize, bsize);
}

static void rd_use_partition(VP9_COMP *cpi, ThreadData *td,
                             TileDataEnc *tile_data, MODE_INFO **mi_8x8,
                             TOKENEXTRA **tp, int mi_row, int mi_col,
                             BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int *rate, int64_t *dist,
                             int do_recon, PC_TREE *pc_tree) {
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  TileInfo *const tile_info = &tile_data->tile_info;
  MACROBLOCK *const x = &td->mb;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const int mis = cm->mi_stride;
  const int bsl = b_width_log2_lookup[bsize];
  const int mi_step = num_4x4_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize] / 2;
  const int bss = (1 << bsl) / 4;
  int i, pl;
  PARTITION_TYPE partition = PARTITION_NONE;
  BLOCK_SIZE subsize;
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT l[16 * MAX_MB_PLANE], a[16 * MAX_MB_PLANE];
  PARTITION_CONTEXT sl[8], sa[8];
  RD_COST last_part_rdc, none_rdc, chosen_rdc;
  BLOCK_SIZE sub_subsize = BLOCK_4X4;
  int splits_below = 0;
  BLOCK_SIZE bs_type = mi_8x8[0]->sb_type;
  int do_partition_search = 1;
  PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx = &pc_tree->none;

  if (mi_row >= cm->mi_rows || mi_col >= cm->mi_cols) return;

  assert(num_4x4_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize] ==
         num_4x4_blocks_high_lookup[bsize]);

  vp9_rd_cost_reset(&last_part_rdc);
  vp9_rd_cost_reset(&none_rdc);
  vp9_rd_cost_reset(&chosen_rdc);

  partition = partition_lookup[bsl][bs_type];
  subsize = get_subsize(bsize, partition);

  pc_tree->partitioning = partition;
  save_context(x, mi_row, mi_col, a, l, sa, sl, bsize);

  if (bsize == BLOCK_16X16 && cpi->oxcf.aq_mode != NO_AQ) {
    set_offsets(cpi, tile_info, x, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
    x->mb_energy = vp9_block_energy(cpi, x, bsize);
  }

  if (do_partition_search &&
      cpi->sf.partition_search_type == SEARCH_PARTITION &&
      cpi->sf.adjust_partitioning_from_last_frame) {
    // Check if any of the sub blocks are further split.
    if (partition == PARTITION_SPLIT && subsize > BLOCK_8X8) {
      sub_subsize = get_subsize(subsize, PARTITION_SPLIT);
      splits_below = 1;
      for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
        int jj = i >> 1, ii = i & 0x01;
        MODE_INFO *this_mi = mi_8x8[jj * bss * mis + ii * bss];
        if (this_mi && this_mi->sb_type >= sub_subsize) {
          splits_below = 0;
        }
      }
    }

    // If partition is not none try none unless each of the 4 splits are split
    // even further..
    if (partition != PARTITION_NONE && !splits_below &&
        mi_row + (mi_step >> 1) < cm->mi_rows &&
        mi_col + (mi_step >> 1) < cm->mi_cols) {
      pc_tree->partitioning = PARTITION_NONE;
      rd_pick_sb_modes(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row, mi_col, &none_rdc, bsize, ctx,
                       INT64_MAX);

      pl = partition_plane_context(xd, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);

      if (none_rdc.rate < INT_MAX) {
        none_rdc.rate += cpi->partition_cost[pl][PARTITION_NONE];
        none_rdc.rdcost =
            RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, none_rdc.rate, none_rdc.dist);
      }

      restore_context(x, mi_row, mi_col, a, l, sa, sl, bsize);
      mi_8x8[0]->sb_type = bs_type;
      pc_tree->partitioning = partition;
    }
  }

  switch (partition) {
    case PARTITION_NONE:
      rd_pick_sb_modes(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row, mi_col, &last_part_rdc, bsize,
                       ctx, INT64_MAX);
      break;
    case PARTITION_HORZ:
      rd_pick_sb_modes(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row, mi_col, &last_part_rdc,
                       subsize, &pc_tree->horizontal[0], INT64_MAX);
      if (last_part_rdc.rate != INT_MAX && bsize >= BLOCK_8X8 &&
          mi_row + (mi_step >> 1) < cm->mi_rows) {
        RD_COST tmp_rdc;
        PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx = &pc_tree->horizontal[0];
        vp9_rd_cost_init(&tmp_rdc);
        update_state(cpi, td, ctx, mi_row, mi_col, subsize, 0);
        encode_superblock(cpi, td, tp, 0, mi_row, mi_col, subsize, ctx);
        rd_pick_sb_modes(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row + (mi_step >> 1), mi_col,
                         &tmp_rdc, subsize, &pc_tree->horizontal[1], INT64_MAX);
        if (tmp_rdc.rate == INT_MAX || tmp_rdc.dist == INT64_MAX) {
          vp9_rd_cost_reset(&last_part_rdc);
          break;
        }
        last_part_rdc.rate += tmp_rdc.rate;
        last_part_rdc.dist += tmp_rdc.dist;
        last_part_rdc.rdcost += tmp_rdc.rdcost;
      }
      break;
    case PARTITION_VERT:
      rd_pick_sb_modes(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row, mi_col, &last_part_rdc,
                       subsize, &pc_tree->vertical[0], INT64_MAX);
      if (last_part_rdc.rate != INT_MAX && bsize >= BLOCK_8X8 &&
          mi_col + (mi_step >> 1) < cm->mi_cols) {
        RD_COST tmp_rdc;
        PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx = &pc_tree->vertical[0];
        vp9_rd_cost_init(&tmp_rdc);
        update_state(cpi, td, ctx, mi_row, mi_col, subsize, 0);
        encode_superblock(cpi, td, tp, 0, mi_row, mi_col, subsize, ctx);
        rd_pick_sb_modes(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row, mi_col + (mi_step >> 1),
                         &tmp_rdc, subsize,
                         &pc_tree->vertical[bsize > BLOCK_8X8], INT64_MAX);
        if (tmp_rdc.rate == INT_MAX || tmp_rdc.dist == INT64_MAX) {
          vp9_rd_cost_reset(&last_part_rdc);
          break;
        }
        last_part_rdc.rate += tmp_rdc.rate;
        last_part_rdc.dist += tmp_rdc.dist;
        last_part_rdc.rdcost += tmp_rdc.rdcost;
      }
      break;
    case PARTITION_SPLIT:
      if (bsize == BLOCK_8X8) {
        rd_pick_sb_modes(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row, mi_col, &last_part_rdc,
                         subsize, pc_tree->leaf_split[0], INT64_MAX);
        break;
      }
      last_part_rdc.rate = 0;
      last_part_rdc.dist = 0;
      last_part_rdc.rdcost = 0;
      for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
        int x_idx = (i & 1) * (mi_step >> 1);
        int y_idx = (i >> 1) * (mi_step >> 1);
        int jj = i >> 1, ii = i & 0x01;
        RD_COST tmp_rdc;
        if ((mi_row + y_idx >= cm->mi_rows) || (mi_col + x_idx >= cm->mi_cols))
          continue;

        vp9_rd_cost_init(&tmp_rdc);
        rd_use_partition(cpi, td, tile_data, mi_8x8 + jj * bss * mis + ii * bss,
                         tp, mi_row + y_idx, mi_col + x_idx, subsize,
                         &tmp_rdc.rate, &tmp_rdc.dist, i != 3,
                         pc_tree->split[i]);
        if (tmp_rdc.rate == INT_MAX || tmp_rdc.dist == INT64_MAX) {
          vp9_rd_cost_reset(&last_part_rdc);
          break;
        }
        last_part_rdc.rate += tmp_rdc.rate;
        last_part_rdc.dist += tmp_rdc.dist;
      }
      break;
    default: assert(0); break;
  }

  pl = partition_plane_context(xd, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
  if (last_part_rdc.rate < INT_MAX) {
    last_part_rdc.rate += cpi->partition_cost[pl][partition];
    last_part_rdc.rdcost =
        RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, last_part_rdc.rate, last_part_rdc.dist);
  }

  if (do_partition_search && cpi->sf.adjust_partitioning_from_last_frame &&
      cpi->sf.partition_search_type == SEARCH_PARTITION &&
      partition != PARTITION_SPLIT && bsize > BLOCK_8X8 &&
      (mi_row + mi_step < cm->mi_rows ||
       mi_row + (mi_step >> 1) == cm->mi_rows) &&
      (mi_col + mi_step < cm->mi_cols ||
       mi_col + (mi_step >> 1) == cm->mi_cols)) {
    BLOCK_SIZE split_subsize = get_subsize(bsize, PARTITION_SPLIT);
    chosen_rdc.rate = 0;
    chosen_rdc.dist = 0;
    restore_context(x, mi_row, mi_col, a, l, sa, sl, bsize);
    pc_tree->partitioning = PARTITION_SPLIT;

    // Split partition.
    for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
      int x_idx = (i & 1) * (mi_step >> 1);
      int y_idx = (i >> 1) * (mi_step >> 1);
      RD_COST tmp_rdc;
      ENTROPY_CONTEXT l[16 * MAX_MB_PLANE], a[16 * MAX_MB_PLANE];
      PARTITION_CONTEXT sl[8], sa[8];

      if ((mi_row + y_idx >= cm->mi_rows) || (mi_col + x_idx >= cm->mi_cols))
        continue;

      save_context(x, mi_row, mi_col, a, l, sa, sl, bsize);
      pc_tree->split[i]->partitioning = PARTITION_NONE;
      rd_pick_sb_modes(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row + y_idx, mi_col + x_idx,
                       &tmp_rdc, split_subsize, &pc_tree->split[i]->none,
                       INT64_MAX);

      restore_context(x, mi_row, mi_col, a, l, sa, sl, bsize);

      if (tmp_rdc.rate == INT_MAX || tmp_rdc.dist == INT64_MAX) {
        vp9_rd_cost_reset(&chosen_rdc);
        break;
      }

      chosen_rdc.rate += tmp_rdc.rate;
      chosen_rdc.dist += tmp_rdc.dist;

      if (i != 3)
        encode_sb(cpi, td, tile_info, tp, mi_row + y_idx, mi_col + x_idx, 0,
                  split_subsize, pc_tree->split[i]);

      pl = partition_plane_context(xd, mi_row + y_idx, mi_col + x_idx,
                                   split_subsize);
      chosen_rdc.rate += cpi->partition_cost[pl][PARTITION_NONE];
    }
    pl = partition_plane_context(xd, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
    if (chosen_rdc.rate < INT_MAX) {
      chosen_rdc.rate += cpi->partition_cost[pl][PARTITION_SPLIT];
      chosen_rdc.rdcost =
          RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, chosen_rdc.rate, chosen_rdc.dist);
    }
  }

  // If last_part is better set the partitioning to that.
  if (last_part_rdc.rdcost < chosen_rdc.rdcost) {
    mi_8x8[0]->sb_type = bsize;
    if (bsize >= BLOCK_8X8) pc_tree->partitioning = partition;
    chosen_rdc = last_part_rdc;
  }
  // If none was better set the partitioning to that.
  if (none_rdc.rdcost < chosen_rdc.rdcost) {
    if (bsize >= BLOCK_8X8) pc_tree->partitioning = PARTITION_NONE;
    chosen_rdc = none_rdc;
  }

  restore_context(x, mi_row, mi_col, a, l, sa, sl, bsize);

  // We must have chosen a partitioning and encoding or we'll fail later on.
  // No other opportunities for success.
  if (bsize == BLOCK_64X64)
    assert(chosen_rdc.rate < INT_MAX && chosen_rdc.dist < INT64_MAX);

  if (do_recon) {
    int output_enabled = (bsize == BLOCK_64X64);
    encode_sb(cpi, td, tile_info, tp, mi_row, mi_col, output_enabled, bsize,
              pc_tree);
  }

  *rate = chosen_rdc.rate;
  *dist = chosen_rdc.dist;
}

static const BLOCK_SIZE min_partition_size[BLOCK_SIZES] = {
  BLOCK_4X4,   BLOCK_4X4,   BLOCK_4X4,  BLOCK_4X4, BLOCK_4X4,
  BLOCK_4X4,   BLOCK_8X8,   BLOCK_8X8,  BLOCK_8X8, BLOCK_16X16,
  BLOCK_16X16, BLOCK_16X16, BLOCK_16X16
};

static const BLOCK_SIZE max_partition_size[BLOCK_SIZES] = {
  BLOCK_8X8,   BLOCK_16X16, BLOCK_16X16, BLOCK_16X16, BLOCK_32X32,
  BLOCK_32X32, BLOCK_32X32, BLOCK_64X64, BLOCK_64X64, BLOCK_64X64,
  BLOCK_64X64, BLOCK_64X64, BLOCK_64X64
};

// Look at all the mode_info entries for blocks that are part of this
// partition and find the min and max values for sb_type.
// At the moment this is designed to work on a 64x64 SB but could be
// adjusted to use a size parameter.
//
// The min and max are assumed to have been initialized prior to calling this
// function so repeat calls can accumulate a min and max of more than one sb64.
static void get_sb_partition_size_range(MACROBLOCKD *xd, MODE_INFO **mi_8x8,
                                        BLOCK_SIZE *min_block_size,
                                        BLOCK_SIZE *max_block_size,
                                        int bs_hist[BLOCK_SIZES]) {
  int sb_width_in_blocks = MI_BLOCK_SIZE;
  int sb_height_in_blocks = MI_BLOCK_SIZE;
  int i, j;
  int index = 0;

  // Check the sb_type for each block that belongs to this region.
  for (i = 0; i < sb_height_in_blocks; ++i) {
    for (j = 0; j < sb_width_in_blocks; ++j) {
      MODE_INFO *mi = mi_8x8[index + j];
      BLOCK_SIZE sb_type = mi ? mi->sb_type : 0;
      bs_hist[sb_type]++;
      *min_block_size = VPXMIN(*min_block_size, sb_type);
      *max_block_size = VPXMAX(*max_block_size, sb_type);
    }
    index += xd->mi_stride;
  }
}

// Next square block size less or equal than current block size.
static const BLOCK_SIZE next_square_size[BLOCK_SIZES] = {
  BLOCK_4X4,   BLOCK_4X4,   BLOCK_4X4,   BLOCK_8X8,   BLOCK_8X8,
  BLOCK_8X8,   BLOCK_16X16, BLOCK_16X16, BLOCK_16X16, BLOCK_32X32,
  BLOCK_32X32, BLOCK_32X32, BLOCK_64X64
};

// Look at neighboring blocks and set a min and max partition size based on
// what they chose.
static void rd_auto_partition_range(VP9_COMP *cpi, const TileInfo *const tile,
                                    MACROBLOCKD *const xd, int mi_row,
                                    int mi_col, BLOCK_SIZE *min_block_size,
                                    BLOCK_SIZE *max_block_size) {
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MODE_INFO **mi = xd->mi;
  const int left_in_image = !!xd->left_mi;
  const int above_in_image = !!xd->above_mi;
  const int row8x8_remaining = tile->mi_row_end - mi_row;
  const int col8x8_remaining = tile->mi_col_end - mi_col;
  int bh, bw;
  BLOCK_SIZE min_size = BLOCK_4X4;
  BLOCK_SIZE max_size = BLOCK_64X64;
  int bs_hist[BLOCK_SIZES] = { 0 };

  // Trap case where we do not have a prediction.
  if (left_in_image || above_in_image || cm->frame_type != KEY_FRAME) {
    // Default "min to max" and "max to min"
    min_size = BLOCK_64X64;
    max_size = BLOCK_4X4;

    // NOTE: each call to get_sb_partition_size_range() uses the previous
    // passed in values for min and max as a starting point.
    // Find the min and max partition used in previous frame at this location
    if (cm->frame_type != KEY_FRAME) {
      MODE_INFO **prev_mi =
          &cm->prev_mi_grid_visible[mi_row * xd->mi_stride + mi_col];
      get_sb_partition_size_range(xd, prev_mi, &min_size, &max_size, bs_hist);
    }
    // Find the min and max partition sizes used in the left SB64
    if (left_in_image) {
      MODE_INFO **left_sb64_mi = &mi[-MI_BLOCK_SIZE];
      get_sb_partition_size_range(xd, left_sb64_mi, &min_size, &max_size,
                                  bs_hist);
    }
    // Find the min and max partition sizes used in the above SB64.
    if (above_in_image) {
      MODE_INFO **above_sb64_mi = &mi[-xd->mi_stride * MI_BLOCK_SIZE];
      get_sb_partition_size_range(xd, above_sb64_mi, &min_size, &max_size,
                                  bs_hist);
    }

    // Adjust observed min and max for "relaxed" auto partition case.
    if (cpi->sf.auto_min_max_partition_size == RELAXED_NEIGHBORING_MIN_MAX) {
      min_size = min_partition_size[min_size];
      max_size = max_partition_size[max_size];
    }
  }

  // Check border cases where max and min from neighbors may not be legal.
  max_size = find_partition_size(max_size, row8x8_remaining, col8x8_remaining,
                                 &bh, &bw);
  // Test for blocks at the edge of the active image.
  // This may be the actual edge of the image or where there are formatting
  // bars.
  if (vp9_active_edge_sb(cpi, mi_row, mi_col)) {
    min_size = BLOCK_4X4;
  } else {
    min_size =
        VPXMIN(cpi->sf.rd_auto_partition_min_limit, VPXMIN(min_size, max_size));
  }

  // When use_square_partition_only is true, make sure at least one square
  // partition is allowed by selecting the next smaller square size as
  // *min_block_size.
  if (cpi->sf.use_square_partition_only &&
      next_square_size[max_size] < min_size) {
    min_size = next_square_size[max_size];
  }

  *min_block_size = min_size;
  *max_block_size = max_size;
}

// TODO(jingning) refactor functions setting partition search range
static void set_partition_range(VP9_COMMON *cm, MACROBLOCKD *xd, int mi_row,
                                int mi_col, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                BLOCK_SIZE *min_bs, BLOCK_SIZE *max_bs) {
  int mi_width = num_8x8_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize];
  int mi_height = num_8x8_blocks_high_lookup[bsize];
  int idx, idy;

  MODE_INFO *mi;
  const int idx_str = cm->mi_stride * mi_row + mi_col;
  MODE_INFO **prev_mi = &cm->prev_mi_grid_visible[idx_str];
  BLOCK_SIZE bs, min_size, max_size;

  min_size = BLOCK_64X64;
  max_size = BLOCK_4X4;

  if (prev_mi) {
    for (idy = 0; idy < mi_height; ++idy) {
      for (idx = 0; idx < mi_width; ++idx) {
        mi = prev_mi[idy * cm->mi_stride + idx];
        bs = mi ? mi->sb_type : bsize;
        min_size = VPXMIN(min_size, bs);
        max_size = VPXMAX(max_size, bs);
      }
    }
  }

  if (xd->left_mi) {
    for (idy = 0; idy < mi_height; ++idy) {
      mi = xd->mi[idy * cm->mi_stride - 1];
      bs = mi ? mi->sb_type : bsize;
      min_size = VPXMIN(min_size, bs);
      max_size = VPXMAX(max_size, bs);
    }
  }

  if (xd->above_mi) {
    for (idx = 0; idx < mi_width; ++idx) {
      mi = xd->mi[idx - cm->mi_stride];
      bs = mi ? mi->sb_type : bsize;
      min_size = VPXMIN(min_size, bs);
      max_size = VPXMAX(max_size, bs);
    }
  }

  if (min_size == max_size) {
    min_size = min_partition_size[min_size];
    max_size = max_partition_size[max_size];
  }

  *min_bs = min_size;
  *max_bs = max_size;
}

static INLINE void store_pred_mv(MACROBLOCK *x, PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx) {
  memcpy(ctx->pred_mv, x->pred_mv, sizeof(x->pred_mv));
}

static INLINE void load_pred_mv(MACROBLOCK *x, PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx) {
  memcpy(x->pred_mv, ctx->pred_mv, sizeof(x->pred_mv));
}

#if CONFIG_FP_MB_STATS
const int num_16x16_blocks_wide_lookup[BLOCK_SIZES] = { 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
                                                        1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4 };
const int num_16x16_blocks_high_lookup[BLOCK_SIZES] = { 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
                                                        2, 1, 2, 4, 2, 4 };
const int qindex_skip_threshold_lookup[BLOCK_SIZES] = {
  0, 10, 10, 30, 40, 40, 60, 80, 80, 90, 100, 100, 120
};
const int qindex_split_threshold_lookup[BLOCK_SIZES] = {
  0, 3, 3, 7, 15, 15, 30, 40, 40, 60, 80, 80, 120
};
const int complexity_16x16_blocks_threshold[BLOCK_SIZES] = {
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 4, 4, 6
};

typedef enum {
  MV_ZERO = 0,
  MV_LEFT = 1,
  MV_UP = 2,
  MV_RIGHT = 3,
  MV_DOWN = 4,
  MV_INVALID
} MOTION_DIRECTION;

static INLINE MOTION_DIRECTION get_motion_direction_fp(uint8_t fp_byte) {
  if (fp_byte & FPMB_MOTION_ZERO_MASK) {
    return MV_ZERO;
  } else if (fp_byte & FPMB_MOTION_LEFT_MASK) {
    return MV_LEFT;
  } else if (fp_byte & FPMB_MOTION_RIGHT_MASK) {
    return MV_RIGHT;
  } else if (fp_byte & FPMB_MOTION_UP_MASK) {
    return MV_UP;
  } else {
    return MV_DOWN;
  }
}

static INLINE int get_motion_inconsistency(MOTION_DIRECTION this_mv,
                                           MOTION_DIRECTION that_mv) {
  if (this_mv == that_mv) {
    return 0;
  } else {
    return abs(this_mv - that_mv) == 2 ? 2 : 1;
  }
}
#endif

// TODO(jingning,jimbankoski,rbultje): properly skip partition types that are
// unlikely to be selected depending on previous rate-distortion optimization
// results, for encoding speed-up.
static void rd_pick_partition(VP9_COMP *cpi, ThreadData *td,
                              TileDataEnc *tile_data, TOKENEXTRA **tp,
                              int mi_row, int mi_col, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                              RD_COST *rd_cost, int64_t best_rd,
                              PC_TREE *pc_tree) {
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  TileInfo *const tile_info = &tile_data->tile_info;
  MACROBLOCK *const x = &td->mb;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const int mi_step = num_8x8_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize] / 2;
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT l[16 * MAX_MB_PLANE], a[16 * MAX_MB_PLANE];
  PARTITION_CONTEXT sl[8], sa[8];
  TOKENEXTRA *tp_orig = *tp;
  PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx = &pc_tree->none;
  int i;
  const int pl = partition_plane_context(xd, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
  BLOCK_SIZE subsize;
  RD_COST this_rdc, sum_rdc, best_rdc;
  int do_split = bsize >= BLOCK_8X8;
  int do_rect = 1;
  INTERP_FILTER pred_interp_filter;

  // Override skipping rectangular partition operations for edge blocks
  const int force_horz_split = (mi_row + mi_step >= cm->mi_rows);
  const int force_vert_split = (mi_col + mi_step >= cm->mi_cols);
  const int xss = x->e_mbd.plane[1].subsampling_x;
  const int yss = x->e_mbd.plane[1].subsampling_y;

  BLOCK_SIZE min_size = x->min_partition_size;
  BLOCK_SIZE max_size = x->max_partition_size;

#if CONFIG_FP_MB_STATS
  unsigned int src_diff_var = UINT_MAX;
  int none_complexity = 0;
#endif

  int partition_none_allowed = !force_horz_split && !force_vert_split;
  int partition_horz_allowed =
      !force_vert_split && yss <= xss && bsize >= BLOCK_8X8;
  int partition_vert_allowed =
      !force_horz_split && xss <= yss && bsize >= BLOCK_8X8;

  int64_t dist_breakout_thr = cpi->sf.partition_search_breakout_dist_thr;
  int rate_breakout_thr = cpi->sf.partition_search_breakout_rate_thr;

  (void)*tp_orig;

  assert(num_8x8_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize] ==
         num_8x8_blocks_high_lookup[bsize]);

  // Adjust dist breakout threshold according to the partition size.
  dist_breakout_thr >>=
      8 - (b_width_log2_lookup[bsize] + b_height_log2_lookup[bsize]);
  rate_breakout_thr *= num_pels_log2_lookup[bsize];

  vp9_rd_cost_init(&this_rdc);
  vp9_rd_cost_init(&sum_rdc);
  vp9_rd_cost_reset(&best_rdc);
  best_rdc.rdcost = best_rd;

  set_offsets(cpi, tile_info, x, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);

  if (bsize == BLOCK_16X16 && cpi->oxcf.aq_mode != NO_AQ &&
      cpi->oxcf.aq_mode != LOOKAHEAD_AQ)
    x->mb_energy = vp9_block_energy(cpi, x, bsize);

  if (cpi->sf.cb_partition_search && bsize == BLOCK_16X16) {
    int cb_partition_search_ctrl =
        ((pc_tree->index == 0 || pc_tree->index == 3) +
         get_chessboard_index(cm->current_video_frame)) &
        0x1;

    if (cb_partition_search_ctrl && bsize > min_size && bsize < max_size)
      set_partition_range(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, bsize, &min_size, &max_size);
  }

  // Determine partition types in search according to the speed features.
  // The threshold set here has to be of square block size.
  if (cpi->sf.auto_min_max_partition_size) {
    partition_none_allowed &= (bsize <= max_size && bsize >= min_size);
    partition_horz_allowed &=
        ((bsize <= max_size && bsize > min_size) || force_horz_split);
    partition_vert_allowed &=
        ((bsize <= max_size && bsize > min_size) || force_vert_split);
    do_split &= bsize > min_size;
  }

  if (cpi->sf.use_square_partition_only &&
      bsize > cpi->sf.use_square_only_threshold) {
    if (cpi->use_svc) {
      if (!vp9_active_h_edge(cpi, mi_row, mi_step) || x->e_mbd.lossless)
        partition_horz_allowed &= force_horz_split;
      if (!vp9_active_v_edge(cpi, mi_row, mi_step) || x->e_mbd.lossless)
        partition_vert_allowed &= force_vert_split;
    } else {
      partition_horz_allowed &= force_horz_split;
      partition_vert_allowed &= force_vert_split;
    }
  }

  save_context(x, mi_row, mi_col, a, l, sa, sl, bsize);

#if CONFIG_FP_MB_STATS
  if (cpi->use_fp_mb_stats) {
    set_offsets(cpi, tile_info, x, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
    src_diff_var = get_sby_perpixel_diff_variance(cpi, &x->plane[0].src, mi_row,
                                                  mi_col, bsize);
  }
#endif

#if CONFIG_FP_MB_STATS
  // Decide whether we shall split directly and skip searching NONE by using
  // the first pass block statistics
  if (cpi->use_fp_mb_stats && bsize >= BLOCK_32X32 && do_split &&
      partition_none_allowed && src_diff_var > 4 &&
      cm->base_qindex < qindex_split_threshold_lookup[bsize]) {
    int mb_row = mi_row >> 1;
    int mb_col = mi_col >> 1;
    int mb_row_end =
        VPXMIN(mb_row + num_16x16_blocks_high_lookup[bsize], cm->mb_rows);
    int mb_col_end =
        VPXMIN(mb_col + num_16x16_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize], cm->mb_cols);
    int r, c;

    // compute a complexity measure, basically measure inconsistency of motion
    // vectors obtained from the first pass in the current block
    for (r = mb_row; r < mb_row_end; r++) {
      for (c = mb_col; c < mb_col_end; c++) {
        const int mb_index = r * cm->mb_cols + c;

        MOTION_DIRECTION this_mv;
        MOTION_DIRECTION right_mv;
        MOTION_DIRECTION bottom_mv;

        this_mv =
            get_motion_direction_fp(cpi->twopass.this_frame_mb_stats[mb_index]);

        // to its right
        if (c != mb_col_end - 1) {
          right_mv = get_motion_direction_fp(
              cpi->twopass.this_frame_mb_stats[mb_index + 1]);
          none_complexity += get_motion_inconsistency(this_mv, right_mv);
        }

        // to its bottom
        if (r != mb_row_end - 1) {
          bottom_mv = get_motion_direction_fp(
              cpi->twopass.this_frame_mb_stats[mb_index + cm->mb_cols]);
          none_complexity += get_motion_inconsistency(this_mv, bottom_mv);
        }

        // do not count its left and top neighbors to avoid double counting
      }
    }

    if (none_complexity > complexity_16x16_blocks_threshold[bsize]) {
      partition_none_allowed = 0;
    }
  }
#endif

  // PARTITION_NONE
  if (partition_none_allowed) {
    rd_pick_sb_modes(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row, mi_col, &this_rdc, bsize, ctx,
                     best_rdc.rdcost);
    if (this_rdc.rate != INT_MAX) {
      if (bsize >= BLOCK_8X8) {
        this_rdc.rate += cpi->partition_cost[pl][PARTITION_NONE];
        this_rdc.rdcost =
            RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, this_rdc.rate, this_rdc.dist);
      }

      if (this_rdc.rdcost < best_rdc.rdcost) {
        best_rdc = this_rdc;
        if (bsize >= BLOCK_8X8) pc_tree->partitioning = PARTITION_NONE;

        // If all y, u, v transform blocks in this partition are skippable, and
        // the dist & rate are within the thresholds, the partition search is
        // terminated for current branch of the partition search tree.
        if (!x->e_mbd.lossless && ctx->skippable &&
            ((best_rdc.dist < (dist_breakout_thr >> 2)) ||
             (best_rdc.dist < dist_breakout_thr &&
              best_rdc.rate < rate_breakout_thr))) {
          do_split = 0;
          do_rect = 0;
        }

#if CONFIG_FP_MB_STATS
        // Check if every 16x16 first pass block statistics has zero
        // motion and the corresponding first pass residue is small enough.
        // If that is the case, check the difference variance between the
        // current frame and the last frame. If the variance is small enough,
        // stop further splitting in RD optimization
        if (cpi->use_fp_mb_stats && do_split != 0 &&
            cm->base_qindex > qindex_skip_threshold_lookup[bsize]) {
          int mb_row = mi_row >> 1;
          int mb_col = mi_col >> 1;
          int mb_row_end =
              VPXMIN(mb_row + num_16x16_blocks_high_lookup[bsize], cm->mb_rows);
          int mb_col_end =
              VPXMIN(mb_col + num_16x16_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize], cm->mb_cols);
          int r, c;

          int skip = 1;
          for (r = mb_row; r < mb_row_end; r++) {
            for (c = mb_col; c < mb_col_end; c++) {
              const int mb_index = r * cm->mb_cols + c;
              if (!(cpi->twopass.this_frame_mb_stats[mb_index] &
                    FPMB_MOTION_ZERO_MASK) ||
                  !(cpi->twopass.this_frame_mb_stats[mb_index] &
                    FPMB_ERROR_SMALL_MASK)) {
                skip = 0;
                break;
              }
            }
            if (skip == 0) {
              break;
            }
          }

          if (skip) {
            if (src_diff_var == UINT_MAX) {
              set_offsets(cpi, tile_info, x, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
              src_diff_var = get_sby_perpixel_diff_variance(
                  cpi, &x->plane[0].src, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
            }
            if (src_diff_var < 8) {
              do_split = 0;
              do_rect = 0;
            }
          }
        }
#endif
      }
    }
    restore_context(x, mi_row, mi_col, a, l, sa, sl, bsize);
  }

  // store estimated motion vector
  if (cpi->sf.adaptive_motion_search) store_pred_mv(x, ctx);

  // If the interp_filter is marked as SWITCHABLE_FILTERS, it was for an
  // intra block and used for context purposes.
  if (ctx->mic.interp_filter == SWITCHABLE_FILTERS) {
    pred_interp_filter = EIGHTTAP;
  } else {
    pred_interp_filter = ctx->mic.interp_filter;
  }

  // PARTITION_SPLIT
  // TODO(jingning): use the motion vectors given by the above search as
  // the starting point of motion search in the following partition type check.
  if (do_split) {
    subsize = get_subsize(bsize, PARTITION_SPLIT);
    if (bsize == BLOCK_8X8) {
      i = 4;
      if (cpi->sf.adaptive_pred_interp_filter && partition_none_allowed)
        pc_tree->leaf_split[0]->pred_interp_filter = pred_interp_filter;
      rd_pick_sb_modes(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row, mi_col, &sum_rdc, subsize,
                       pc_tree->leaf_split[0], best_rdc.rdcost);

      if (sum_rdc.rate == INT_MAX) sum_rdc.rdcost = INT64_MAX;
    } else {
      for (i = 0; i < 4 && sum_rdc.rdcost < best_rdc.rdcost; ++i) {
        const int x_idx = (i & 1) * mi_step;
        const int y_idx = (i >> 1) * mi_step;

        if (mi_row + y_idx >= cm->mi_rows || mi_col + x_idx >= cm->mi_cols)
          continue;

        if (cpi->sf.adaptive_motion_search) load_pred_mv(x, ctx);

        pc_tree->split[i]->index = i;
        rd_pick_partition(cpi, td, tile_data, tp, mi_row + y_idx,
                          mi_col + x_idx, subsize, &this_rdc,
                          best_rdc.rdcost - sum_rdc.rdcost, pc_tree->split[i]);

        if (this_rdc.rate == INT_MAX) {
          sum_rdc.rdcost = INT64_MAX;
          break;
        } else {
          sum_rdc.rate += this_rdc.rate;
          sum_rdc.dist += this_rdc.dist;
          sum_rdc.rdcost += this_rdc.rdcost;
        }
      }
    }

    if (sum_rdc.rdcost < best_rdc.rdcost && i == 4) {
      sum_rdc.rate += cpi->partition_cost[pl][PARTITION_SPLIT];
      sum_rdc.rdcost = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, sum_rdc.rate, sum_rdc.dist);

      if (sum_rdc.rdcost < best_rdc.rdcost) {
        best_rdc = sum_rdc;
        pc_tree->partitioning = PARTITION_SPLIT;

        // Rate and distortion based partition search termination clause.
        if (!x->e_mbd.lossless && ((best_rdc.dist < (dist_breakout_thr >> 2)) ||
                                   (best_rdc.dist < dist_breakout_thr &&
                                    best_rdc.rate < rate_breakout_thr))) {
          do_rect = 0;
        }
      }
    } else {
      // skip rectangular partition test when larger block size
      // gives better rd cost
      if ((cpi->sf.less_rectangular_check) &&
          ((bsize > cpi->sf.use_square_only_threshold) ||
           (best_rdc.dist < dist_breakout_thr)))
        do_rect &= !partition_none_allowed;
    }
    restore_context(x, mi_row, mi_col, a, l, sa, sl, bsize);
  }

  // PARTITION_HORZ
  if (partition_horz_allowed &&
      (do_rect || vp9_active_h_edge(cpi, mi_row, mi_step))) {
    subsize = get_subsize(bsize, PARTITION_HORZ);
    if (cpi->sf.adaptive_motion_search) load_pred_mv(x, ctx);
    if (cpi->sf.adaptive_pred_interp_filter && bsize == BLOCK_8X8 &&
        partition_none_allowed)
      pc_tree->horizontal[0].pred_interp_filter = pred_interp_filter;
    rd_pick_sb_modes(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row, mi_col, &sum_rdc, subsize,
                     &pc_tree->horizontal[0], best_rdc.rdcost);

    if (sum_rdc.rdcost < best_rdc.rdcost && mi_row + mi_step < cm->mi_rows &&
        bsize > BLOCK_8X8) {
      PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx = &pc_tree->horizontal[0];
      update_state(cpi, td, ctx, mi_row, mi_col, subsize, 0);
      encode_superblock(cpi, td, tp, 0, mi_row, mi_col, subsize, ctx);

      if (cpi->sf.adaptive_motion_search) load_pred_mv(x, ctx);
      if (cpi->sf.adaptive_pred_interp_filter && bsize == BLOCK_8X8 &&
          partition_none_allowed)
        pc_tree->horizontal[1].pred_interp_filter = pred_interp_filter;
      rd_pick_sb_modes(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row + mi_step, mi_col, &this_rdc,
                       subsize, &pc_tree->horizontal[1],
                       best_rdc.rdcost - sum_rdc.rdcost);
      if (this_rdc.rate == INT_MAX) {
        sum_rdc.rdcost = INT64_MAX;
      } else {
        sum_rdc.rate += this_rdc.rate;
        sum_rdc.dist += this_rdc.dist;
        sum_rdc.rdcost += this_rdc.rdcost;
      }
    }

    if (sum_rdc.rdcost < best_rdc.rdcost) {
      sum_rdc.rate += cpi->partition_cost[pl][PARTITION_HORZ];
      sum_rdc.rdcost = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, sum_rdc.rate, sum_rdc.dist);
      if (sum_rdc.rdcost < best_rdc.rdcost) {
        best_rdc = sum_rdc;
        pc_tree->partitioning = PARTITION_HORZ;

        if ((cpi->sf.less_rectangular_check) &&
            (bsize > cpi->sf.use_square_only_threshold))
          do_rect = 0;
      }
    }
    restore_context(x, mi_row, mi_col, a, l, sa, sl, bsize);
  }

  // PARTITION_VERT
  if (partition_vert_allowed &&
      (do_rect || vp9_active_v_edge(cpi, mi_col, mi_step))) {
    subsize = get_subsize(bsize, PARTITION_VERT);

    if (cpi->sf.adaptive_motion_search) load_pred_mv(x, ctx);
    if (cpi->sf.adaptive_pred_interp_filter && bsize == BLOCK_8X8 &&
        partition_none_allowed)
      pc_tree->vertical[0].pred_interp_filter = pred_interp_filter;
    rd_pick_sb_modes(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row, mi_col, &sum_rdc, subsize,
                     &pc_tree->vertical[0], best_rdc.rdcost);
    if (sum_rdc.rdcost < best_rdc.rdcost && mi_col + mi_step < cm->mi_cols &&
        bsize > BLOCK_8X8) {
      update_state(cpi, td, &pc_tree->vertical[0], mi_row, mi_col, subsize, 0);
      encode_superblock(cpi, td, tp, 0, mi_row, mi_col, subsize,
                        &pc_tree->vertical[0]);

      if (cpi->sf.adaptive_motion_search) load_pred_mv(x, ctx);
      if (cpi->sf.adaptive_pred_interp_filter && bsize == BLOCK_8X8 &&
          partition_none_allowed)
        pc_tree->vertical[1].pred_interp_filter = pred_interp_filter;
      rd_pick_sb_modes(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row, mi_col + mi_step, &this_rdc,
                       subsize, &pc_tree->vertical[1],
                       best_rdc.rdcost - sum_rdc.rdcost);
      if (this_rdc.rate == INT_MAX) {
        sum_rdc.rdcost = INT64_MAX;
      } else {
        sum_rdc.rate += this_rdc.rate;
        sum_rdc.dist += this_rdc.dist;
        sum_rdc.rdcost += this_rdc.rdcost;
      }
    }

    if (sum_rdc.rdcost < best_rdc.rdcost) {
      sum_rdc.rate += cpi->partition_cost[pl][PARTITION_VERT];
      sum_rdc.rdcost = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, sum_rdc.rate, sum_rdc.dist);
      if (sum_rdc.rdcost < best_rdc.rdcost) {
        best_rdc = sum_rdc;
        pc_tree->partitioning = PARTITION_VERT;
      }
    }
    restore_context(x, mi_row, mi_col, a, l, sa, sl, bsize);
  }

  // TODO(jbb): This code added so that we avoid static analysis
  // warning related to the fact that best_rd isn't used after this
  // point.  This code should be refactored so that the duplicate
  // checks occur in some sub function and thus are used...
  (void)best_rd;
  *rd_cost = best_rdc;

  if (best_rdc.rate < INT_MAX && best_rdc.dist < INT64_MAX &&
      pc_tree->index != 3) {
    int output_enabled = (bsize == BLOCK_64X64);
    encode_sb(cpi, td, tile_info, tp, mi_row, mi_col, output_enabled, bsize,
              pc_tree);
  }

  if (bsize == BLOCK_64X64) {
    assert(tp_orig < *tp);
    assert(best_rdc.rate < INT_MAX);
    assert(best_rdc.dist < INT64_MAX);
  } else {
    assert(tp_orig == *tp);
  }
}

static void encode_rd_sb_row(VP9_COMP *cpi, ThreadData *td,
                             TileDataEnc *tile_data, int mi_row,
                             TOKENEXTRA **tp) {
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  TileInfo *const tile_info = &tile_data->tile_info;
  MACROBLOCK *const x = &td->mb;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  SPEED_FEATURES *const sf = &cpi->sf;
  const int mi_col_start = tile_info->mi_col_start;
  const int mi_col_end = tile_info->mi_col_end;
  int mi_col;

  // Initialize the left context for the new SB row
  memset(&xd->left_context, 0, sizeof(xd->left_context));
  memset(xd->left_seg_context, 0, sizeof(xd->left_seg_context));

  // Code each SB in the row
  for (mi_col = mi_col_start; mi_col < mi_col_end; mi_col += MI_BLOCK_SIZE) {
    const struct segmentation *const seg = &cm->seg;
    int dummy_rate;
    int64_t dummy_dist;
    RD_COST dummy_rdc;
    int i;
    int seg_skip = 0;

    const int idx_str = cm->mi_stride * mi_row + mi_col;
    MODE_INFO **mi = cm->mi_grid_visible + idx_str;

    if (sf->adaptive_pred_interp_filter) {
      for (i = 0; i < 64; ++i) td->leaf_tree[i].pred_interp_filter = SWITCHABLE;

      for (i = 0; i < 64; ++i) {
        td->pc_tree[i].vertical[0].pred_interp_filter = SWITCHABLE;
        td->pc_tree[i].vertical[1].pred_interp_filter = SWITCHABLE;
        td->pc_tree[i].horizontal[0].pred_interp_filter = SWITCHABLE;
        td->pc_tree[i].horizontal[1].pred_interp_filter = SWITCHABLE;
      }
    }

    vp9_zero(x->pred_mv);
    td->pc_root->index = 0;

    if (seg->enabled) {
      const uint8_t *const map =
          seg->update_map ? cpi->segmentation_map : cm->last_frame_seg_map;
      int segment_id = get_segment_id(cm, map, BLOCK_64X64, mi_row, mi_col);
      seg_skip = segfeature_active(seg, segment_id, SEG_LVL_SKIP);
    }

    x->source_variance = UINT_MAX;
    if (sf->partition_search_type == FIXED_PARTITION || seg_skip) {
      const BLOCK_SIZE bsize =
          seg_skip ? BLOCK_64X64 : sf->always_this_block_size;
      set_offsets(cpi, tile_info, x, mi_row, mi_col, BLOCK_64X64);
      set_fixed_partitioning(cpi, tile_info, mi, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
      rd_use_partition(cpi, td, tile_data, mi, tp, mi_row, mi_col, BLOCK_64X64,
                       &dummy_rate, &dummy_dist, 1, td->pc_root);
    } else if (cpi->partition_search_skippable_frame) {
      BLOCK_SIZE bsize;
      set_offsets(cpi, tile_info, x, mi_row, mi_col, BLOCK_64X64);
      bsize = get_rd_var_based_fixed_partition(cpi, x, mi_row, mi_col);
      set_fixed_partitioning(cpi, tile_info, mi, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
      rd_use_partition(cpi, td, tile_data, mi, tp, mi_row, mi_col, BLOCK_64X64,
                       &dummy_rate, &dummy_dist, 1, td->pc_root);
    } else if (sf->partition_search_type == VAR_BASED_PARTITION &&
               cm->frame_type != KEY_FRAME) {
      choose_partitioning(cpi, tile_info, x, mi_row, mi_col);
      rd_use_partition(cpi, td, tile_data, mi, tp, mi_row, mi_col, BLOCK_64X64,
                       &dummy_rate, &dummy_dist, 1, td->pc_root);
    } else {
      // If required set upper and lower partition size limits
      if (sf->auto_min_max_partition_size) {
        set_offsets(cpi, tile_info, x, mi_row, mi_col, BLOCK_64X64);
        rd_auto_partition_range(cpi, tile_info, xd, mi_row, mi_col,
                                &x->min_partition_size, &x->max_partition_size);
      }
      rd_pick_partition(cpi, td, tile_data, tp, mi_row, mi_col, BLOCK_64X64,
                        &dummy_rdc, INT64_MAX, td->pc_root);
    }
  }
}

static void init_encode_frame_mb_context(VP9_COMP *cpi) {
  MACROBLOCK *const x = &cpi->td.mb;
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const int aligned_mi_cols = mi_cols_aligned_to_sb(cm->mi_cols);

  // Copy data over into macro block data structures.
  vp9_setup_src_planes(x, cpi->Source, 0, 0);

  vp9_setup_block_planes(&x->e_mbd, cm->subsampling_x, cm->subsampling_y);

  // Note: this memset assumes above_context[0], [1] and [2]
  // are allocated as part of the same buffer.
  memset(xd->above_context[0], 0,
         sizeof(*xd->above_context[0]) * 2 * aligned_mi_cols * MAX_MB_PLANE);
  memset(xd->above_seg_context, 0,
         sizeof(*xd->above_seg_context) * aligned_mi_cols);
}

static int check_dual_ref_flags(VP9_COMP *cpi) {
  const int ref_flags = cpi->ref_frame_flags;

  if (segfeature_active(&cpi->common.seg, 1, SEG_LVL_REF_FRAME)) {
    return 0;
  } else {
    return (!!(ref_flags & VP9_GOLD_FLAG) + !!(ref_flags & VP9_LAST_FLAG) +
            !!(ref_flags & VP9_ALT_FLAG)) >= 2;
  }
}

static void reset_skip_tx_size(VP9_COMMON *cm, TX_SIZE max_tx_size) {
  int mi_row, mi_col;
  const int mis = cm->mi_stride;
  MODE_INFO **mi_ptr = cm->mi_grid_visible;

  for (mi_row = 0; mi_row < cm->mi_rows; ++mi_row, mi_ptr += mis) {
    for (mi_col = 0; mi_col < cm->mi_cols; ++mi_col) {
      if (mi_ptr[mi_col]->tx_size > max_tx_size)
        mi_ptr[mi_col]->tx_size = max_tx_size;
    }
  }
}

static MV_REFERENCE_FRAME get_frame_type(const VP9_COMP *cpi) {
  if (frame_is_intra_only(&cpi->common))
    return INTRA_FRAME;
  else if (cpi->rc.is_src_frame_alt_ref && cpi->refresh_golden_frame)
    return ALTREF_FRAME;
  else if (cpi->refresh_golden_frame || cpi->refresh_alt_ref_frame)
    return GOLDEN_FRAME;
  else
    return LAST_FRAME;
}

static TX_MODE select_tx_mode(const VP9_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCKD *const xd) {
  if (xd->lossless) return ONLY_4X4;
  if (cpi->common.frame_type == KEY_FRAME && cpi->sf.use_nonrd_pick_mode)
    return ALLOW_16X16;
  if (cpi->sf.tx_size_search_method == USE_LARGESTALL)
    return ALLOW_32X32;
  else if (cpi->sf.tx_size_search_method == USE_FULL_RD ||
           cpi->sf.tx_size_search_method == USE_TX_8X8)
    return TX_MODE_SELECT;
  else
    return cpi->common.tx_mode;
}

static void hybrid_intra_mode_search(VP9_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *const x,
                                     RD_COST *rd_cost, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                     PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx) {
  if (bsize < BLOCK_16X16)
    vp9_rd_pick_intra_mode_sb(cpi, x, rd_cost, bsize, ctx, INT64_MAX);
  else
    vp9_pick_intra_mode(cpi, x, rd_cost, bsize, ctx);
}

static void nonrd_pick_sb_modes(VP9_COMP *cpi, TileDataEnc *tile_data,
                                MACROBLOCK *const x, int mi_row, int mi_col,
                                RD_COST *rd_cost, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx) {
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  TileInfo *const tile_info = &tile_data->tile_info;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MODE_INFO *mi;
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT l[16 * MAX_MB_PLANE], a[16 * MAX_MB_PLANE];
  BLOCK_SIZE bs = VPXMAX(bsize, BLOCK_8X8);  // processing unit block size
  const int num_4x4_blocks_wide = num_4x4_blocks_wide_lookup[bs];
  const int num_4x4_blocks_high = num_4x4_blocks_high_lookup[bs];
  int plane;

  set_offsets(cpi, tile_info, x, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
  mi = xd->mi[0];
  mi->sb_type = bsize;

  for (plane = 0; plane < MAX_MB_PLANE; ++plane) {
    struct macroblockd_plane *pd = &xd->plane[plane];
    memcpy(a + num_4x4_blocks_wide * plane, pd->above_context,
           (sizeof(a[0]) * num_4x4_blocks_wide) >> pd->subsampling_x);
    memcpy(l + num_4x4_blocks_high * plane, pd->left_context,
           (sizeof(l[0]) * num_4x4_blocks_high) >> pd->subsampling_y);
  }

  if (cpi->oxcf.aq_mode == CYCLIC_REFRESH_AQ && cm->seg.enabled)
    if (cyclic_refresh_segment_id_boosted(mi->segment_id))
      x->rdmult = vp9_cyclic_refresh_get_rdmult(cpi->cyclic_refresh);

  if (cm->frame_type == KEY_FRAME)
    hybrid_intra_mode_search(cpi, x, rd_cost, bsize, ctx);
  else if (segfeature_active(&cm->seg, mi->segment_id, SEG_LVL_SKIP))
    set_mode_info_seg_skip(x, cm->tx_mode, rd_cost, bsize);
  else if (bsize >= BLOCK_8X8)
    vp9_pick_inter_mode(cpi, x, tile_data, mi_row, mi_col, rd_cost, bsize, ctx);
  else
    vp9_pick_inter_mode_sub8x8(cpi, x, mi_row, mi_col, rd_cost, bsize, ctx);

  duplicate_mode_info_in_sb(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);

  for (plane = 0; plane < MAX_MB_PLANE; ++plane) {
    struct macroblockd_plane *pd = &xd->plane[plane];
    memcpy(pd->above_context, a + num_4x4_blocks_wide * plane,
           (sizeof(a[0]) * num_4x4_blocks_wide) >> pd->subsampling_x);
    memcpy(pd->left_context, l + num_4x4_blocks_high * plane,
           (sizeof(l[0]) * num_4x4_blocks_high) >> pd->subsampling_y);
  }

  if (rd_cost->rate == INT_MAX) vp9_rd_cost_reset(rd_cost);

  ctx->rate = rd_cost->rate;
  ctx->dist = rd_cost->dist;
}

static void fill_mode_info_sb(VP9_COMMON *cm, MACROBLOCK *x, int mi_row,
                              int mi_col, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, PC_TREE *pc_tree) {
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  int bsl = b_width_log2_lookup[bsize], hbs = (1 << bsl) / 4;
  PARTITION_TYPE partition = pc_tree->partitioning;
  BLOCK_SIZE subsize = get_subsize(bsize, partition);

  assert(bsize >= BLOCK_8X8);

  if (mi_row >= cm->mi_rows || mi_col >= cm->mi_cols) return;

  switch (partition) {
    case PARTITION_NONE:
      set_mode_info_offsets(cm, x, xd, mi_row, mi_col);
      *(xd->mi[0]) = pc_tree->none.mic;
      *(x->mbmi_ext) = pc_tree->none.mbmi_ext;
      duplicate_mode_info_in_sb(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
      break;
    case PARTITION_VERT:
      set_mode_info_offsets(cm, x, xd, mi_row, mi_col);
      *(xd->mi[0]) = pc_tree->vertical[0].mic;
      *(x->mbmi_ext) = pc_tree->vertical[0].mbmi_ext;
      duplicate_mode_info_in_sb(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, subsize);

      if (mi_col + hbs < cm->mi_cols) {
        set_mode_info_offsets(cm, x, xd, mi_row, mi_col + hbs);
        *(xd->mi[0]) = pc_tree->vertical[1].mic;
        *(x->mbmi_ext) = pc_tree->vertical[1].mbmi_ext;
        duplicate_mode_info_in_sb(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col + hbs, subsize);
      }
      break;
    case PARTITION_HORZ:
      set_mode_info_offsets(cm, x, xd, mi_row, mi_col);
      *(xd->mi[0]) = pc_tree->horizontal[0].mic;
      *(x->mbmi_ext) = pc_tree->horizontal[0].mbmi_ext;
      duplicate_mode_info_in_sb(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, subsize);
      if (mi_row + hbs < cm->mi_rows) {
        set_mode_info_offsets(cm, x, xd, mi_row + hbs, mi_col);
        *(xd->mi[0]) = pc_tree->horizontal[1].mic;
        *(x->mbmi_ext) = pc_tree->horizontal[1].mbmi_ext;
        duplicate_mode_info_in_sb(cm, xd, mi_row + hbs, mi_col, subsize);
      }
      break;
    case PARTITION_SPLIT: {
      fill_mode_info_sb(cm, x, mi_row, mi_col, subsize, pc_tree->split[0]);
      fill_mode_info_sb(cm, x, mi_row, mi_col + hbs, subsize,
                        pc_tree->split[1]);
      fill_mode_info_sb(cm, x, mi_row + hbs, mi_col, subsize,
                        pc_tree->split[2]);
      fill_mode_info_sb(cm, x, mi_row + hbs, mi_col + hbs, subsize,
                        pc_tree->split[3]);
      break;
    }
    default: break;
  }
}

// Reset the prediction pixel ready flag recursively.
static void pred_pixel_ready_reset(PC_TREE *pc_tree, BLOCK_SIZE bsize) {
  pc_tree->none.pred_pixel_ready = 0;
  pc_tree->horizontal[0].pred_pixel_ready = 0;
  pc_tree->horizontal[1].pred_pixel_ready = 0;
  pc_tree->vertical[0].pred_pixel_ready = 0;
  pc_tree->vertical[1].pred_pixel_ready = 0;

  if (bsize > BLOCK_8X8) {
    BLOCK_SIZE subsize = get_subsize(bsize, PARTITION_SPLIT);
    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i) pred_pixel_ready_reset(pc_tree->split[i], subsize);
  }
}

static void nonrd_pick_partition(VP9_COMP *cpi, ThreadData *td,
                                 TileDataEnc *tile_data, TOKENEXTRA **tp,
                                 int mi_row, int mi_col, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                 RD_COST *rd_cost, int do_recon,
                                 int64_t best_rd, PC_TREE *pc_tree) {
  const SPEED_FEATURES *const sf = &cpi->sf;
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  TileInfo *const tile_info = &tile_data->tile_info;
  MACROBLOCK *const x = &td->mb;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const int ms = num_8x8_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize] / 2;
  TOKENEXTRA *tp_orig = *tp;
  PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx = &pc_tree->none;
  int i;
  BLOCK_SIZE subsize = bsize;
  RD_COST this_rdc, sum_rdc, best_rdc;
  int do_split = bsize >= BLOCK_8X8;
  int do_rect = 1;
  // Override skipping rectangular partition operations for edge blocks
  const int force_horz_split = (mi_row + ms >= cm->mi_rows);
  const int force_vert_split = (mi_col + ms >= cm->mi_cols);
  const int xss = x->e_mbd.plane[1].subsampling_x;
  const int yss = x->e_mbd.plane[1].subsampling_y;

  int partition_none_allowed = !force_horz_split && !force_vert_split;
  int partition_horz_allowed =
      !force_vert_split && yss <= xss && bsize >= BLOCK_8X8;
  int partition_vert_allowed =
      !force_horz_split && xss <= yss && bsize >= BLOCK_8X8;
  (void)*tp_orig;

  assert(num_8x8_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize] ==
         num_8x8_blocks_high_lookup[bsize]);

  vp9_rd_cost_init(&sum_rdc);
  vp9_rd_cost_reset(&best_rdc);
  best_rdc.rdcost = best_rd;

  // Determine partition types in search according to the speed features.
  // The threshold set here has to be of square block size.
  if (sf->auto_min_max_partition_size) {
    partition_none_allowed &=
        (bsize <= x->max_partition_size && bsize >= x->min_partition_size);
    partition_horz_allowed &=
        ((bsize <= x->max_partition_size && bsize > x->min_partition_size) ||
         force_horz_split);
    partition_vert_allowed &=
        ((bsize <= x->max_partition_size && bsize > x->min_partition_size) ||
         force_vert_split);
    do_split &= bsize > x->min_partition_size;
  }
  if (sf->use_square_partition_only) {
    partition_horz_allowed &= force_horz_split;
    partition_vert_allowed &= force_vert_split;
  }

  ctx->pred_pixel_ready =
      !(partition_vert_allowed || partition_horz_allowed || do_split);

  // PARTITION_NONE
  if (partition_none_allowed) {
    nonrd_pick_sb_modes(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row, mi_col, &this_rdc, bsize,
                        ctx);
    ctx->mic = *xd->mi[0];
    ctx->mbmi_ext = *x->mbmi_ext;
    ctx->skip_txfm[0] = x->skip_txfm[0];
    ctx->skip = x->skip;

    if (this_rdc.rate != INT_MAX) {
      int pl = partition_plane_context(xd, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
      this_rdc.rate += cpi->partition_cost[pl][PARTITION_NONE];
      this_rdc.rdcost =
          RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, this_rdc.rate, this_rdc.dist);
      if (this_rdc.rdcost < best_rdc.rdcost) {
        int64_t dist_breakout_thr = sf->partition_search_breakout_dist_thr;
        int64_t rate_breakout_thr = sf->partition_search_breakout_rate_thr;

        dist_breakout_thr >>=
            8 - (b_width_log2_lookup[bsize] + b_height_log2_lookup[bsize]);

        rate_breakout_thr *= num_pels_log2_lookup[bsize];

        best_rdc = this_rdc;
        if (bsize >= BLOCK_8X8) pc_tree->partitioning = PARTITION_NONE;

        if (!x->e_mbd.lossless && this_rdc.rate < rate_breakout_thr &&
            this_rdc.dist < dist_breakout_thr) {
          do_split = 0;
          do_rect = 0;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  // store estimated motion vector
  store_pred_mv(x, ctx);

  // PARTITION_SPLIT
  if (do_split) {
    int pl = partition_plane_context(xd, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
    sum_rdc.rate += cpi->partition_cost[pl][PARTITION_SPLIT];
    sum_rdc.rdcost = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, sum_rdc.rate, sum_rdc.dist);
    subsize = get_subsize(bsize, PARTITION_SPLIT);
    for (i = 0; i < 4 && sum_rdc.rdcost < best_rdc.rdcost; ++i) {
      const int x_idx = (i & 1) * ms;
      const int y_idx = (i >> 1) * ms;

      if (mi_row + y_idx >= cm->mi_rows || mi_col + x_idx >= cm->mi_cols)
        continue;
      load_pred_mv(x, ctx);
      nonrd_pick_partition(cpi, td, tile_data, tp, mi_row + y_idx,
                           mi_col + x_idx, subsize, &this_rdc, 0,
                           best_rdc.rdcost - sum_rdc.rdcost, pc_tree->split[i]);

      if (this_rdc.rate == INT_MAX) {
        vp9_rd_cost_reset(&sum_rdc);
      } else {
        sum_rdc.rate += this_rdc.rate;
        sum_rdc.dist += this_rdc.dist;
        sum_rdc.rdcost += this_rdc.rdcost;
      }
    }

    if (sum_rdc.rdcost < best_rdc.rdcost) {
      best_rdc = sum_rdc;
      pc_tree->partitioning = PARTITION_SPLIT;
    } else {
      // skip rectangular partition test when larger block size
      // gives better rd cost
      if (sf->less_rectangular_check) do_rect &= !partition_none_allowed;
    }
  }

  // PARTITION_HORZ
  if (partition_horz_allowed && do_rect) {
    subsize = get_subsize(bsize, PARTITION_HORZ);
    if (sf->adaptive_motion_search) load_pred_mv(x, ctx);
    pc_tree->horizontal[0].pred_pixel_ready = 1;
    nonrd_pick_sb_modes(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row, mi_col, &sum_rdc, subsize,
                        &pc_tree->horizontal[0]);

    pc_tree->horizontal[0].mic = *xd->mi[0];
    pc_tree->horizontal[0].mbmi_ext = *x->mbmi_ext;
    pc_tree->horizontal[0].skip_txfm[0] = x->skip_txfm[0];
    pc_tree->horizontal[0].skip = x->skip;

    if (sum_rdc.rdcost < best_rdc.rdcost && mi_row + ms < cm->mi_rows) {
      load_pred_mv(x, ctx);
      pc_tree->horizontal[1].pred_pixel_ready = 1;
      nonrd_pick_sb_modes(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row + ms, mi_col, &this_rdc,
                          subsize, &pc_tree->horizontal[1]);

      pc_tree->horizontal[1].mic = *xd->mi[0];
      pc_tree->horizontal[1].mbmi_ext = *x->mbmi_ext;
      pc_tree->horizontal[1].skip_txfm[0] = x->skip_txfm[0];
      pc_tree->horizontal[1].skip = x->skip;

      if (this_rdc.rate == INT_MAX) {
        vp9_rd_cost_reset(&sum_rdc);
      } else {
        int pl = partition_plane_context(xd, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
        this_rdc.rate += cpi->partition_cost[pl][PARTITION_HORZ];
        sum_rdc.rate += this_rdc.rate;
        sum_rdc.dist += this_rdc.dist;
        sum_rdc.rdcost =
            RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, sum_rdc.rate, sum_rdc.dist);
      }
    }

    if (sum_rdc.rdcost < best_rdc.rdcost) {
      best_rdc = sum_rdc;
      pc_tree->partitioning = PARTITION_HORZ;
    } else {
      pred_pixel_ready_reset(pc_tree, bsize);
    }
  }

  // PARTITION_VERT
  if (partition_vert_allowed && do_rect) {
    subsize = get_subsize(bsize, PARTITION_VERT);
    if (sf->adaptive_motion_search) load_pred_mv(x, ctx);
    pc_tree->vertical[0].pred_pixel_ready = 1;
    nonrd_pick_sb_modes(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row, mi_col, &sum_rdc, subsize,
                        &pc_tree->vertical[0]);
    pc_tree->vertical[0].mic = *xd->mi[0];
    pc_tree->vertical[0].mbmi_ext = *x->mbmi_ext;
    pc_tree->vertical[0].skip_txfm[0] = x->skip_txfm[0];
    pc_tree->vertical[0].skip = x->skip;

    if (sum_rdc.rdcost < best_rdc.rdcost && mi_col + ms < cm->mi_cols) {
      load_pred_mv(x, ctx);
      pc_tree->vertical[1].pred_pixel_ready = 1;
      nonrd_pick_sb_modes(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row, mi_col + ms, &this_rdc,
                          subsize, &pc_tree->vertical[1]);
      pc_tree->vertical[1].mic = *xd->mi[0];
      pc_tree->vertical[1].mbmi_ext = *x->mbmi_ext;
      pc_tree->vertical[1].skip_txfm[0] = x->skip_txfm[0];
      pc_tree->vertical[1].skip = x->skip;

      if (this_rdc.rate == INT_MAX) {
        vp9_rd_cost_reset(&sum_rdc);
      } else {
        int pl = partition_plane_context(xd, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
        sum_rdc.rate += cpi->partition_cost[pl][PARTITION_VERT];
        sum_rdc.rate += this_rdc.rate;
        sum_rdc.dist += this_rdc.dist;
        sum_rdc.rdcost =
            RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, sum_rdc.rate, sum_rdc.dist);
      }
    }

    if (sum_rdc.rdcost < best_rdc.rdcost) {
      best_rdc = sum_rdc;
      pc_tree->partitioning = PARTITION_VERT;
    } else {
      pred_pixel_ready_reset(pc_tree, bsize);
    }
  }

  *rd_cost = best_rdc;

  if (best_rdc.rate == INT_MAX) {
    vp9_rd_cost_reset(rd_cost);
    return;
  }

  // update mode info array
  fill_mode_info_sb(cm, x, mi_row, mi_col, bsize, pc_tree);

  if (best_rdc.rate < INT_MAX && best_rdc.dist < INT64_MAX && do_recon) {
    int output_enabled = (bsize == BLOCK_64X64);
    encode_sb_rt(cpi, td, tile_info, tp, mi_row, mi_col, output_enabled, bsize,
                 pc_tree);
  }

  if (bsize == BLOCK_64X64 && do_recon) {
    assert(tp_orig < *tp);
    assert(best_rdc.rate < INT_MAX);
    assert(best_rdc.dist < INT64_MAX);
  } else {
    assert(tp_orig == *tp);
  }
}

static void nonrd_select_partition(VP9_COMP *cpi, ThreadData *td,
                                   TileDataEnc *tile_data, MODE_INFO **mi,
                                   TOKENEXTRA **tp, int mi_row, int mi_col,
                                   BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int output_enabled,
                                   RD_COST *rd_cost, PC_TREE *pc_tree) {
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  TileInfo *const tile_info = &tile_data->tile_info;
  MACROBLOCK *const x = &td->mb;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const int bsl = b_width_log2_lookup[bsize], hbs = (1 << bsl) / 4;
  const int mis = cm->mi_stride;
  PARTITION_TYPE partition;
  BLOCK_SIZE subsize;
  RD_COST this_rdc;

  vp9_rd_cost_reset(&this_rdc);
  if (mi_row >= cm->mi_rows || mi_col >= cm->mi_cols) return;

  subsize = (bsize >= BLOCK_8X8) ? mi[0]->sb_type : BLOCK_4X4;
  partition = partition_lookup[bsl][subsize];

  if (bsize == BLOCK_32X32 && subsize == BLOCK_32X32) {
    x->max_partition_size = BLOCK_32X32;
    x->min_partition_size = BLOCK_16X16;
    nonrd_pick_partition(cpi, td, tile_data, tp, mi_row, mi_col, bsize, rd_cost,
                         0, INT64_MAX, pc_tree);
  } else if (bsize == BLOCK_32X32 && partition != PARTITION_NONE &&
             subsize >= BLOCK_16X16) {
    x->max_partition_size = BLOCK_32X32;
    x->min_partition_size = BLOCK_8X8;
    nonrd_pick_partition(cpi, td, tile_data, tp, mi_row, mi_col, bsize, rd_cost,
                         0, INT64_MAX, pc_tree);
  } else if (bsize == BLOCK_16X16 && partition != PARTITION_NONE) {
    x->max_partition_size = BLOCK_16X16;
    x->min_partition_size = BLOCK_8X8;
    nonrd_pick_partition(cpi, td, tile_data, tp, mi_row, mi_col, bsize, rd_cost,
                         0, INT64_MAX, pc_tree);
  } else {
    switch (partition) {
      case PARTITION_NONE:
        pc_tree->none.pred_pixel_ready = 1;
        nonrd_pick_sb_modes(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row, mi_col, rd_cost, subsize,
                            &pc_tree->none);
        pc_tree->none.mic = *xd->mi[0];
        pc_tree->none.mbmi_ext = *x->mbmi_ext;
        pc_tree->none.skip_txfm[0] = x->skip_txfm[0];
        pc_tree->none.skip = x->skip;
        break;
      case PARTITION_VERT:
        pc_tree->vertical[0].pred_pixel_ready = 1;
        nonrd_pick_sb_modes(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row, mi_col, rd_cost, subsize,
                            &pc_tree->vertical[0]);
        pc_tree->vertical[0].mic = *xd->mi[0];
        pc_tree->vertical[0].mbmi_ext = *x->mbmi_ext;
        pc_tree->vertical[0].skip_txfm[0] = x->skip_txfm[0];
        pc_tree->vertical[0].skip = x->skip;
        if (mi_col + hbs < cm->mi_cols) {
          pc_tree->vertical[1].pred_pixel_ready = 1;
          nonrd_pick_sb_modes(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row, mi_col + hbs,
                              &this_rdc, subsize, &pc_tree->vertical[1]);
          pc_tree->vertical[1].mic = *xd->mi[0];
          pc_tree->vertical[1].mbmi_ext = *x->mbmi_ext;
          pc_tree->vertical[1].skip_txfm[0] = x->skip_txfm[0];
          pc_tree->vertical[1].skip = x->skip;
          if (this_rdc.rate != INT_MAX && this_rdc.dist != INT64_MAX &&
              rd_cost->rate != INT_MAX && rd_cost->dist != INT64_MAX) {
            rd_cost->rate += this_rdc.rate;
            rd_cost->dist += this_rdc.dist;
          }
        }
        break;
      case PARTITION_HORZ:
        pc_tree->horizontal[0].pred_pixel_ready = 1;
        nonrd_pick_sb_modes(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row, mi_col, rd_cost, subsize,
                            &pc_tree->horizontal[0]);
        pc_tree->horizontal[0].mic = *xd->mi[0];
        pc_tree->horizontal[0].mbmi_ext = *x->mbmi_ext;
        pc_tree->horizontal[0].skip_txfm[0] = x->skip_txfm[0];
        pc_tree->horizontal[0].skip = x->skip;
        if (mi_row + hbs < cm->mi_rows) {
          pc_tree->horizontal[1].pred_pixel_ready = 1;
          nonrd_pick_sb_modes(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row + hbs, mi_col,
                              &this_rdc, subsize, &pc_tree->horizontal[1]);
          pc_tree->horizontal[1].mic = *xd->mi[0];
          pc_tree->horizontal[1].mbmi_ext = *x->mbmi_ext;
          pc_tree->horizontal[1].skip_txfm[0] = x->skip_txfm[0];
          pc_tree->horizontal[1].skip = x->skip;
          if (this_rdc.rate != INT_MAX && this_rdc.dist != INT64_MAX &&
              rd_cost->rate != INT_MAX && rd_cost->dist != INT64_MAX) {
            rd_cost->rate += this_rdc.rate;
            rd_cost->dist += this_rdc.dist;
          }
        }
        break;
      case PARTITION_SPLIT:
        subsize = get_subsize(bsize, PARTITION_SPLIT);
        nonrd_select_partition(cpi, td, tile_data, mi, tp, mi_row, mi_col,
                               subsize, output_enabled, rd_cost,
                               pc_tree->split[0]);
        nonrd_select_partition(cpi, td, tile_data, mi + hbs, tp, mi_row,
                               mi_col + hbs, subsize, output_enabled, &this_rdc,
                               pc_tree->split[1]);
        if (this_rdc.rate != INT_MAX && this_rdc.dist != INT64_MAX &&
            rd_cost->rate != INT_MAX && rd_cost->dist != INT64_MAX) {
          rd_cost->rate += this_rdc.rate;
          rd_cost->dist += this_rdc.dist;
        }
        nonrd_select_partition(cpi, td, tile_data, mi + hbs * mis, tp,
                               mi_row + hbs, mi_col, subsize, output_enabled,
                               &this_rdc, pc_tree->split[2]);
        if (this_rdc.rate != INT_MAX && this_rdc.dist != INT64_MAX &&
            rd_cost->rate != INT_MAX && rd_cost->dist != INT64_MAX) {
          rd_cost->rate += this_rdc.rate;
          rd_cost->dist += this_rdc.dist;
        }
        nonrd_select_partition(cpi, td, tile_data, mi + hbs * mis + hbs, tp,
                               mi_row + hbs, mi_col + hbs, subsize,
                               output_enabled, &this_rdc, pc_tree->split[3]);
        if (this_rdc.rate != INT_MAX && this_rdc.dist != INT64_MAX &&
            rd_cost->rate != INT_MAX && rd_cost->dist != INT64_MAX) {
          rd_cost->rate += this_rdc.rate;
          rd_cost->dist += this_rdc.dist;
        }
        break;
      default: assert(0 && "Invalid partition type."); break;
    }
  }

  if (bsize == BLOCK_64X64 && output_enabled)
    encode_sb_rt(cpi, td, tile_info, tp, mi_row, mi_col, 1, bsize, pc_tree);
}

static void nonrd_use_partition(VP9_COMP *cpi, ThreadData *td,
                                TileDataEnc *tile_data, MODE_INFO **mi,
                                TOKENEXTRA **tp, int mi_row, int mi_col,
                                BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int output_enabled,
                                RD_COST *dummy_cost, PC_TREE *pc_tree) {
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  TileInfo *tile_info = &tile_data->tile_info;
  MACROBLOCK *const x = &td->mb;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const int bsl = b_width_log2_lookup[bsize], hbs = (1 << bsl) / 4;
  const int mis = cm->mi_stride;
  PARTITION_TYPE partition;
  BLOCK_SIZE subsize;

  if (mi_row >= cm->mi_rows || mi_col >= cm->mi_cols) return;

  subsize = (bsize >= BLOCK_8X8) ? mi[0]->sb_type : BLOCK_4X4;
  partition = partition_lookup[bsl][subsize];

  if (output_enabled && bsize != BLOCK_4X4) {
    int ctx = partition_plane_context(xd, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
    td->counts->partition[ctx][partition]++;
  }

  switch (partition) {
    case PARTITION_NONE:
      pc_tree->none.pred_pixel_ready = 1;
      nonrd_pick_sb_modes(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row, mi_col, dummy_cost,
                          subsize, &pc_tree->none);
      pc_tree->none.mic = *xd->mi[0];
      pc_tree->none.mbmi_ext = *x->mbmi_ext;
      pc_tree->none.skip_txfm[0] = x->skip_txfm[0];
      pc_tree->none.skip = x->skip;
      encode_b_rt(cpi, td, tile_info, tp, mi_row, mi_col, output_enabled,
                  subsize, &pc_tree->none);
      break;
    case PARTITION_VERT:
      pc_tree->vertical[0].pred_pixel_ready = 1;
      nonrd_pick_sb_modes(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row, mi_col, dummy_cost,
                          subsize, &pc_tree->vertical[0]);
      pc_tree->vertical[0].mic = *xd->mi[0];
      pc_tree->vertical[0].mbmi_ext = *x->mbmi_ext;
      pc_tree->vertical[0].skip_txfm[0] = x->skip_txfm[0];
      pc_tree->vertical[0].skip = x->skip;
      encode_b_rt(cpi, td, tile_info, tp, mi_row, mi_col, output_enabled,
                  subsize, &pc_tree->vertical[0]);
      if (mi_col + hbs < cm->mi_cols && bsize > BLOCK_8X8) {
        pc_tree->vertical[1].pred_pixel_ready = 1;
        nonrd_pick_sb_modes(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row, mi_col + hbs, dummy_cost,
                            subsize, &pc_tree->vertical[1]);
        pc_tree->vertical[1].mic = *xd->mi[0];
        pc_tree->vertical[1].mbmi_ext = *x->mbmi_ext;
        pc_tree->vertical[1].skip_txfm[0] = x->skip_txfm[0];
        pc_tree->vertical[1].skip = x->skip;
        encode_b_rt(cpi, td, tile_info, tp, mi_row, mi_col + hbs,
                    output_enabled, subsize, &pc_tree->vertical[1]);
      }
      break;
    case PARTITION_HORZ:
      pc_tree->horizontal[0].pred_pixel_ready = 1;
      nonrd_pick_sb_modes(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row, mi_col, dummy_cost,
                          subsize, &pc_tree->horizontal[0]);
      pc_tree->horizontal[0].mic = *xd->mi[0];
      pc_tree->horizontal[0].mbmi_ext = *x->mbmi_ext;
      pc_tree->horizontal[0].skip_txfm[0] = x->skip_txfm[0];
      pc_tree->horizontal[0].skip = x->skip;
      encode_b_rt(cpi, td, tile_info, tp, mi_row, mi_col, output_enabled,
                  subsize, &pc_tree->horizontal[0]);

      if (mi_row + hbs < cm->mi_rows && bsize > BLOCK_8X8) {
        pc_tree->horizontal[1].pred_pixel_ready = 1;
        nonrd_pick_sb_modes(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row + hbs, mi_col, dummy_cost,
                            subsize, &pc_tree->horizontal[1]);
        pc_tree->horizontal[1].mic = *xd->mi[0];
        pc_tree->horizontal[1].mbmi_ext = *x->mbmi_ext;
        pc_tree->horizontal[1].skip_txfm[0] = x->skip_txfm[0];
        pc_tree->horizontal[1].skip = x->skip;
        encode_b_rt(cpi, td, tile_info, tp, mi_row + hbs, mi_col,
                    output_enabled, subsize, &pc_tree->horizontal[1]);
      }
      break;
    case PARTITION_SPLIT:
      subsize = get_subsize(bsize, PARTITION_SPLIT);
      if (bsize == BLOCK_8X8) {
        nonrd_pick_sb_modes(cpi, tile_data, x, mi_row, mi_col, dummy_cost,
                            subsize, pc_tree->leaf_split[0]);
        encode_b_rt(cpi, td, tile_info, tp, mi_row, mi_col, output_enabled,
                    subsize, pc_tree->leaf_split[0]);
      } else {
        nonrd_use_partition(cpi, td, tile_data, mi, tp, mi_row, mi_col, subsize,
                            output_enabled, dummy_cost, pc_tree->split[0]);
        nonrd_use_partition(cpi, td, tile_data, mi + hbs, tp, mi_row,
                            mi_col + hbs, subsize, output_enabled, dummy_cost,
                            pc_tree->split[1]);
        nonrd_use_partition(cpi, td, tile_data, mi + hbs * mis, tp,
                            mi_row + hbs, mi_col, subsize, output_enabled,
                            dummy_cost, pc_tree->split[2]);
        nonrd_use_partition(cpi, td, tile_data, mi + hbs * mis + hbs, tp,
                            mi_row + hbs, mi_col + hbs, subsize, output_enabled,
                            dummy_cost, pc_tree->split[3]);
      }
      break;
    default: assert(0 && "Invalid partition type."); break;
  }

  if (partition != PARTITION_SPLIT || bsize == BLOCK_8X8)
    update_partition_context(xd, mi_row, mi_col, subsize, bsize);
}

static void encode_nonrd_sb_row(VP9_COMP *cpi, ThreadData *td,
                                TileDataEnc *tile_data, int mi_row,
                                TOKENEXTRA **tp) {
  SPEED_FEATURES *const sf = &cpi->sf;
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  TileInfo *const tile_info = &tile_data->tile_info;
  MACROBLOCK *const x = &td->mb;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const int mi_col_start = tile_info->mi_col_start;
  const int mi_col_end = tile_info->mi_col_end;
  int mi_col;

  // Initialize the left context for the new SB row
  memset(&xd->left_context, 0, sizeof(xd->left_context));
  memset(xd->left_seg_context, 0, sizeof(xd->left_seg_context));

  // Code each SB in the row
  for (mi_col = mi_col_start; mi_col < mi_col_end; mi_col += MI_BLOCK_SIZE) {
    const struct segmentation *const seg = &cm->seg;
    RD_COST dummy_rdc;
    const int idx_str = cm->mi_stride * mi_row + mi_col;
    MODE_INFO **mi = cm->mi_grid_visible + idx_str;
    PARTITION_SEARCH_TYPE partition_search_type = sf->partition_search_type;
    BLOCK_SIZE bsize = BLOCK_64X64;
    int seg_skip = 0;
    x->source_variance = UINT_MAX;
    vp9_zero(x->pred_mv);
    vp9_rd_cost_init(&dummy_rdc);
    x->color_sensitivity[0] = 0;
    x->color_sensitivity[1] = 0;
    x->sb_is_skin = 0;

    if (seg->enabled) {
      const uint8_t *const map =
          seg->update_map ? cpi->segmentation_map : cm->last_frame_seg_map;
      int segment_id = get_segment_id(cm, map, BLOCK_64X64, mi_row, mi_col);
      seg_skip = segfeature_active(seg, segment_id, SEG_LVL_SKIP);
      if (seg_skip) {
        partition_search_type = FIXED_PARTITION;
      }
    }

    // Set the partition type of the 64X64 block
    switch (partition_search_type) {
      case VAR_BASED_PARTITION:
        // TODO(jingning, marpan): The mode decision and encoding process
        // support both intra and inter sub8x8 block coding for RTC mode.
        // Tune the thresholds accordingly to use sub8x8 block coding for
        // coding performance improvement.
        choose_partitioning(cpi, tile_info, x, mi_row, mi_col);
        nonrd_use_partition(cpi, td, tile_data, mi, tp, mi_row, mi_col,
                            BLOCK_64X64, 1, &dummy_rdc, td->pc_root);
        break;
      case SOURCE_VAR_BASED_PARTITION:
        set_source_var_based_partition(cpi, tile_info, x, mi, mi_row, mi_col);
        nonrd_use_partition(cpi, td, tile_data, mi, tp, mi_row, mi_col,
                            BLOCK_64X64, 1, &dummy_rdc, td->pc_root);
        break;
      case FIXED_PARTITION:
        if (!seg_skip) bsize = sf->always_this_block_size;
        set_fixed_partitioning(cpi, tile_info, mi, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
        nonrd_use_partition(cpi, td, tile_data, mi, tp, mi_row, mi_col,
                            BLOCK_64X64, 1, &dummy_rdc, td->pc_root);
        break;
      case REFERENCE_PARTITION:
        set_offsets(cpi, tile_info, x, mi_row, mi_col, BLOCK_64X64);
        // Use nonrd_pick_partition on scene-cut for VBR, or on qp-segment
        // if cyclic_refresh is enabled.
        // nonrd_pick_partition does not support 4x4 partition, so avoid it
        // on key frame for now.
        if ((cpi->oxcf.rc_mode == VPX_VBR && cpi->rc.high_source_sad &&
             cm->frame_type != KEY_FRAME) ||
            (cpi->oxcf.aq_mode == CYCLIC_REFRESH_AQ && cm->seg.enabled &&
             xd->mi[0]->segment_id)) {
          // Use lower max_partition_size for low resoultions.
          if (cm->width <= 352 && cm->height <= 288)
            x->max_partition_size = BLOCK_32X32;
          else
            x->max_partition_size = BLOCK_64X64;
          x->min_partition_size = BLOCK_8X8;
          nonrd_pick_partition(cpi, td, tile_data, tp, mi_row, mi_col,
                               BLOCK_64X64, &dummy_rdc, 1, INT64_MAX,
                               td->pc_root);
        } else {
          choose_partitioning(cpi, tile_info, x, mi_row, mi_col);
          // TODO(marpan): Seems like nonrd_select_partition does not support
          // 4x4 partition. Since 4x4 is used on key frame, use this switch
          // for now.
          if (cm->frame_type == KEY_FRAME)
            nonrd_use_partition(cpi, td, tile_data, mi, tp, mi_row, mi_col,
                                BLOCK_64X64, 1, &dummy_rdc, td->pc_root);
          else
            nonrd_select_partition(cpi, td, tile_data, mi, tp, mi_row, mi_col,
                                   BLOCK_64X64, 1, &dummy_rdc, td->pc_root);
        }

        break;
      default: assert(0); break;
    }
  }
}
// end RTC play code

static int set_var_thresh_from_histogram(VP9_COMP *cpi) {
  const SPEED_FEATURES *const sf = &cpi->sf;
  const VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;

  const uint8_t *src = cpi->Source->y_buffer;
  const uint8_t *last_src = cpi->Last_Source->y_buffer;
  const int src_stride = cpi->Source->y_stride;
  const int last_stride = cpi->Last_Source->y_stride;

  // Pick cutoff threshold
  const int cutoff = (VPXMIN(cm->width, cm->height) >= 720)
                         ? (cm->MBs * VAR_HIST_LARGE_CUT_OFF / 100)
                         : (cm->MBs * VAR_HIST_SMALL_CUT_OFF / 100);
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, int, hist[VAR_HIST_BINS]);
  diff *var16 = cpi->source_diff_var;

  int sum = 0;
  int i, j;

  memset(hist, 0, VAR_HIST_BINS * sizeof(hist[0]));

  for (i = 0; i < cm->mb_rows; i++) {
    for (j = 0; j < cm->mb_cols; j++) {
#if CONFIG_VP9_HIGHBITDEPTH
      if (cm->use_highbitdepth) {
        switch (cm->bit_depth) {
          case VPX_BITS_8:
            vpx_highbd_8_get16x16var(src, src_stride, last_src, last_stride,
                                     &var16->sse, &var16->sum);
            break;
          case VPX_BITS_10:
            vpx_highbd_10_get16x16var(src, src_stride, last_src, last_stride,
                                      &var16->sse, &var16->sum);
            break;
          case VPX_BITS_12:
            vpx_highbd_12_get16x16var(src, src_stride, last_src, last_stride,
                                      &var16->sse, &var16->sum);
            break;
          default:
            assert(0 &&
                   "cm->bit_depth should be VPX_BITS_8, VPX_BITS_10"
                   " or VPX_BITS_12");
            return -1;
        }
      } else {
        vpx_get16x16var(src, src_stride, last_src, last_stride, &var16->sse,
                        &var16->sum);
      }
#else
      vpx_get16x16var(src, src_stride, last_src, last_stride, &var16->sse,
                      &var16->sum);
#endif  // CONFIG_VP9_HIGHBITDEPTH
      var16->var = var16->sse - (((uint32_t)var16->sum * var16->sum) >> 8);

      if (var16->var >= VAR_HIST_MAX_BG_VAR)
        hist[VAR_HIST_BINS - 1]++;
      else
        hist[var16->var / VAR_HIST_FACTOR]++;

      src += 16;
      last_src += 16;
      var16++;
    }

    src = src - cm->mb_cols * 16 + 16 * src_stride;
    last_src = last_src - cm->mb_cols * 16 + 16 * last_stride;
  }

  cpi->source_var_thresh = 0;

  if (hist[VAR_HIST_BINS - 1] < cutoff) {
    for (i = 0; i < VAR_HIST_BINS - 1; i++) {
      sum += hist[i];

      if (sum > cutoff) {
        cpi->source_var_thresh = (i + 1) * VAR_HIST_FACTOR;
        return 0;
      }
    }
  }

  return sf->search_type_check_frequency;
}

static void source_var_based_partition_search_method(VP9_COMP *cpi) {
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  SPEED_FEATURES *const sf = &cpi->sf;

  if (cm->frame_type == KEY_FRAME) {
    // For key frame, use SEARCH_PARTITION.
    sf->partition_search_type = SEARCH_PARTITION;
  } else if (cm->intra_only) {
    sf->partition_search_type = FIXED_PARTITION;
  } else {
    if (cm->last_width != cm->width || cm->last_height != cm->height) {
      if (cpi->source_diff_var) vpx_free(cpi->source_diff_var);

      CHECK_MEM_ERROR(cm, cpi->source_diff_var,
                      vpx_calloc(cm->MBs, sizeof(diff)));
    }

    if (!cpi->frames_till_next_var_check)
      cpi->frames_till_next_var_check = set_var_thresh_from_histogram(cpi);

    if (cpi->frames_till_next_var_check > 0) {
      sf->partition_search_type = FIXED_PARTITION;
      cpi->frames_till_next_var_check--;
    }
  }
}

static int get_skip_encode_frame(const VP9_COMMON *cm, ThreadData *const td) {
  unsigned int intra_count = 0, inter_count = 0;
  int j;

  for (j = 0; j < INTRA_INTER_CONTEXTS; ++j) {
    intra_count += td->counts->intra_inter[j][0];
    inter_count += td->counts->intra_inter[j][1];
  }

  return (intra_count << 2) < inter_count && cm->frame_type != KEY_FRAME &&
         cm->show_frame;
}

void vp9_init_tile_data(VP9_COMP *cpi) {
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  const int tile_cols = 1 << cm->log2_tile_cols;
  const int tile_rows = 1 << cm->log2_tile_rows;
  int tile_col, tile_row;
  TOKENEXTRA *pre_tok = cpi->tile_tok[0][0];
  int tile_tok = 0;

  if (cpi->tile_data == NULL || cpi->allocated_tiles < tile_cols * tile_rows) {
    if (cpi->tile_data != NULL) vpx_free(cpi->tile_data);
    CHECK_MEM_ERROR(cm, cpi->tile_data, vpx_malloc(tile_cols * tile_rows *
                                                   sizeof(*cpi->tile_data)));
    cpi->allocated_tiles = tile_cols * tile_rows;

    for (tile_row = 0; tile_row < tile_rows; ++tile_row)
      for (tile_col = 0; tile_col < tile_cols; ++tile_col) {
        TileDataEnc *tile_data =
            &cpi->tile_data[tile_row * tile_cols + tile_col];
        int i, j;
        for (i = 0; i < BLOCK_SIZES; ++i) {
          for (j = 0; j < MAX_MODES; ++j) {
            tile_data->thresh_freq_fact[i][j] = 32;
            tile_data->mode_map[i][j] = j;
          }
        }
      }
  }

  for (tile_row = 0; tile_row < tile_rows; ++tile_row) {
    for (tile_col = 0; tile_col < tile_cols; ++tile_col) {
      TileInfo *tile_info =
          &cpi->tile_data[tile_row * tile_cols + tile_col].tile_info;
      vp9_tile_init(tile_info, cm, tile_row, tile_col);

      cpi->tile_tok[tile_row][tile_col] = pre_tok + tile_tok;
      pre_tok = cpi->tile_tok[tile_row][tile_col];
      tile_tok = allocated_tokens(*tile_info);
    }
  }
}

void vp9_encode_tile(VP9_COMP *cpi, ThreadData *td, int tile_row,
                     int tile_col) {
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  const int tile_cols = 1 << cm->log2_tile_cols;
  TileDataEnc *this_tile = &cpi->tile_data[tile_row * tile_cols + tile_col];
  const TileInfo *const tile_info = &this_tile->tile_info;
  TOKENEXTRA *tok = cpi->tile_tok[tile_row][tile_col];
  const int mi_row_start = tile_info->mi_row_start;
  const int mi_row_end = tile_info->mi_row_end;
  int mi_row;

  // Set up pointers to per thread motion search counters.
  this_tile->m_search_count = 0;   // Count of motion search hits.
  this_tile->ex_search_count = 0;  // Exhaustive mesh search hits.
  td->mb.m_search_count_ptr = &this_tile->m_search_count;
  td->mb.ex_search_count_ptr = &this_tile->ex_search_count;

  for (mi_row = mi_row_start; mi_row < mi_row_end; mi_row += MI_BLOCK_SIZE) {
    if (cpi->sf.use_nonrd_pick_mode)
      encode_nonrd_sb_row(cpi, td, this_tile, mi_row, &tok);
    else
      encode_rd_sb_row(cpi, td, this_tile, mi_row, &tok);
  }
  cpi->tok_count[tile_row][tile_col] =
      (unsigned int)(tok - cpi->tile_tok[tile_row][tile_col]);
  assert(tok - cpi->tile_tok[tile_row][tile_col] <=
         allocated_tokens(*tile_info));
}

static void encode_tiles(VP9_COMP *cpi) {
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  const int tile_cols = 1 << cm->log2_tile_cols;
  const int tile_rows = 1 << cm->log2_tile_rows;
  int tile_col, tile_row;

  vp9_init_tile_data(cpi);

  for (tile_row = 0; tile_row < tile_rows; ++tile_row)
    for (tile_col = 0; tile_col < tile_cols; ++tile_col)
      vp9_encode_tile(cpi, &cpi->td, tile_row, tile_col);
}

#if CONFIG_FP_MB_STATS
static int input_fpmb_stats(FIRSTPASS_MB_STATS *firstpass_mb_stats,
                            VP9_COMMON *cm, uint8_t **this_frame_mb_stats) {
  uint8_t *mb_stats_in = firstpass_mb_stats->mb_stats_start +
                         cm->current_video_frame * cm->MBs * sizeof(uint8_t);

  if (mb_stats_in > firstpass_mb_stats->mb_stats_end) return EOF;

  *this_frame_mb_stats = mb_stats_in;

  return 1;
}
#endif

static void encode_frame_internal(VP9_COMP *cpi) {
  SPEED_FEATURES *const sf = &cpi->sf;
  ThreadData *const td = &cpi->td;
  MACROBLOCK *const x = &td->mb;
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;

  xd->mi = cm->mi_grid_visible;
  xd->mi[0] = cm->mi;

  vp9_zero(*td->counts);
  vp9_zero(cpi->td.rd_counts);

  xd->lossless = cm->base_qindex == 0 && cm->y_dc_delta_q == 0 &&
                 cm->uv_dc_delta_q == 0 && cm->uv_ac_delta_q == 0;

#if CONFIG_VP9_HIGHBITDEPTH
  if (cm->use_highbitdepth)
    x->fwd_txm4x4 = xd->lossless ? vp9_highbd_fwht4x4 : vpx_highbd_fdct4x4;
  else
    x->fwd_txm4x4 = xd->lossless ? vp9_fwht4x4 : vpx_fdct4x4;
  x->highbd_itxm_add =
      xd->lossless ? vp9_highbd_iwht4x4_add : vp9_highbd_idct4x4_add;
#else
  x->fwd_txm4x4 = xd->lossless ? vp9_fwht4x4 : vpx_fdct4x4;
#endif  // CONFIG_VP9_HIGHBITDEPTH
  x->itxm_add = xd->lossless ? vp9_iwht4x4_add : vp9_idct4x4_add;

  if (xd->lossless) x->optimize = 0;

  cm->tx_mode = select_tx_mode(cpi, xd);

  vp9_frame_init_quantizer(cpi);

  vp9_initialize_rd_consts(cpi);
  vp9_initialize_me_consts(cpi, x, cm->base_qindex);
  init_encode_frame_mb_context(cpi);
  cm->use_prev_frame_mvs =
      !cm->error_resilient_mode && cm->width == cm->last_width &&
      cm->height == cm->last_height && !cm->intra_only && cm->last_show_frame;
  // Special case: set prev_mi to NULL when the previous mode info
  // context cannot be used.
  cm->prev_mi =
      cm->use_prev_frame_mvs ? cm->prev_mip + cm->mi_stride + 1 : NULL;

  x->quant_fp = cpi->sf.use_quant_fp;
  vp9_zero(x->skip_txfm);
  if (sf->use_nonrd_pick_mode) {
    // Initialize internal buffer pointers for rtc coding, where non-RD
    // mode decision is used and hence no buffer pointer swap needed.
    int i;
    struct macroblock_plane *const p = x->plane;
    struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = xd->plane;
    PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx = &cpi->td.pc_root->none;

    for (i = 0; i < MAX_MB_PLANE; ++i) {
      p[i].coeff = ctx->coeff_pbuf[i][0];
      p[i].qcoeff = ctx->qcoeff_pbuf[i][0];
      pd[i].dqcoeff = ctx->dqcoeff_pbuf[i][0];
      p[i].eobs = ctx->eobs_pbuf[i][0];
    }
    vp9_zero(x->zcoeff_blk);

    if (cm->frame_type != KEY_FRAME && cpi->rc.frames_since_golden == 0 &&
        !(cpi->oxcf.lag_in_frames > 0 && cpi->oxcf.rc_mode == VPX_VBR) &&
        !cpi->use_svc)
      cpi->ref_frame_flags &= (~VP9_GOLD_FLAG);

    if (sf->partition_search_type == SOURCE_VAR_BASED_PARTITION)
      source_var_based_partition_search_method(cpi);
  }

  {
    struct vpx_usec_timer emr_timer;
    vpx_usec_timer_start(&emr_timer);

#if CONFIG_FP_MB_STATS
    if (cpi->use_fp_mb_stats) {
      input_fpmb_stats(&cpi->twopass.firstpass_mb_stats, cm,
                       &cpi->twopass.this_frame_mb_stats);
    }
#endif

    // If allowed, encoding tiles in parallel with one thread handling one tile.
    if (VPXMIN(cpi->oxcf.max_threads, 1 << cm->log2_tile_cols) > 1)
      vp9_encode_tiles_mt(cpi);
    else
      encode_tiles(cpi);

    vpx_usec_timer_mark(&emr_timer);
    cpi->time_encode_sb_row += vpx_usec_timer_elapsed(&emr_timer);
  }

  sf->skip_encode_frame =
      sf->skip_encode_sb ? get_skip_encode_frame(cm, td) : 0;

#if 0
  // Keep record of the total distortion this time around for future use
  cpi->last_frame_distortion = cpi->frame_distortion;
#endif
}

static INTERP_FILTER get_interp_filter(
    const int64_t threshes[SWITCHABLE_FILTER_CONTEXTS], int is_alt_ref) {
  if (!is_alt_ref && threshes[EIGHTTAP_SMOOTH] > threshes[EIGHTTAP] &&
      threshes[EIGHTTAP_SMOOTH] > threshes[EIGHTTAP_SHARP] &&
      threshes[EIGHTTAP_SMOOTH] > threshes[SWITCHABLE - 1]) {
    return EIGHTTAP_SMOOTH;
  } else if (threshes[EIGHTTAP_SHARP] > threshes[EIGHTTAP] &&
             threshes[EIGHTTAP_SHARP] > threshes[SWITCHABLE - 1]) {
    return EIGHTTAP_SHARP;
  } else if (threshes[EIGHTTAP] > threshes[SWITCHABLE - 1]) {
    return EIGHTTAP;
  } else {
    return SWITCHABLE;
  }
}

static int compute_frame_aq_offset(struct VP9_COMP *cpi) {
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MODE_INFO **mi_8x8_ptr = cm->mi_grid_visible;
  struct segmentation *const seg = &cm->seg;

  int mi_row, mi_col;
  int sum_delta = 0;
  int map_index = 0;
  int qdelta_index;
  int segment_id;

  for (mi_row = 0; mi_row < cm->mi_rows; mi_row++) {
    MODE_INFO **mi_8x8 = mi_8x8_ptr;
    for (mi_col = 0; mi_col < cm->mi_cols; mi_col++, mi_8x8++) {
      segment_id = mi_8x8[0]->segment_id;
      qdelta_index = get_segdata(seg, segment_id, SEG_LVL_ALT_Q);
      sum_delta += qdelta_index;
      map_index++;
    }
    mi_8x8_ptr += cm->mi_stride;
  }

  return sum_delta / (cm->mi_rows * cm->mi_cols);
}

void vp9_encode_frame(VP9_COMP *cpi) {
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;

  // In the longer term the encoder should be generalized to match the
  // decoder such that we allow compound where one of the 3 buffers has a
  // different sign bias and that buffer is then the fixed ref. However, this
  // requires further work in the rd loop. For now the only supported encoder
  // side behavior is where the ALT ref buffer has opposite sign bias to
  // the other two.
  if (!frame_is_intra_only(cm)) {
    if ((cm->ref_frame_sign_bias[ALTREF_FRAME] ==
         cm->ref_frame_sign_bias[GOLDEN_FRAME]) ||
        (cm->ref_frame_sign_bias[ALTREF_FRAME] ==
         cm->ref_frame_sign_bias[LAST_FRAME])) {
      cpi->allow_comp_inter_inter = 0;
    } else {
      cpi->allow_comp_inter_inter = 1;
      cm->comp_fixed_ref = ALTREF_FRAME;
      cm->comp_var_ref[0] = LAST_FRAME;
      cm->comp_var_ref[1] = GOLDEN_FRAME;
    }
  }

  if (cpi->sf.frame_parameter_update) {
    int i;
    RD_OPT *const rd_opt = &cpi->rd;
    FRAME_COUNTS *counts = cpi->td.counts;
    RD_COUNTS *const rdc = &cpi->td.rd_counts;

    // This code does a single RD pass over the whole frame assuming
    // either compound, single or hybrid prediction as per whatever has
    // worked best for that type of frame in the past.
    // It also predicts whether another coding mode would have worked
    // better than this coding mode. If that is the case, it remembers
    // that for subsequent frames.
    // It also does the same analysis for transform size selection.
    const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME frame_type = get_frame_type(cpi);
    int64_t *const mode_thrs = rd_opt->prediction_type_threshes[frame_type];
    int64_t *const filter_thrs = rd_opt->filter_threshes[frame_type];
    const int is_alt_ref = frame_type == ALTREF_FRAME;

    /* prediction (compound, single or hybrid) mode selection */
    if (is_alt_ref || !cpi->allow_comp_inter_inter)
      cm->reference_mode = SINGLE_REFERENCE;
    else if (mode_thrs[COMPOUND_REFERENCE] > mode_thrs[SINGLE_REFERENCE] &&
             mode_thrs[COMPOUND_REFERENCE] > mode_thrs[REFERENCE_MODE_SELECT] &&
             check_dual_ref_flags(cpi) && cpi->static_mb_pct == 100)
      cm->reference_mode = COMPOUND_REFERENCE;
    else if (mode_thrs[SINGLE_REFERENCE] > mode_thrs[REFERENCE_MODE_SELECT])
      cm->reference_mode = SINGLE_REFERENCE;
    else
      cm->reference_mode = REFERENCE_MODE_SELECT;

    if (cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE)
      cm->interp_filter = get_interp_filter(filter_thrs, is_alt_ref);

    encode_frame_internal(cpi);

    for (i = 0; i < REFERENCE_MODES; ++i)
      mode_thrs[i] = (mode_thrs[i] + rdc->comp_pred_diff[i] / cm->MBs) / 2;

    for (i = 0; i < SWITCHABLE_FILTER_CONTEXTS; ++i)
      filter_thrs[i] = (filter_thrs[i] + rdc->filter_diff[i] / cm->MBs) / 2;

    if (cm->reference_mode == REFERENCE_MODE_SELECT) {
      int single_count_zero = 0;
      int comp_count_zero = 0;

      for (i = 0; i < COMP_INTER_CONTEXTS; i++) {
        single_count_zero += counts->comp_inter[i][0];
        comp_count_zero += counts->comp_inter[i][1];
      }

      if (comp_count_zero == 0) {
        cm->reference_mode = SINGLE_REFERENCE;
        vp9_zero(counts->comp_inter);
      } else if (single_count_zero == 0) {
        cm->reference_mode = COMPOUND_REFERENCE;
        vp9_zero(counts->comp_inter);
      }
    }

    if (cm->tx_mode == TX_MODE_SELECT) {
      int count4x4 = 0;
      int count8x8_lp = 0, count8x8_8x8p = 0;
      int count16x16_16x16p = 0, count16x16_lp = 0;
      int count32x32 = 0;

      for (i = 0; i < TX_SIZE_CONTEXTS; ++i) {
        count4x4 += counts->tx.p32x32[i][TX_4X4];
        count4x4 += counts->tx.p16x16[i][TX_4X4];
        count4x4 += counts->tx.p8x8[i][TX_4X4];

        count8x8_lp += counts->tx.p32x32[i][TX_8X8];
        count8x8_lp += counts->tx.p16x16[i][TX_8X8];
        count8x8_8x8p += counts->tx.p8x8[i][TX_8X8];

        count16x16_16x16p += counts->tx.p16x16[i][TX_16X16];
        count16x16_lp += counts->tx.p32x32[i][TX_16X16];
        count32x32 += counts->tx.p32x32[i][TX_32X32];
      }
      if (count4x4 == 0 && count16x16_lp == 0 && count16x16_16x16p == 0 &&
          count32x32 == 0) {
        cm->tx_mode = ALLOW_8X8;
        reset_skip_tx_size(cm, TX_8X8);
      } else if (count8x8_8x8p == 0 && count16x16_16x16p == 0 &&
                 count8x8_lp == 0 && count16x16_lp == 0 && count32x32 == 0) {
        cm->tx_mode = ONLY_4X4;
        reset_skip_tx_size(cm, TX_4X4);
      } else if (count8x8_lp == 0 && count16x16_lp == 0 && count4x4 == 0) {
        cm->tx_mode = ALLOW_32X32;
      } else if (count32x32 == 0 && count8x8_lp == 0 && count4x4 == 0) {
        cm->tx_mode = ALLOW_16X16;
        reset_skip_tx_size(cm, TX_16X16);
      }
    }
  } else {
    cm->reference_mode = SINGLE_REFERENCE;
    encode_frame_internal(cpi);
  }

  // If segmented AQ is enabled compute the average AQ weighting.
  if (cm->seg.enabled && (cpi->oxcf.aq_mode != NO_AQ) &&
      (cm->seg.update_map || cm->seg.update_data)) {
    cm->seg.aq_av_offset = compute_frame_aq_offset(cpi);
  }
}

static void sum_intra_stats(FRAME_COUNTS *counts, const MODE_INFO *mi) {
  const PREDICTION_MODE y_mode = mi->mode;
  const PREDICTION_MODE uv_mode = mi->uv_mode;
  const BLOCK_SIZE bsize = mi->sb_type;

  if (bsize < BLOCK_8X8) {
    int idx, idy;
    const int num_4x4_w = num_4x4_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize];
    const int num_4x4_h = num_4x4_blocks_high_lookup[bsize];
    for (idy = 0; idy < 2; idy += num_4x4_h)
      for (idx = 0; idx < 2; idx += num_4x4_w)
        ++counts->y_mode[0][mi->bmi[idy * 2 + idx].as_mode];
  } else {
    ++counts->y_mode[size_group_lookup[bsize]][y_mode];
  }

  ++counts->uv_mode[y_mode][uv_mode];
}

static void update_zeromv_cnt(VP9_COMP *const cpi, const MODE_INFO *const mi,
                              int mi_row, int mi_col, BLOCK_SIZE bsize) {
  const VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MV mv = mi->mv[0].as_mv;
  const int bw = num_8x8_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize];
  const int bh = num_8x8_blocks_high_lookup[bsize];
  const int xmis = VPXMIN(cm->mi_cols - mi_col, bw);
  const int ymis = VPXMIN(cm->mi_rows - mi_row, bh);
  const int block_index = mi_row * cm->mi_cols + mi_col;
  int x, y;
  for (y = 0; y < ymis; y++)
    for (x = 0; x < xmis; x++) {
      int map_offset = block_index + y * cm->mi_cols + x;
      if (is_inter_block(mi) && mi->segment_id <= CR_SEGMENT_ID_BOOST2) {
        if (abs(mv.row) < 8 && abs(mv.col) < 8) {
          if (cpi->consec_zero_mv[map_offset] < 255)
            cpi->consec_zero_mv[map_offset]++;
        } else {
          cpi->consec_zero_mv[map_offset] = 0;
        }
      }
    }
}

static void encode_superblock(VP9_COMP *cpi, ThreadData *td, TOKENEXTRA **t,
                              int output_enabled, int mi_row, int mi_col,
                              BLOCK_SIZE bsize, PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx) {
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCK *const x = &td->mb;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MODE_INFO *mi = xd->mi[0];
  const int seg_skip =
      segfeature_active(&cm->seg, mi->segment_id, SEG_LVL_SKIP);
  x->skip_recode = !x->select_tx_size && mi->sb_type >= BLOCK_8X8 &&
                   cpi->oxcf.aq_mode != COMPLEXITY_AQ &&
                   cpi->oxcf.aq_mode != CYCLIC_REFRESH_AQ &&
                   cpi->sf.allow_skip_recode;

  if (!x->skip_recode && !cpi->sf.use_nonrd_pick_mode)
    memset(x->skip_txfm, 0, sizeof(x->skip_txfm));

  x->skip_optimize = ctx->is_coded;
  ctx->is_coded = 1;
  x->use_lp32x32fdct = cpi->sf.use_lp32x32fdct;
  x->skip_encode = (!output_enabled && cpi->sf.skip_encode_frame &&
                    x->q_index < QIDX_SKIP_THRESH);

  if (x->skip_encode) return;

  if (!is_inter_block(mi)) {
    int plane;
#if CONFIG_BETTER_HW_COMPATIBILITY && CONFIG_VP9_HIGHBITDEPTH
    if ((xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) &&
        (xd->above_mi == NULL || xd->left_mi == NULL) &&
        need_top_left[mi->uv_mode])
      assert(0);
#endif  // CONFIG_BETTER_HW_COMPATIBILITY && CONFIG_VP9_HIGHBITDEPTH
    mi->skip = 1;
    for (plane = 0; plane < MAX_MB_PLANE; ++plane)
      vp9_encode_intra_block_plane(x, VPXMAX(bsize, BLOCK_8X8), plane, 1);
    if (output_enabled) sum_intra_stats(td->counts, mi);
    vp9_tokenize_sb(cpi, td, t, !output_enabled, seg_skip,
                    VPXMAX(bsize, BLOCK_8X8));
  } else {
    int ref;
    const int is_compound = has_second_ref(mi);
    set_ref_ptrs(cm, xd, mi->ref_frame[0], mi->ref_frame[1]);
    for (ref = 0; ref < 1 + is_compound; ++ref) {
      YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *cfg = get_ref_frame_buffer(cpi, mi->ref_frame[ref]);
      assert(cfg != NULL);
      vp9_setup_pre_planes(xd, ref, cfg, mi_row, mi_col,
                           &xd->block_refs[ref]->sf);
    }
    if (!(cpi->sf.reuse_inter_pred_sby && ctx->pred_pixel_ready) || seg_skip)
      vp9_build_inter_predictors_sby(xd, mi_row, mi_col,
                                     VPXMAX(bsize, BLOCK_8X8));

    vp9_build_inter_predictors_sbuv(xd, mi_row, mi_col,
                                    VPXMAX(bsize, BLOCK_8X8));

    vp9_encode_sb(x, VPXMAX(bsize, BLOCK_8X8));
    vp9_tokenize_sb(cpi, td, t, !output_enabled, seg_skip,
                    VPXMAX(bsize, BLOCK_8X8));
  }

  if (seg_skip) {
    assert(mi->skip);
  }

  if (output_enabled) {
    if (cm->tx_mode == TX_MODE_SELECT && mi->sb_type >= BLOCK_8X8 &&
        !(is_inter_block(mi) && mi->skip)) {
      ++get_tx_counts(max_txsize_lookup[bsize], get_tx_size_context(xd),
                      &td->counts->tx)[mi->tx_size];
    } else {
      // The new intra coding scheme requires no change of transform size
      if (is_inter_block(mi)) {
        mi->tx_size = VPXMIN(tx_mode_to_biggest_tx_size[cm->tx_mode],
                             max_txsize_lookup[bsize]);
      } else {
        mi->tx_size = (bsize >= BLOCK_8X8) ? mi->tx_size : TX_4X4;
      }
    }

    ++td->counts->tx.tx_totals[mi->tx_size];
    ++td->counts->tx.tx_totals[get_uv_tx_size(mi, &xd->plane[1])];
    if (cm->seg.enabled && cpi->oxcf.aq_mode == CYCLIC_REFRESH_AQ)
      vp9_cyclic_refresh_update_sb_postencode(cpi, mi, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
    if (cpi->oxcf.pass == 0 && cpi->svc.temporal_layer_id == 0)
      update_zeromv_cnt(cpi, mi, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
  }
}