The term "SAX" originated from [Simple API for XML](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_API_for_XML). We borrowed this term for JSON parsing and generation.
In RapidJSON, `Reader` (typedef of `GenericReader<...>`) is the SAX-style parser for JSON, and `Writer` (typedef of `GenericWriter<...>`) is the SAX-style generator for JSON.
`Reader` parses a JSON from a stream. While it reads characters from the stream, it analyze the characters according to the syntax of JSON, and publish events to a handler.
For example, here is a JSON.
~~~~~~~~~~js
{
"hello": "world",
"t": true ,
"f": false,
"n": null,
"i": 123,
"pi": 3.1416,
"a": [1, 2, 3, 4]
}
~~~~~~~~~~
While a `Reader` parses the JSON, it will publish the following events to the handler sequentially:
These events can be easily match up with the JSON, except some event parameters need further explanation. Let's see the simplereader example which produces exactly the same output as above:
Note that, RapidJSON uses template to statically bind the `Reader` type and the handler type, instead of using class with virtual functions. This paradigm can improve the performance by inlining functions.
## Handler {#Handler}
As the previous example showed, user needs to implement a handler, which consumes the events (function calls) from `Reader`. The handler concept has the following member type and member functions.
`Null()` is called when the `Reader` encounters a JSON null value.
`Bool(bool)` is called when the `Reader` encounters a JSON true or false value.
When the `Reader` encounters a JSON number, it chooses a suitable C++ type mapping. And then it calls *one* function out of `Int(int)`, `Uint(unsigned)`, `Int64(int64_t)`, `Uint64(uint64_t)` and `Double(double)`.
`String(const char* str, SizeType length, bool copy)` is called when the `Reader` encounters a string. The first parameter is pointer to the string. The second parameter is the length of the string (excluding the null terminator). Note that RapidJSON supports null character `'\0'` inside a string. If such situation happens, `strlen(str) < length`. The last `copy` indicates whether the handler needs to make a copy of the string. For normal parsing, `copy = true`. Only when *insitu* parsing is used, `copy = false`. And beware that, the character type depends on the target encoding, which will be explained later.
When the `Reader` encounters the beginning of an object, it calls `StartObject()`. An object in JSON is a set of name-value pairs. If the object contains members it first calls `String()` for the name of member, and then calls functions depending on the type of the value. These calls of name-value pairs repeats until calling `EndObject(SizeType memberCount)`. Note that the `memberCount` parameter is just an aid for the handler, user may not need this parameter.
Array is similar to object but simpler. At the beginning of an array, the `Reader` calls `BeginArary()`. If there is elements, it calls functions according to the types of element. Similarly, in the last call `EndArray(SizeType elementCount)`, the parameter `elementCount` is just an aid for the handler.
Every handler functions returns a `bool`. Normally it should returns `true`. If the handler encounters an error, it can return `false` to notify event publisher to stop further processing.
For example, when we parse a JSON with `Reader` and the handler detected that the JSON does not conform to the required schema, then the handler can return `false` and let the `Reader` stop further parsing. And the `Reader` will be in error state with error code `kParseErrorTermination`.
The `Reader` uses UTF-8 as both source and target encoding. The source encoding means the encoding in the JSON stream. The target encoding means the encoding of the `str` parameter in `String()` calls. For example, to parse a UTF-8 stream and outputs UTF-16 string events, you can define a reader by:
~~~~~~~~~~cpp
GenericReader<UTF8<>, UTF16<> > reader;
~~~~~~~~~~
Note that, the default character type of `UTF16` is `wchar_t`. So this `reader`needs to call `String(const wchar_t*, SizeType, bool)` of the handler.
The third template parameter `Allocator` is the allocator type for internal data structure (actually a stack).
## Parsing {#Parsing}
The one and only one function of `Reader` is to parse JSON.
If an error occurs during parsing, it will return `false`. User can also calls `bool HasParseEror()`, `ParseErrorCode GetParseErrorCode()` and `size_t GetErrorOffset()` to obtain the error states. Actually `Document` uses these `Reader` functions to obtain parse errors. Please refer to [DOM](doc/dom.md) for details about parse error.
# Writer {#Writer}
## PrettyWriter {#PrettyWriter}
# Techniques {#Techniques}
## Parsing JSON to Custom Data Structure {#CustomDataStructure}
`Document`'s parsing capability is completely based on `Reader`. Actually `Document` is a handler which receives events from a reader to build a DOM during parsing.
User may uses `Reader` to build other data structures directly. This eliminates building of DOM, thus reducing memory and improving performance.
Example:
~~~~~~~~~~cpp
// Note: Ad hoc, not yet tested.
using namespace std;
using namespace rapidjson;
typedef map<string,string> MessageMap;
struct MessageHandler : public GenericBaseHandler<> {
