13938aceca
yet. Add a function X509_STORE_CTX_purpose_inherit() which implements the logic of "inheriting" purpose and trust from a parent structure and using a default: this will be used in the SSL code and possibly future S/MIME. Partial documentation of the 'verify' utility. Still need to document how all the extension checking works and the various error messages.
431 lines
12 KiB
Plaintext
431 lines
12 KiB
Plaintext
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=pod
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=head1 NAME
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x509 - Certificate display and signing utility
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=head1 SYNOPSIS
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B<openssl> B<x509>
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[B<-inform DER|PEM|NET>]
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[B<-outform DER|PEM|NET>]
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[B<-keyform DER|PEM>]
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[B<-CAform DER|PEM>]
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[B<-CAkeyform DER|PEM>]
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[B<-in filename>]
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[B<-out filename>]
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[B<-serial>]
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[B<-hash>]
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[B<-subject>]
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[B<-issuer>]
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[B<-startdate>]
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[B<-enddate>]
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[B<-purpose>]
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[B<-dates>]
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[B<-modulus>]
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[B<-fingerprint>]
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[B<-alias>]
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[B<-noout>]
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[B<-trustout>]
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[B<-clrtrust>]
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[B<-clrreject>]
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[B<-addtrust arg>]
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[B<-addreject arg>]
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[B<-setalias arg>]
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[B<-days arg>]
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[B<-signkey filename>]
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[B<-x509toreq>]
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[B<-req>]
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[B<-CA filename>]
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[B<-CAkey filename>]
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[B<-CAcreateserial>]
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[B<-CAserial filename>]
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[B<-text>]
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[B<-C>]
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[B<-md2|-md5|-sha1|-mdc2>]
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[B<-clrext>]
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[B<-extfile filename>]
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[B<-extensions section>]
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=head1 DESCRIPTION
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The B<x509> command is a multi purpose certificate utility. It can be
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used to display certificate information, convert certificates to
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various forms, sign certificate requests like a "mini CA" or edit
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certificate trust settings.
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Since there are a large number of options they will split up into
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various sections.
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=head1 INPUT, OUTPUT AND GENERAL PURPOSE OPTIONS
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=over 4
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=item B<-inform DER|PEM|NET>
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This specifies the input format normally the command will expect an X509
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certificate but this can change if other options such as B<-req> are
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present. The DER format is the DER encoding of the certificate and PEM
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is the base64 encoding of the DER encoding with header and footer lines
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added. The NET option is an obscure Netscape server format that is now
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obsolete.
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=item B<-outform DER|PEM|NET>
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This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning as the
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B<-inform> option.
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=item B<-in filename>
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This specifies the input filename to read a certificate from or standard input
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if this option is not specified.
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=item B<-out filename>
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This specifies the output filename to write to or standard output by
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default.
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=item B<-md2|-md5|-sha1|-mdc2>
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the digest to use. This affects any signing or display option that uses a message
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digest, such as the B<-fingerprint>, B<-signkey> and B<-CA> options. If not
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specified then MD5 is used. If the key being used to sign with is a DSA key then
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this option has no effect: SHA1 is always used with DSA keys.
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=back
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=head1 DISPLAY OPTIONS
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Note: the B<-alias> and B<-purpose> options are also display options
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but are desribed in the B<TRUST OPTIONS> section.
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=over 4
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=item B<-text>
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prints out the certificate in text form. Full details are output including the
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public key, signature algorithms, issuer and subject names, serial number
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any extensions present and any trust settings.
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=item B<-noout>
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this option prevents output of the encoded version of the request.
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=item B<-modulus>
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this option prints out the value of the modulus of the public key
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contained in the certificate.
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=item B<-serial>
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outputs the certificate serial number.
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=item B<-hash>
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outputs the "hash" of the certificate subject name. This is used in OpenSSL to
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form an index to allow certificates in a directory to be looked up by subject
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name.
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=item B<-subject>
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outputs the subject name.
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=item B<-issuer>
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outputs the issuer name.
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=item B<-startdate>
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prints out the start date of the certificate, that is the notBefore date.
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=item B<-enddate>
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prints out the expiry date of the certificate, that is the notAfter date.
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=item B<-dates>
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prints out the start and expiry dates of a certificate.
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=item B<-fingerprint>
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prints out the digest of the DER encoded version of the whole certificate.
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=item B<-C>
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this outputs the certificate in the form of a C source file.
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=back
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=head1 TRUST SETTINGS
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Please note these options are currently experimental and may well change.
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A B<trusted certificate> is an ordinary certificate which has several
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additional pieces of information attached to it such as the permitted
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and prohibited uses of the certificate and an "alias".
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Normally when a certificate is being verified at least one certificate
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must be "trusted". By default a trusted certificate must be stored
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locally and must be a root CA: any certificate chain ending in this CA
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is then usable for any purpose.
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Trust settings currently are only used with a root CA. They allow a finer
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control over the purposes the root CA can be used for. For example a CA
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may be trusted for SSL client but not SSL server use.
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See the description of the B<verify> utility for more information on the
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meaning of trust settings.
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Future versions of OpenSSL will recognise trust settings on any
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certificate: not just root CAs.
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=over 4
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=item B<-trustout>
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this causes B<x509> to output a B<trusted> certificate. An ordinary
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or trusted certificate can be input but by default an ordinary
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certificate is output and any trust settings are discarded. With the
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B<-trustout> option a trusted certificate is output. A trusted
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certificate is automatically output if any trust settings are modified.
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=item B<-setalias arg>
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sets the alias of the certificate. This will allow the certificate
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to be reffered to using a nickname for example "Steve's Certificate".
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=item B<-alias>
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outputs the certificate alias, if any.
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=item B<-clrtrust>
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clears all the permitted or trusted uses of the certificate.
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=item B<-clrreject>
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clears all the prohibited or rejected uses of the certificate.
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=item B<-addtrust arg>
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adds a trusted certificate use. Currently acceptable values
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are B<all> (any purpose), B<sslclient> (SSL client use), B<sslserver>
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(SSL server use) B<email> (S/MIME email) and B<objsign> (Object signing).
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=item B<-addreject arg>
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adds a prohibited use. It accepts the same values as the B<-addtrust>
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option.
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=item B<-purpose>
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this option performs tests on the certificate extensions and outputs
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the results. It checks to see if the certificate can be used as an
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end user or CA certificate for various purposes. Since many commercial
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certificates have invalid extensions it is possible that warnings will
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be output for some certificates. Known problems have work arounds added.
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=back
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=head1 SIGNING OPTIONS
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The B<x509> utility can be used to sign certificates and requests: it
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can thus behave like a "mini CA".
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=over 4
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=item B<-signkey filename>
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this option causes the input file to be self signed using the supplied
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private key.
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If the input file is a certificate it sets the issuer name to the
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subject name (i.e. makes it self signed) changes the public key to the
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supplied value and changes the start and end dates. The start date is
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set to the current time and the end date is set to a value determined
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by the B<-days> option. Any certificate extensions are retained unless
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the B<-clrext> option is supplied.
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If the input is a certificate request then a self signed certificate
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is created using the supplied private key using the subject name in
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the request.
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=item B<-clrext>
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delete any extensions from a certificate. This option is used when a
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certificate is being created from another certificate (for example with
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the B<-signkey> or the B<-CA> options). Normally all extensions are
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retained.
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=item B<-keyform PEM|DER>
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specifies the format (DER or PEM) of the private key file used in the
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B<-signkey> option.
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=item B<-days arg>
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specifies the number of days to make a certificate valid for. The default
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is 30 days.
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=item B<-x509toreq>
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converts a certificate into a certificate request. The B<-signkey> option
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is used to pass the required private key.
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=item B<-req>
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by default a certificate is expected on input. With this option a
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certificate request is expected instead.
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=item B<-CA filename>
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specifies the CA certificate to be used for signing. When this option is
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present B<x509> behaves like a "mini CA". The input file is signed by this
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CA using this option: that is its issuer name is set to the subject name
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of the CA and it is digitally signed using the CAs private key.
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This option is normally combined with the B<-req> option. Without the
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B<-req> option the input is a certificate which must be self signed.
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=item B<-CAkey filename>
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sets the CA private key to sign a certificate with. If this option is
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not specified then it is assumed that the CA private key is present in
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the CA certificate file.
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=item B<-CAserial filename>
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sets the CA serial number file to use.
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When the B<-CA> option is used to sign a certificate it uses a serial
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number specified in a file. This file consist of one line containing
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an even number of hex digits with the serial number to use. After each
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use the serial number is incremented and written out to the file again.
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The default filename consists of the CA certificate file base name with
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".srl" appended. For example if the CA certificate file is called
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"mycacert.pem" it expects to find a serial number file called "mycacert.srl".
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=item B<-CAcreateserial filename>
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with this option the CA serial number file is created if it does not exist:
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it will contain the serial number "01". Normally if the B<-CA> option is
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specified and the serial number file does not exist it is an error.
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=item B<-extfile filename>
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file containing certificate extensions to use. If not specified then
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no extensions are added to the certificate.
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=item B<-extensions section>
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the section to add certificate extensions from. If this option is not
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specified then the extensions should either be contained in the unnamed
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(default) section or the default section should contain a variable called
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"extensions" which contains the section to use.
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=back
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=head1 EXAMPLES
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Note: in these examples the '\' means the example should be all on one
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line.
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Display the contents of a certificate:
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openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -text
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Display the certificate serial number:
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openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -serial
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Display the certificate MD5 fingerprint:
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openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -fingerprint
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Display the certificate SHA1 fingerprint:
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openssl x509 -sha1 -in cert.pem -noout -fingerprint
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Convert a certificate from PEM to DER format:
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openssl x509 -in cert.pem -inform PEM -out cert.der -outform DER
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Convert a certificate to a certificate request:
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openssl x509 -x509toreq -in cert.pem -out req.pem -signkey key.pem
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Convert a certificate request into a self signed certificate using
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extensions for a CA:
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openssl x509 -req -in careq.pem -config openssl.cnf -extensions v3_ca \
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-signkey key.pem -out cacert.pem
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Sign a certificate request using the CA certifcate above and add user
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certificate extensions:
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openssl x509 -req -in req.pem -config openssl.cnf -extensions v3_usr \
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-CA cacert.pem -CAkey key.pem -CAcreateserial
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Set a certificate to be trusted for SSL client use and change set its alias to
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"Steve's Class 1 CA"
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openssl x509 -in cert.pem -addtrust sslclient \
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-alias "Steve's Class 1 CA" -out trust.pem
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=head1 NOTES
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The PEM format uses the header and footer lines:
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-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----
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-----END CERTIFICATE----
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it will also handle files containing:
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-----BEGIN X509 CERTIFICATE----
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-----END X509 CERTIFICATE----
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Trusted certificates have the lines
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-----BEGIN TRUSTED CERTIFICATE----
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-----END TRUSTED CERTIFICATE----
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The B<-fingerprint> option takes the digest of the DER encoded certificate.
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This is commonly called a "fingerprint". Because of the nature of message
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digests the fingerprint of a certificate is unique to that certificate and
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two certificates with the same fingerprint can be considered to be the same.
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The Netscape fingerprint uses MD5 whereas MSIE uses SHA1.
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=head1 BUGS
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The way DNs are printed is in a "historical SSLeay" format which doesn't
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follow any published standard. It should follow some standard like RFC2253
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or RFC1779 with options to make the stuff more readable.
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Extensions in certificates are not transferred to certificate requests and
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vice versa.
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It is possible to produce invalid certificates or requests by specifying the
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wrong private key or using inconsistent options in some cases: these should
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be checked.
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There should be options to explicitly set such things as start and end
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dates rather than an offset from the current time.
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The code to implement the verify behaviour described in the B<TRUST SETTINGS>
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is currently being developed. It thus describes the intended behavior rather
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than the current behaviour. It is hoped that it will represent reality in
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OpenSSL 0.9.5 and later.
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=head1 SEE ALSO
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req(1), ca(1), genrsa(1), gendsa(1)
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=cut
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