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Move all docs into top-level docs/ directory

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@ -371,8 +371,8 @@ Verifies that `val1` is less than, or almost equal to, `val2`. You can replace
### Asserting Using gMock Matchers ### Asserting Using gMock Matchers
[gMock](../../googlemock) comes with [gMock](gmock_index.md) comes with
[a library of matchers](../../googlemock/docs/cheat_sheet.md#MatcherList) for [a library of matchers](gmock_cheat_sheet.md#MatcherList) for
validating arguments passed to mock objects. A gMock *matcher* is basically a validating arguments passed to mock objects. A gMock *matcher* is basically a
predicate that knows how to describe itself. It can be used in these assertion predicate that knows how to describe itself. It can be used in these assertion
macros: macros:
@ -396,13 +396,13 @@ using ::testing::StartsWith;
``` ```
Read this Read this
[recipe](../../googlemock/docs/cook_book.md#using-matchers-in-googletest-assertions) [recipe](gmock_cook_book.md#using-matchers-in-googletest-assertions)
in the gMock Cookbook for more details. in the gMock Cookbook for more details.
gMock has a rich set of matchers. You can do many things googletest cannot do gMock has a rich set of matchers. You can do many things googletest cannot do
alone with them. For a list of matchers gMock provides, read alone with them. For a list of matchers gMock provides, read
[this](../../googlemock/docs/cook_book.md##using-matchers). It's easy to write [this](gmock_cook_book.md##using-matchers). It's easy to write
your [own matchers](../../googlemock/docs/cook_book.md#NewMatchers) too. your [own matchers](gmock_cook_book.md#NewMatchers) too.
gMock is bundled with googletest, so you don't need to add any build dependency gMock is bundled with googletest, so you don't need to add any build dependency
in order to take advantage of this. Just include `"gmock/gmock.h"` in order to take advantage of this. Just include `"gmock/gmock.h"`
@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ and you're ready to go.
you haven't.) you haven't.)
You can use the gMock You can use the gMock
[string matchers](../../googlemock/docs/cheat_sheet.md#string-matchers) with [string matchers](gmock_cheat_sheet.md#string-matchers) with
`EXPECT_THAT()` or `ASSERT_THAT()` to do more string comparison tricks `EXPECT_THAT()` or `ASSERT_THAT()` to do more string comparison tricks
(sub-string, prefix, suffix, regular expression, and etc). For example, (sub-string, prefix, suffix, regular expression, and etc). For example,
@ -915,7 +915,7 @@ handlers registered with `pthread_atfork(3)`.
Note: If you want to put a series of test assertions in a subroutine to check Note: If you want to put a series of test assertions in a subroutine to check
for a complex condition, consider using for a complex condition, consider using
[a custom GMock matcher](../../googlemock/docs/cook_book.md#NewMatchers) [a custom GMock matcher](gmock_cook_book.md#NewMatchers)
instead. This lets you provide a more readable error message in case of failure instead. This lets you provide a more readable error message in case of failure
and avoid all of the issues described below. and avoid all of the issues described below.

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@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ Example usage:
To customize the default action for a particular method of a specific mock To customize the default action for a particular method of a specific mock
object, use `ON_CALL()`. `ON_CALL()` has a similar syntax to `EXPECT_CALL()`, object, use `ON_CALL()`. `ON_CALL()` has a similar syntax to `EXPECT_CALL()`,
but it is used for setting default behaviors (when you do not require that the but it is used for setting default behaviors (when you do not require that the
mock method is called). See [here](cook_book.md#UseOnCall) for a more detailed mock method is called). See [here](gmock_cook_book.md#UseOnCall) for a more detailed
discussion. discussion.
```cpp ```cpp
@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ You can make a matcher from one or more other matchers:
| Matcher | Description | | Matcher | Description |
| :---------------------- | :------------------------------------ | | :---------------------- | :------------------------------------ |
| `MatcherCast<T>(m)` | casts matcher `m` to type `Matcher<T>`. | | `MatcherCast<T>(m)` | casts matcher `m` to type `Matcher<T>`. |
| `SafeMatcherCast<T>(m)` | [safely casts](cook_book.md#casting-matchers) matcher `m` to type `Matcher<T>`. | | `SafeMatcherCast<T>(m)` | [safely casts](gmock_cook_book.md#casting-matchers) matcher `m` to type `Matcher<T>`. |
| `Truly(predicate)` | `predicate(argument)` returns something considered by C++ to be true, where `predicate` is a function or functor. | | `Truly(predicate)` | `predicate(argument)` returns something considered by C++ to be true, where `predicate` is a function or functor. |
<!-- mdformat on --> <!-- mdformat on -->
@ -774,7 +774,7 @@ class MockFunction<R(A1, ..., An)> {
}; };
``` ```
See this [recipe](cook_book.md#using-check-points) for one application of it. See this [recipe](gmock_cook_book.md#using-check-points) for one application of it.
## Flags ## Flags

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@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
<!-- GOOGLETEST_CM0012 DO NOT DELETE --> <!-- GOOGLETEST_CM0012 DO NOT DELETE -->
You can find recipes for using gMock here. If you haven't yet, please read You can find recipes for using gMock here. If you haven't yet, please read
[the dummy guide](for_dummies.md) first to make sure you understand the basics. [the dummy guide](gmock_for_dummies.md) first to make sure you understand the
basics.
**Note:** gMock lives in the `testing` name space. For readability, it is **Note:** gMock lives in the `testing` name space. For readability, it is
recommended to write `using ::testing::Foo;` once in your file before using the recommended to write `using ::testing::Foo;` once in your file before using the
@ -1141,11 +1142,11 @@ Hamcrest project, which adds `assertThat()` to JUnit.
### Using Predicates as Matchers ### Using Predicates as Matchers
gMock provides a [built-in set](cheat_sheet.md#MatcherList) of matchers. In case gMock provides a [built-in set](gmock_cheat_sheet.md#MatcherList) of matchers.
you find them lacking, you can use an arbitrary unary predicate function or In case you find them lacking, you can use an arbitrary unary predicate function
functor as a matcher - as long as the predicate accepts a value of the type you or functor as a matcher - as long as the predicate accepts a value of the type
want. You do this by wrapping the predicate inside the `Truly()` function, for you want. You do this by wrapping the predicate inside the `Truly()` function,
example: for example:
```cpp ```cpp
using ::testing::Truly; using ::testing::Truly;
@ -1710,7 +1711,7 @@ the test should reflect our real intent, instead of being overly constraining.
gMock allows you to impose an arbitrary DAG (directed acyclic graph) on the gMock allows you to impose an arbitrary DAG (directed acyclic graph) on the
calls. One way to express the DAG is to use the calls. One way to express the DAG is to use the
[After](cheat_sheet.md#AfterClause) clause of `EXPECT_CALL`. [After](gmock_cheat_sheet.md#AfterClause) clause of `EXPECT_CALL`.
Another way is via the `InSequence()` clause (not the same as the `InSequence` Another way is via the `InSequence()` clause (not the same as the `InSequence`
class), which we borrowed from jMock 2. It's less flexible than `After()`, but class), which we borrowed from jMock 2. It's less flexible than `After()`, but
@ -3714,8 +3715,8 @@ A cardinality is used in `Times()` to tell gMock how many times you expect a
call to occur. It doesn't have to be exact. For example, you can say call to occur. It doesn't have to be exact. For example, you can say
`AtLeast(5)` or `Between(2, 4)`. `AtLeast(5)` or `Between(2, 4)`.
If the [built-in set](cheat_sheet.md#CardinalityList) of cardinalities doesn't If the [built-in set](gmock_cheat_sheet.md#CardinalityList) of cardinalities
suit you, you are free to define your own by implementing the following doesn't suit you, you are free to define your own by implementing the following
interface (in namespace `testing`): interface (in namespace `testing`):
```cpp ```cpp

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@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
### When I call a method on my mock object, the method for the real object is invoked instead. What's the problem? ### When I call a method on my mock object, the method for the real object is invoked instead. What's the problem?
In order for a method to be mocked, it must be *virtual*, unless you use the In order for a method to be mocked, it must be *virtual*, unless you use the
[high-perf dependency injection technique](cook_book.md#MockingNonVirtualMethods). [high-perf dependency injection technique](gmock_cook_book.md#MockingNonVirtualMethods).
### Can I mock a variadic function? ### Can I mock a variadic function?
@ -93,9 +93,9 @@ trace, you'll gain insights on why the expectations you set are not met.
If you see the message "The mock function has no default action set, and its If you see the message "The mock function has no default action set, and its
return type has no default value set.", then try return type has no default value set.", then try
[adding a default action](for_dummies.md#DefaultValue). Due to a known issue, [adding a default action](gmock_for_dummies.md#DefaultValue). Due to a known
unexpected calls on mocks without default actions don't print out a detailed issue, unexpected calls on mocks without default actions don't print out a
comparison between the actual arguments and the expected arguments. detailed comparison between the actual arguments and the expected arguments.
### My program crashed and `ScopedMockLog` spit out tons of messages. Is it a gMock bug? ### My program crashed and `ScopedMockLog` spit out tons of messages. Is it a gMock bug?
@ -388,8 +388,8 @@ doesn't say what the return value should be. You need `DoAll()` to chain a
`SetArgPointee()` with a `Return()` that provides a value appropriate to the API `SetArgPointee()` with a `Return()` that provides a value appropriate to the API
being mocked. being mocked.
See this [recipe](cook_book.md#mocking-side-effects) for more details and an See this [recipe](gmock_cook_book.md#mocking-side-effects) for more details and
example. an example.
### I have a huge mock class, and Microsoft Visual C++ runs out of memory when compiling it. What can I do? ### I have a huge mock class, and Microsoft Visual C++ runs out of memory when compiling it. What can I do?

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@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ follow:
* Derive a class `MockTurtle` from `Turtle`. * Derive a class `MockTurtle` from `Turtle`.
* Take a *virtual* function of `Turtle` (while it's possible to * Take a *virtual* function of `Turtle` (while it's possible to
[mock non-virtual methods using templates](cook_book.md#MockingNonVirtualMethods), [mock non-virtual methods using templates](gmock_cook_book.md#MockingNonVirtualMethods),
it's much more involved). it's much more involved).
* In the `public:` section of the child class, write `MOCK_METHOD();` * In the `public:` section of the child class, write `MOCK_METHOD();`
* Now comes the fun part: you take the function signature, cut-and-paste it * Now comes the fun part: you take the function signature, cut-and-paste it
@ -376,8 +376,8 @@ convenient way of saying "any value".
In the above examples, `100` and `50` are also matchers; implicitly, they are In the above examples, `100` and `50` are also matchers; implicitly, they are
the same as `Eq(100)` and `Eq(50)`, which specify that the argument must be the same as `Eq(100)` and `Eq(50)`, which specify that the argument must be
equal (using `operator==`) to the matcher argument. There are many equal (using `operator==`) to the matcher argument. There are many
[built-in matchers](cheat_sheet.md#MatcherList) for common types (as well as [built-in matchers](gmock_cheat_sheet.md#MatcherList) for common types (as well
[custom matchers](cook_book.md#NewMatchers)); for example: as [custom matchers](gmock_cook_book.md#NewMatchers)); for example:
```cpp ```cpp
using ::testing::Ge; using ::testing::Ge;
@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GoTo);
This works for all non-overloaded methods; if a method is overloaded, you need This works for all non-overloaded methods; if a method is overloaded, you need
to help gMock resolve which overload is expected by specifying the number of to help gMock resolve which overload is expected by specifying the number of
arguments and possibly also the arguments and possibly also the
[types of the arguments](cook_book.md#SelectOverload). [types of the arguments](gmock_cook_book.md#SelectOverload).
### Cardinalities: How Many Times Will It Be Called? ### Cardinalities: How Many Times Will It Be Called?
@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ called.
We've seen `AtLeast(n)` as an example of fuzzy cardinalities earlier. For the We've seen `AtLeast(n)` as an example of fuzzy cardinalities earlier. For the
list of built-in cardinalities you can use, see list of built-in cardinalities you can use, see
[here](cheat_sheet.md#CardinalityList). [here](gmock_cheat_sheet.md#CardinalityList).
The `Times()` clause can be omitted. **If you omit `Times()`, gMock will infer The `Times()` clause can be omitted. **If you omit `Times()`, gMock will infer
the cardinality for you.** The rules are easy to remember: the cardinality for you.** The rules are easy to remember:
@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ the *default* action for the function every time (unless, of course, you have a
What can we do inside `WillOnce()` besides `Return()`? You can return a What can we do inside `WillOnce()` besides `Return()`? You can return a
reference using `ReturnRef(*variable*)`, or invoke a pre-defined function, among reference using `ReturnRef(*variable*)`, or invoke a pre-defined function, among
[others](cook_book.md#using-actions). [others](gmock_cook_book.md#using-actions).
**Important note:** The `EXPECT_CALL()` statement evaluates the action clause **Important note:** The `EXPECT_CALL()` statement evaluates the action clause
only once, even though the action may be performed many times. Therefore you only once, even though the action may be performed many times. Therefore you
@ -563,7 +563,7 @@ overloaded). This makes any calls to the method expected. This is not necessary
for methods that are not mentioned at all (these are "uninteresting"), but is for methods that are not mentioned at all (these are "uninteresting"), but is
useful for methods that have some expectations, but for which other calls are useful for methods that have some expectations, but for which other calls are
ok. See ok. See
[Understanding Uninteresting vs Unexpected Calls](cook_book.md#uninteresting-vs-unexpected). [Understanding Uninteresting vs Unexpected Calls](gmock_cook_book.md#uninteresting-vs-unexpected).
### Ordered vs Unordered Calls {#OrderedCalls} ### Ordered vs Unordered Calls {#OrderedCalls}
@ -600,7 +600,7 @@ order as written. If a call is made out-of-order, it will be an error.
(What if you care about the relative order of some of the calls, but not all of (What if you care about the relative order of some of the calls, but not all of
them? Can you specify an arbitrary partial order? The answer is ... yes! The them? Can you specify an arbitrary partial order? The answer is ... yes! The
details can be found [here](cook_book.md#OrderedCalls).) details can be found [here](gmock_cook_book.md#OrderedCalls).)
### All Expectations Are Sticky (Unless Said Otherwise) {#StickyExpectations} ### All Expectations Are Sticky (Unless Said Otherwise) {#StickyExpectations}
@ -699,4 +699,4 @@ For example, in some tests we may not care about how many times `GetX()` and
In gMock, if you are not interested in a method, just don't say anything about In gMock, if you are not interested in a method, just don't say anything about
it. If a call to this method occurs, you'll see a warning in the test output, it. If a call to this method occurs, you'll see a warning in the test output,
but it won't be a failure. This is called "naggy" behavior; to change, see but it won't be a failure. This is called "naggy" behavior; to change, see
[The Nice, the Strict, and the Naggy](cook_book.md#NiceStrictNaggy). [The Nice, the Strict, and the Naggy](gmock_cook_book.md#NiceStrictNaggy).

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@ -166,10 +166,11 @@ exp ::= simple_expression_in_Python_syntax
## Code ## Code
You can find the source code of Pump in [scripts/pump.py](../scripts/pump.py). You can find the source code of Pump in
It is still very unpolished and lacks automated tests, although it has been [googlemock/scripts/pump.py](../googlemock/scripts/pump.py). It is still very
successfully used many times. If you find a chance to use it in your project, unpolished and lacks automated tests, although it has been successfully used
please let us know what you think! We also welcome help on improving Pump. many times. If you find a chance to use it in your project, please let us know
what you think! We also welcome help on improving Pump.
## Real Examples ## Real Examples

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@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
# Content Moved
We are working on updates to the GoogleTest documentation, which has moved to
the top-level [docs](../../docs) directory.

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@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
# How to Contribute
googletest development is Piper-First. Just create a regular Piper CL. When the
CL is accepted and submitted, it will make its way to OSS via regular releasing
process.

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# googletest gMock Users Guide
go/gmockguide
Welcome to googletest: Google's C++ testing and mocking framework. gMock is a
mocking part of googletest.
* [OSS Version](https://github.com/google/googletest)
* [Google3](http://google3/third_party/googletest/)
* If you are new to gMock, start with [*gMock for Dummies*](for_dummies.md) to
learn the basic usage.
* Read [gMock Cookbook](cook_book.md) to learn more advanced usage and useful
tips.
* For a quick reference, check out [gMock Cheat Sheet](cheat_sheet.md).
* If you have questions, search [gMock FAQ](#GMockFaq) and the gmock-users@
archive before sending them to gmock-users@.
<!-- GOOGLETEST_CM0035 DO NOT DELETE -->
<!--#include file="for_dummies.md"-->
#### Side Effects
<!-- mdformat off(github rendering does not support multiline tables) -->
| Matcher | Description |
| :--------------------------------- | :-------------------------------------- |
| `Assign(&variable, value)` | Assign `value` to variable. |
| `DeleteArg<N>()` | Delete the `N`-th (0-based) argument, which must be a pointer. |
| `SaveArg<N>(pointer)` | Save the `N`-th (0-based) argument to `*pointer`. |
| `SaveArgPointee<N>(pointer)` | Save the value pointed to by the `N`-th (0-based) argument to `*pointer`. |
| `SetArgReferee<N>(value)` | Assign `value` to the variable referenced by the `N`-th (0-based) argument. |
| `SetArgPointee<N>(value)` | Assign `value` to the variable pointed by the `N`-th (0-based) argument. |
| `SetArgumentPointee<N>(value)` | Same as `SetArgPointee<N>(value)`. Deprecated. Will be removed in v1.7.0. |
| `SetArrayArgument<N>(first, last)` | Copies the elements in source range [`first`, `last`) to the array pointed to by the `N`-th (0-based) argument, which can be either a pointer or an iterator. The action does not take ownership of the elements in the source range. |
| `SetErrnoAndReturn(error, value)` | Set `errno` to `error` and return `value`. |
| `Throw(exception)` | Throws the given exception, which can be any copyable value. Available since v1.1.0. |
<!-- mdformat on -->
* When compiling with exceptions in google3, it's not enough to specify
`-fexceptions` to copts in your cc_test target. That flag will not be
inherited by gmock, and various headers will be compiled both with and
without `-fexceptions` causing subtle bugs. Instead you must pass
`--copt=-fexceptions` to the blaze command so the flag gets passed to all
targets... but this is Google and we don't use exceptions so it shouldn't
really be an issue.

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# googletest Home
go/gmock
Googletest is Google's C++ testing and mocking framework. Please note that there
are legacy names you may encounter "gUnit" and "gMock" - these names are now
merged into "googletest"
<!-- GOOGLETEST_CM0035 DO NOT DELETE -->
## Testimonials
> "I'm really enjoying trying it, and it's amazing to me how far you've taken
> this in C++. It's changed the way I program (and therefore changed my life ;),
> and one of my teams has adopted it for all/most tests (and I'm working on the
> other)." \
> -- *Derek Thomson*, Google Mountain View
<section></section>
> "I started using mocks with EasyMock in Java a few years ago and found them
> **invaluable** for making unit testing as painless and effective as possible.
> I'm very glad (and amazed) to see you've managed to create something similar
> for C++. It's making the transition much more pleasant." \
> -- *David Harkness*, Google Mountain View
<section></section>
> "I #included `gmock.h` and lived to tell the tale... Kept me from having to
> depend on `MockBigtable` thus far, which is **huge**." \
> -- *Matthew Simmons*, Google NYC
<section></section>
> "I like the approach of `EXPECT_CALL` much more than EasyMock's mock modes
> (record, replay). It's the best way to ensure the user will never forget to
> verify the expectations: do it automatically!" \
> -- *Tiago Silverira*, Google Brazil
<section></section>
> "It's by far the best mocking library for C++, by a long-shot." \
> -- *Joe Walnes*, co-creator of jMock, Google London
## Learning googletest mocking
Please see the [*googletest Users Guide*](guide.md) for the combined gMock
mocking documentation.
## Resources for Users
* More docs:
* [Interview with gMock's Creator](http://www.corp.google.com/eng/testing/codegreen/v10/gMock.htm)
on the
[Feb 2008](http://www.corp.google.com/eng/testing/codegreen/v10/index.htm)
issue of [Code Green](http://go/codegreen) - discusses gMock's history
and philosophy.
* "Mockers of the (C++) world, delight!": TotT
[episode 66](http://big.corp.google.com/~jmcmaster/testing/2007/12/episode-68-mockers-of-c-world-delight.html) -
quick intro on gMock's benefits and usage
* "Mock logs better than gold": TotT
[episode 76](http://big.corp.google.com/~jmcmaster/testing/2008/02/episode-76-mock-logs-better-than-gold_21.html) -
how to test LOGs using gMock
* "Testing legacy code gently": TotT
[episode 84](http://big.corp.google.com/~jmcmaster/testing/2008/04/episode-84-testing-legacy-code-gently.html) -
using mock callbacks to test legacy code without a big refactoring
* "Literate testing with matchers": TotT
[episode 135](http://big.corp.google.com/~jmcmaster/testing/2009/06/episode-135-literate-testing-with_08.html) -
using matchers to get readable test code and readable test messages
* "Making a perfect matcher": TotT
[episode 139](http://big.corp.google.com/~jmcmaster/testing/2009/07/episode-139-making-perfect-matcher.html) -
defining custom matchers easily
* Talks
* "Declarative C++ Testing Using DSLs" talk (6/4/2008):
[abstract](https://wiki.corp.google.com/twiki/bin/view/Main/WanTalks#Declarative_C_Testing_Using_DSLs),
[slides](http://wiki.corp.google.com/twiki/pub/Main/WanTalks/0806-declarative-cpp-testing.xul#Eva)
(requires Firefox) - gMock's design and implementation tricks
* "Mocks made easy in C++ and Java" talk (4/23/2008):
[slides](http://go/MockTalk),
[fish](http://fish.corp.google.com/talks/8729/)
* "C++ mocks made easy - an introduction to gMock" talk (1/22/2008)):
[slides](http://wiki.corp.google.com/twiki/pub/Main/WanTalks/0801-mv-gmock.xul#eva)
(requires Firefox),
[video](https://video.google.com/a/google.com/?AuthEventSource=SSO#/Play/contentId=bd07003d4193a646)
* "A preview to gMock" talk (6/28/2007):
[PowerPoint slides](http://wiki.corp.google.com/twiki/pub/Main/WanTalks/0706-beijing-gmock-preview.ppt)
* Tools
* `/google/src/head/depot/google3/third_party/googletest/googlemock/scripts/generator/gmock_gen.py
*your.h ClassNames*` generates mocks for the given base classes (if no
class name is given, all classes in the file are emitted).
* Mocks
* [mock-log.h](http://s/?fileprint=//depot/google3/testing/base/public/mock-log.h) -
a sample on using gMock to create a mock class
* [gmock-sample-mock-log.cc](http://s/?fileprint=//depot/google3/testing/base/internal/gmock-sample-mock-log.cc) -
a sample on using gMock to test LOG()s
* Folks
* Meet the
[users](http://piano.kir.corp.google.com:8080/lica/?e=use%3Agmock).
* `gmock-users` list:
[subscribe](https://groups.google.com/a/google.com/group/gmock-users/topics),
[archive](https://groups.google.com/a/google.com/group/gmock-users/topics),
[smile!](http://piano.kir.corp.google.com:8080/lica/?e=gmock-users) Send
questions here if you still need help after consulting the on-line docs.
* `gmock-announce` list:
[subscribe](https://groups.google.com/a/google.com/group/gmock-announce/topics)
to this instead of `gmock-users` if you are interested in announcements
only.
## Resources for Contributors
* [Dashboard](http://unittest.corp.google.com/project/gunit-gmock/)
* [*gMock Design*](design.md) (go/gmockdesign) - the design doc
* `c-mock-dev` list (deprecated) -
[old archive](https://mailman.corp.google.com/pipermail/c/c-mock-dev/),
[new archive](https://g.corp.google.com/group/c-mock-dev-archive)
* `opensource-gmock` list - discussions on the development of gMock:
[subscribe](https://groups.google.com/a/google.com/group/opensource-gmock/subscribe),
[archive](https://g.corp.google.com/group/opensource-gmock-archive),
[smile!](http://piano.kir.corp.google.com:8080/lica/?e=opensource-gmock)
## Acknowledgments
We'd like to thank the following people for their contribution to gMock: Piotr
Kaminski, Jeffrey Yasskin (who/jyasskin), Joe Walnes, Bradford Cross, Keith Ray,
Craig Silverstein, Matthew Simmons (who/simmonmt), Hal Burch (who/hburch), Russ
Rufer, Rushabh Doshi (who/rdoshi), Gene Volovich (who/genev), Mike Bland, Neal
Norwitz (who/nnorwitz), Mark Zuber, Vadim Berman (who/vadimb).

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# GMock
<!-- GOOGLETEST_CM0035 DO NOT DELETE -->
## What is gMock?
gMock is Google's framework for creating and using C++ mock classes. It helps
you design better systems and write better tests. A mock object is an object
that you use in a test instead of a real object. A mock object implements the
same interface as a real object but lets you specify at run time how the object
will be used. When you write tests that use a mock, you define expectations
about how the mock's methods will be called. Your test then verifies how your
real code behaves when interacting with the mock. See the
[Mock Objects Best Practices Guide](http://go/mock-objects#mocks-stubs-fakes)
for a comparison of mocks with stubs, fakes, and other kinds of test doubles.
For example, gMock provides a simple syntax for declaring "I expect the
RetryQuery method on this mock object to be called three times in the course of
this test". Your test will fail if the expectation isn't met.
The gMock library provides a mock framework for C++ similar to jMock or
EasyMock[?](http://go/easymock-codelab) for Java. In gMock you use macros to
define methods for your mock objects and set expectations for those methods.
gMock runs on Linux, Windows, and Mac OS X.
## What is gMock good for?
Mocks in general are good for:
- prototyping and designing new code and APIs.
- removing unnecessary, expensive, or unreliable dependencies from your tests.
gMock in particular is good for writing quality C++ mocks. Without the help of a
mocking framework like gMock, good C++ mocks are hard to create.
## What is gMock NOT good for?
gMock is not good for testing the behavior of dependencies. The point of testing
with mocks is to test the classes that use the mocks, not the mocks themselves.
Objects that have working toy implementations are called fakes instead of mocks.
For example, you could use an in-memory file system to fake disk operations.
Mocks aren't useful for very simple classes like
[Dumb Data Objects](http://big.corp.google.com/~jmcmaster/testing/2011/04/episode-220-blast-from-tott-past-dont.html).
If it's more trouble to use a mock than the real class, just use the real class.
## Who uses gMock?
There are over 30K tests using gmock. Virtually every C++ test at Google that
needs a mock object uses gMock.
## Practical matters
gMock is bundled with [gUnit](/third_party/googletest/googletest/docs/). To use
gMock,
[include a dependency](/third_party/googletest/googletest/docs/howto_cpp#LinuxTarget)
on `//testing/base/public:gunit` in the BUILD rule for your mocks, and use the
following include statement in the file that defines your mock class:
```
#include "gmock/gmock.h"
```
&nbsp; | &nbsp;
--------------------------- | ------------------------------------------
**Implementation language** | C++
**Code location** | google3/third_party/googletest/googlemock/
**Build target** | //testing/base/public:gunit
## Best practices
Use [dependency injection](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_injection) to
enable easy mocking. If you define dependencies as interfaces rather than
concrete classes, you can swap out the production version of a class for a mock
during testing.
You can also use gMock during the design phase for your system. By sketching
your architecture using mocks rather than full implementations, you can evolve
your design more quickly.
## History and evolution
In January 2007 Zhanyong Wan and the Testing Technology team met with
experienced C++ engineers to find out about C++ testing needs. The team learned
that creating mocks in C++ was a major pain point. They looked around for
existing frameworks but didn't find anything satisfactory. So Zhanyong Wan
tackled the problem of creating a usable C++ mocking framework.
C++ posed a unique problem for mocking: while
[reflection](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_\(computer_programming\))
in Java and Python make it easy to generate a mock implementation of any
interface, C++ does not have reflection. Wan hit on macros as a way to simplify
mock writing in C++, and gMock was born.
## Who to contact
- g/gmock-users
- g/gmock-announce
## Additional resources
- [gMock](http://go/gmock) - homepage
- [GMock for Dummies](http://<!-- GOOGLETEST_CM0013 DO NOT DELETE -->) - gets you started with gMock
quickly
- [GMock Cookbook](http://<!-- GOOGLETEST_CM0012 DO NOT DELETE -->) - recipes for common scenarios; covers
advanced usage.
- [GMock Cheat Sheet](http://<!-- GOOGLETEST_CM0020 DO NOT DELETE -->) - a quick reference
- [GMock FAQ](http://<!-- GOOGLETEST_CM0021 DO NOT DELETE -->) - frequently asked questions
- [gUnit GDH page](http://go/gunit-overview)
- [gUnit User's Guide](http://goto.corp.google.com/gunit) - gets you started
with gUnit, which is closely related to gMock

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Googletest Mocking (gMock)
* [Home](index.md)
* [Overview](overview.md)
* [User's Guide](guide.md)
* [gMock For Dummies](for_dummies.md)
* [gMock Cookbook](cook_book.md)
* [gMock Cheat Sheet](cheat_sheet.md)
* [Design](design.md)
* [How To Contribute](contribute.md)
* [gMock FAQ](gmock_faq.md)

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**WARNING:** This document was recently migrated from
[Goowiki](http://wtf/goowiki) (b/35424903) and may still require additional
updates or formatting. You can still access the original document on Goowiki
until the cleanup is complete:

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## BUILD Rule
Add *one* of the following to your `deps`:
```build
"//testing/base/public:gunit",
"//testing/base/public:gtest_main",
```
Add this to your `.cc` file:
```cpp
#include "gmock/gmock.h"
```
Unless noted, *all functions and classes* are defined in the `::testing`
namespace.

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### absl::Status
In namespace `testing::status`:
<a name="table22"></a>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1">
<tr>
<td> `IsOk()` </td>
<td> `argument` is a `absl::Status` or `absl::StatusOr<T>` whose status is OK. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `IsOkAndHolds(m)` </td>
<td>
`argument` is an `absl::StatusOr<T>` whose status is OK and whose inner value matches matcher `m`.
See also [`ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN`](http://google3/testing/base/public/gmock_utils/status-matchers.h?q=symbol:ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN).
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `StatusHasPayload()` </td>
<td> `argument` is a `absl::Status` or `absl::StatusOr<T>` whose status is not OK and which has any payload. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `StatusHasPayload<ProtoType>()` </td>
<td> `argument` is a `absl::Status` or `absl::StatusOr<T>` whose status is not OK and which has a payload of type `ProtoType`. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `StatusHasPayload<ProtoType>(m)` </td>
<td> `argument` is a `absl::Status` or `absl::StatusOr<T>` whose status is not OK and which has a payload of type `ProtoType` that matches `m`. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `StatusIs(s, c, m)` </td>
<td> `argument` is a `absl::Status` or `absl::StatusOr<T>` where: the error space matches `s`, the status code matches `c`, and the error message matches `m`. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `StatusIs(c, m)` </td>
<td> `argument` is a `absl::Status` or `absl::StatusOr<T>` where: the error space is canonical, the status code matches `c`, and the error message matches `m`. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `StatusIs(c)` </td>
<td> `argument` is a `absl::Status` or `absl::StatusOr<T>` where: the error space is canonical, and the status code matches `c`. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `CanonicalStatusIs(c, m)` </td>
<td> `argument` is a `absl::Status` or `absl::StatusOr<T>` where: the canonical status code matches `c`, and the error message matches `m`. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `CanonicalStatusIs(c)` </td>
<td> `argument` is a `absl::Status` or `absl::StatusOr<T>` where: the canonical status code matches `c`. </td>
</tr>
</table>
The two- and one-argument version of StatusIs use util::GetErrorSpaceForEnum to
determine the error space. If the error code matcher is not an enum with an
associated ErrorSpace, then the canonical space will be used.

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You can also use `google3` permanent callback as an action. Note that `Callback`
or member function must be wrapped with `Invoke()`, whereas lambdas and functors
will work by themselves.

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#### Using Callbacks as Matchers
Callbacks are widely used in `google3`. Conceptually, a `ResultCallback1<bool,
T>` is just a predicate on argument of type `T`. Naturally, we sometimes would
want to use such a callback as a matcher.
gMock gives you two function templates in namespace `testing` to turn callbacks
into matchers.
The first is `Truly(callback)`. It matches `argument` iff
`callback->Run(argument)` returns `true`.
The second is `AddressSatisfies(callback)`, which matches `argument` whenever
`callback->Run(&argument)` returns `true`.
The callbacks used in `Truly()` and `AddressSatisfies()` must be permanent (e.g.
those returned by `NewPermanentCallback()`), or you'll get a run-time error. The
matcher takes ownership of the callback, so you don't need to worry about
deleting it.
For examples, see
google3/testing/base/internal/gmock_utils/callback-matchers_test.cc.

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#### Mock(able) Files {#MockableFile}
Don't use Mockable Files except to simulate errors on File. For general testing
of File, see go/file-testing.
google3/file/testing/mockablefile/mockablefile.h defines a `MockableFile` class.
It wraps an arbitrary `File` object and makes its virtual methods "mockable",
meaning that by default they'll delegate to the underlying `File` while you have
the option to call `ON_CALL` or `EXPECT_CALL` to set expectations on them and/or
change their behavior. This gives you the best part of both a mock and a real
object:
* The methods all have a working, default implementation. This can greatly
reduce the amount of work needed to set up the mock object.
* By setting expectations on the methods using `EXPECT_CALL`, you can easily
test how your code uses the `File`.
* By changing the methods' behavior (using `ON_CALL`), you can easily simulate
file errors and thus test your error handling code.
`mockablefile.h` contains copious comments on the usage, and
[`mockablefile_test.cc`](http://google3/file/testing/mockablefile/mockablefile_test.cc)
in the same directory contains some complete examples. Here's one of them,
showing how to simulate `Write()` errors:
```cpp
#include "file/base/path.h"
#include "file/testing/mockablefile/mockablefile.h"
using ::file::testing::MockableFile;
using ::testing::_;
using ::testing::DoDefault;
using ::testing::Return;
// This test demonstrates using MockableFile to test code that handles
// File operation errors. We want to test that WriteToFile() returns
// false when there is a Write() failure. It's hard to cause such an
// error using a real File object, but easy to make MockableFile
// simulate it.
TEST(SampleTest, SimulateFileError) {
// Creates a mockable_file object from a real File object. The real
// file is a local file in this example, but can also be any other
// type of File.
MockableFile* const mockable_file = new MockableFile(
File::Create(file::JoinPath(FLAGS_test_tmpdir, "/test"), "w"));
// Tells the mockable file to start failing from the second Write()
// operation on.
EXPECT_CALL(*mockable_file, Write)
// By default, calls are delegated to the real File object.
.WillOnce(DoDefault())
// Simulates a write error from the second time on.
.WillRepeatedly(Return(util::UnknownError("message")));
// Exercises the code we want to test, letting it talk to the
// MockableFile object instead of a real one.
EXPECT_FALSE(WriteToFile(mockable_file));
}
```
`mockablefile.h` also defines a `MockableFileSystem` class that allows you to
register mockable files in the file system under the `/mockable` mount point,
which can then be opened by your code by name. Since `MockableFile` can wrap
**any** type of file, this means you can inject **any** type of file into the
file system for testing. For example, `google3/file/memfile/memfile.h` defines a
convenient in-memory file type `MutableStringFile`. Now, you can wrap a
`MutableStringFile` in a `MockableFile` and inject it using `MockableFileSystem`
in order to test error handling of File operations that want to open a file
themselves.
```cpp
#include "file/memfile/memfile.h" // you also need to depend on //file/memfile:memfile in your BUILD file
#include "file/testing/mockablefile/mockablefile.h"
using ::file::testing::MockableFile;
using ::file::testing::MockableFileSystem;
using ::testing::_;
using ::testing::DoDefault;
using ::testing::Return;
// This test demonstrates registering a MockableFile with (a.k.a.
// injecting it into) the file system and opening it by name later.
// We want to test that WriteToFileByName() returns false when there
// is a Write() failure.
TEST(SampleTest, RegisterMockableFile) {
// Creates a mockable_file from a MutableStringFile.
MockableFile* const mockable_file = new MockableFile(
MutableStringFile("/foo/bar", new string,
TAKE_OWNERSHIP, DO_NOT_ALLOW_MMAP));
// Creates a mockable file system so that we can inject
// mockable_file into it.
MockableFileSystem fs;
// Injects mockable_file as "/mockable/foo/bar".
const string kPath = "/mockable/foo/bar";
EXPECT_CALL(fs, CreateFile(kPath, "w", _, _, _))
.WillOnce(Return(mockable_file));
// Tells the mockable file to start failing from the second Write()
// operation on.
EXPECT_CALL(*mockable_file, Write)
// By default, calls are delegated to the real File object.
.WillOnce(DoDefault())
// Simulates a write error from the second time on.
.WillRepeatedly(Return(util::error::UNKNOWN));
// Exercises the code we want to test, letting it talk to the
// MockableFile object instead of a real one.
EXPECT_FALSE(WriteToFileByName(kPath));
}
```
#### Mock Network System Calls
Gary Morain (gmorain@) implemented mock network system calls such that you can
use gMock to control their behavior when testing code that invokes network
system calls. You can find the code here:
* google3/net/util/network_system_call_interface.h - the interface.
* google3/net/util/network_system_call.h - the real implementation.
* google3/net/util/network_system_call_mock.h - the mock implementation.
* google3/net/util/network_system_call_unittest.cc - the unit test and demo.
#### Mock Bigtable
Please see the
[Svala](https://sites.google.com/a/google.com/te-zrh/tools--technologies/gmock-bigtable)
project for a gMock-based Bigtable implementation.
#### Add Yours Here
Don't be shy! If you've created a mock class using gMock and think it would be
useful to other Googlers, write an entry about it on this wiki page so that
people can learn about it.

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#### Matching Protocol Buffers
Many Google APIs pass protocol buffers around. gMock provides some matchers for
protocol buffers. You can use them to specify that an argument must be equal (or
equivalent) to a given protocol buffer.
`EqualsProto(proto_buffer)` matches an argument iff it's equal to
`proto_buffer`, as determined by the `Equals()` method of the argument. The
argument must be a protocol buffer; pointers must be dereferenced.
Sometimes we want to test for equivalence instead of equality, i.e. we want to
use the `Equivalent()` method to compare two protocol buffers. For this we can
use `EquivToProto(proto_buffer)`.
It's worth noting that all of the matchers we mention here make a copy of
`proto_buffer`. This means that you can use a matcher even if the original
protocol buffer used for creating the matcher has been destroyed. Just one less
thing for you to worry about!
Note that `EqualsProto` and `EquivToProto` work for both proto1 and proto2. They
are declared in `gmock.h`, so you do not have to include other files. See
go/protomatchers for more proto buffer matching goodies.
In addition: One application of `Property()` is testing protocol buffers:
<a name="table1"></a>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1">
<tr>
<td> `Property(&MyProto::has_size, true)` </td>
<td> Matches `proto` where `proto.has_size()` returns `true`. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `Property(&MyProto::size, Gt(5))` </td>
<td> Matches `proto` where `proto.size()` is greater than 5. </td>
</tr>
</table>

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### I need to mock a Stubby server. Should I use gMock or the service mocker? {#GMockVsServiceMocker}
To quote PiotrKaminski, the author of the service mocker:
You can find an introduction to the service mocker
[here](http://go/stubby-codelab#test-client), and detailed documentation in
net/rpc/testing/public/servicemocker.h. As I'm the author of the framework my
opinion on it can hardly be objective, but here are the main advantages it has
over gMock when it comes to mocking Stubby services:
* Services are mocked dynamically so there's no need to manually write mock
service implementations.
* The client's calls go through a real Stubby channel, which will catch some
errors that calling a service implementation directly would miss.
* The service mocker is aware of sync/async client distinctions and common
Stubby threading strategies, and in general allows you to exert more control
over when the callback is made.
* The base syntax and semantics are very similar to gMock, but Stubby-specific
matchers and actions make the testing code more compact.
* A powerful expectation grouping mechanism allows expressing complicated
async call ordering constraints in a readable fashion.
* By the end of the week, there'll be built-in support for testing call
cancellation.
Some disadvantages:
* The service mocker documentation is not as good as gMock's.
* The error messages are probably not as good as gMock's either.
* You can only mock services, not arbitrary classes. Expectations do not
interact with gMock's.
* Slightly different expectation matching semantics in corner cases, which
could get confusing if you're using gMock as well.
In my biased opinion, if you only need to mock out Stubby services, you should
look at the service mocker first. If you need to mock out other classes too, and
especially if you need to express relationships between service and other
expectations, you're probably better off with gMock.

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#### Mock Callbacks
Callbacks (`"base/callback.h"`) are widely used in `google3` to package data and
logic together. Sometimes you want to test how your code invokes callbacks (with
what arguments, how many times, in which order, and etc). This is a job cut out
for mock callbacks.
`"testing/base/public/mock-callback.h"` defines a class template to mock
callbacks. Given arbitrary types `R`, `T1`, ..., and `Tn`, class
**`MockCallback<R(T1, ..., Tn)>`** mocks a callback that takes arguments of type
`T1`, ..., and `Tn`, and returns type `R`, which can be `void`. This class is
derived from its corresponding abstract callback classed defined in
`"base/callback.h"`, for example:
* `MockCallback<void()>` inherits from `Closure`,
* `MockCallback<void(int, double)>` inherits from `Callback2<int, double>`,
* `MockCallback<int()>` derives from `ResultCallback<int>`, and
* `MockCallback<string(bool)>` derives from `ResultCallback1<string, bool>`.
Compared with the various classes in `"base/callback.h"`, the mock classes share
the same name and only differ in the template arguments, so you will never have
trouble remembering which is called what.
Like a real callback, a mock callback can be either *single-use* or *permanent*.
A single-use mock callback will delete itself when invoked. A permanent mock
callback will not and thus can be invoked many times - you have to make sure it
is deleted somehow.
Since a mock object verifies all expectations on its mock methods in the
destructor, please link with `//base:heapcheck` (it is already linked
automatically if you link with `//testing/base/public:gtest_main`) to make sure
all mock callbacks
are properly deleted.
`MockCallback<R(T1, ..., Tn)>` has a mock method `OnRun()` with the signature:
```cpp
R OnRun(T1, ..., Tn);
```
`OnRun()` will be called whenever the mock callback is invoked. Note that we
don't name it `Run()` to match the method in the base class, as doing so will
interfere with mocking single-use callbacks.
Finally, `"mock-callback.h"` is a header-only library, so just include it and
go. Here's a complete example on how you use it:
```cpp
#include "testing/base/public/mock-callback.h"
// 1. Import the necessary names from the testing name space.
using ::testing::_;
using ::testing::MockCallback;
using ::testing::NotNull;
using ::testing::NewMockCallback;
using ::testing::NewPermanentMockCallback;
using ::testing::SetArgPointee;
TEST(FooTest, DoesBar) {
// 2. Create a single-use mock callback using NewMockCallback(), or
// a permanent mock callback using NewPermanentMockCallback().
MockCallback<string(int n, bool show_sign)>* show_int = NewMockCallback();
std::unique_ptr<MockCallback<void(int* count)> > get_count(
NewPermanentMockCallback());
// 3. Set expectations on the OnRun() method of the mock callbacks.
EXPECT_CALL(*show_int, OnRun(5, true))
.WillOnce(Return("+5"));
EXPECT_CALL(*get_count, OnRun(NotNull()))
.WillOnce(SetArgPointee<0>(1))
.WillOnce(SetArgPointee<0>(2));
// 4. Exercise code that uses the mock callbacks. The single-use
// mock callback show_int will be verified and deleted when it's
// called. Link with //base:heapcheck to make sure it is not
// leaked.
Foo(5, show_int, get_count.get());
// Foo()'s signature:
// void Foo(int n, ResultCallback2<string, int, bool>* show_int,
// Callback1<int*>* get_count);
// 5. The permanent mock callback will be verified and deleted here,
// thanks to the std::unique_ptr.
}
```
Did you notice that you don't specify the types when calling `NewMockCallback()`
and `NewPermanentMockCallback()`? Apparently they can read your mind and know
the type of the mock callback you want. :-)
(Seriously, these functions figure out their return types from the
left-hand-side of the assignment or the initialization, with the help of some
template tricks. But you don't need to understand how they work in order to use
mock callbacks.)

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### Can I use gMock in multi-threaded programs?
googletest was designed with thread-safety in mind. It uses synchronization
primitives from `google3` to be thread-safe. If you work in `google3`, you can
use gMock in multiple threads safely. If you work outside of `google3` and need
gMock to be thread-safe, please let us know.
For more details on how to use gMock with threads, read this
[recipe](#UsingThreads).

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### Protocol Buffer Matchers {#ProtoMatchers}
(go/protomatchers)
In the following, `argument` can be either a protocol buffer (version 1 or
version 2) or a pointer to it, and `proto` can be either a protocol buffer or a
human-readable ASCII string representing it (e.g. `"foo: 5"`). If you need help
writing the ASCII string, read go/textformat. "Fully-initialized" below means
all `required` fields are set.
<a name="table15"></a>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1">
<tr>
<td> `EqualsInitializedProto(proto)` </td>
<td> `argument` is fully-initialized and equal to `proto`. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `EqualsProto(proto)` </td>
<td> `argument` is equal to `proto`. Can also be used as a multi-argument matcher; see below. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `EquivToInitializedProto(proto)` </td>
<td> `argument` is fully-initialized and equivalent to `proto`. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `EquivToProto(proto)` </td>
<td> `argument` is equivalent to `proto`. Can also be used as a multi-argument matcher; see below. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `IsInitializedProto()` </td>
<td> `argument` is a fully-initialized protocol buffer. </td>
</tr>
</table>
Both Equiv and Equal matchers checks that two protocol buffers have identical
values, however only Equal matchers ensure that the protocol buffers fields were
set the same way (explicitly or through their default value).
When these matchers are given a string parameter, they *optionally* accept the
type of the protocol buffer as a template argument, e.g.
`EqualsProto<MyPB>("bar: 'xyz'")`.
The following *protocol buffer matcher transformers* in namespace
`::testing::proto` change the behavior of a matcher:
<a name="table16"></a>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1">
<tr>
<td> `Approximately(proto_matcher)` </td>
<td> The same as `proto_matcher` except that it compares floating-point fields approximately. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `Approximately(proto_matcher, margin)` </td>
<td> The same as `Approximately(proto_matcher)` except that two floating-point fields are considered equal if their absolute difference is <= `margin`. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `Approximately(proto_matcher, margin, fraction)` </td>
<td> The same as `Approximately(proto_matcher)` except that two floating-point fields are considered equal if their absolute difference is <= `margin` or their fractional difference is <= `fraction`. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `TreatingNaNsAsEqual(proto_matcher)` </td>
<td> The same as `proto_matcher` except that two floating-point fields are considered equal if both are NaN, matching the behavior of `NanSensitiveDoubleEq()`. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `IgnoringRepeatedFieldOrdering(proto_matcher)` </td>
<td> The same as `proto_matcher` except that it ignores ordering of elements within repeated fields (see `proto2::MessageDifferencer::TreatAsSet()` for more details). </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `IgnoringFieldPaths({"some_field.subfield"}, proto_matcher)` </td>
<td> The same as `proto_matcher` except that it ignores the value of field `subfield` in field `some_field`. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `Partially(proto_matcher)` </td>
<td> The same as `proto_matcher` except that only fields present in the expected protocol buffer are considered. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `WhenDeserialized(typed_proto_matcher)` </td>
<td> `argument` is a string in the protocol buffer binary format that can be deserialized to a protocol buffer matching `typed_proto_matcher`. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `WhenDeserializedAs<PB>(matcher)` </td>
<td> `argument` is a string in the protocol buffer binary format that can be deserialized to a protocol buffer of type `PB` that matches `matcher`. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `WhenParsedFromProtoText(typed_proto_matcher)` </td>
<td> `argument` is a string in the protocol buffer text format that can be parsed to a protocol buffer matching `typed_proto_matcher`. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `WhenParsedFromProtoTextAs<PB>(matcher)` </td>
<td> `argument` is a string in the protocol buffer text format that can be parsed to a protocol buffer of type `PB` that matches `matcher`. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `WhenUnpacked(typed_proto_matcher)` </td>
<td> `argument` is a `google.protobuf.Any` that can be unpacked into a protocol buffer of the type of `typed_proto_matcher` that matches that matcher. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `WhenUnpackedTo<PB>(matcher)` </td>
<td> `argument` is a `google.protobuf.Any` that can be unpacked into a protocol buffer of type `PB` that matches `matcher`. </td>
</tr>
</table>
where:
* `proto_matcher` can be any of the `Equals*` and `EquivTo*` protocol buffer
matchers above,
* `typed_proto_matcher` can be an `Equals*` or `EquivTo*` protocol buffer
matcher where the type of the expected protocol buffer is known at run time
(e.g. `EqualsProto(expected_pb)` or `EqualsProto<MyPB>("bar: 'xyz'")`).
* `matcher` can be any matcher that can be used to match a `PB` value, e.g.
`EqualsProto("bar: 'xyz'")`, `Not(EqualsProto(my_pb))`.
`Approximately()`, `Partially()`, and `TreatingNaNsAsEqual()` can be combined,
e.g. `Partially(Approximately(EqualsProto(foo)))`.
Note that `EqualsProto()` and `EquivToProto()` can be used as multi-argument
matchers that match a 2-tuple of protos. The following example shows how to
compare two vectors of protos.
```cpp
vector<MyProto> actual;
vector<MyProto> expected;
... // Fill vectors with data
EXPECT_THAT(actual, Pointwise(EqualsProto(), expected));
```
Similarly, they can be used to compare a vector of protos against a vector of
strings.
```cpp
vector<MyProto> actual;
... // Fill 'actual' with data
vector<string> expected {"foo:<bar:1>", "foo:<bar:2>"};
EXPECT_THAT(actual, Pointwise(EqualsProto(), expected));
// Or, concisely:
EXPECT_THAT(actual, Pointwise(EqualsProto(), {"foo:<bar:1>", "foo:<bar:2>"}));
```
<a name="table17"></a>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1">
<tr>
<td> `EqualsProto()` </td>
<td> `x.Equals(y)` </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `EquivToProto()` </td>
<td> `x.Equivalent(y)` </td>
</tr>
</table>

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### Stubby Actions
gMock has the following actions to provide limited support for mocking Stubby
(go/stubby) services. You can use them to return a canned answer from a Stubby
call, which has the signature `void Method(RPC*, const Request*, Response*
response, Closure* done)`. You should consider using Service Mocker
(go/servicemocker) instead if your need is more complex.
<a name="table35"></a>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1">
<tr>
<td> `BeDone()` </td>
<td> Calls the `done` closure. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `FailWith(status)` </td>
<td> Fails the RPC with the given RPC status code. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `FailWithUtilStatus(util_status)` </td>
<td> Fails the RPC with the given util::Status error code. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `RespondWith(proto)` </td>
<td> Sets the `response` argument to the given protocol buffer, and calls the `done` closure. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `RespondWith(proto_string)` </td>
<td> Sets the `response` argument to the protocol buffer parsed from the given ASCII string, and calls the `done` closure. </td>
</tr>
</table>

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#### Testing LOG()s {#TestingLogs}
LOG()s are widely used in `google3` programs. They make it possible to diagnose
a server crash when you don't have the luxury of reproducing the bug. They are
also great as a [tool for refactoring](http://go/log-pin).
Often we need to test how a piece of code calls LOG()s. Traditionally, this has
been done using [golden files](http://go/log-pin), which is tedious to set up
and brittle (what if a library you depend on starts to generate its own logs?).
The [`ScopedMemoryLog`](http://go/gunit-faq-scoped-mock-log) class was created
to allow writing robust LOG tests, but using it beyond the most basic scenario
can be awkward.
With gMock we have a better solution. `testing/base/public/mock-log.h` defines a
mock log sink class `ScopedMockLog`. A `ScopedMockLog` object intercepts all
LOG()s (except `LOG(FATAL)`) while it is alive. This object has a mock method of
this signature:
```cpp
void Log(LogSeverity severity, const string& path, const string& message);
```
This file comes with gUnit and gMock, so there is no need to add any dependency
to your `BUILD` rule in order to use it.
Here are some ideas on how to make use of it:
To test that the code generates exactly one warning message (and nothing else):
```cpp
using ::testing::_;
using ::testing::kDoNotCaptureLogsYet;
using ::testing::ScopedMockLog;
...
ScopedMockLog log(kDoNotCaptureLogsYet);
EXPECT_CALL(log, Log(WARNING, _, "Expected warning."));
log.StartCapturingLogs();
... code that LOG()s ...
```
To test that a particular message is logged exactly once (but there can be other
log messages with different contents):
```cpp
using ::testing::_;
using ::testing::kDoNotCaptureLogsYet;
using ::testing::AnyNumber;
using ::testing::ScopedMockLog;
...
ScopedMockLog log(kDoNotCaptureLogsYet);
EXPECT_CALL(log, Log).Times(AnyNumber());
EXPECT_CALL(log, Log(INFO, _, "Expected message"));
log.StartCapturingLogs();
... code that LOG()s ...
```
To test that no `ERROR` is logged (but there can be other log messages with
different severities):
```cpp
using ::testing::_;
using ::testing::kDoNotCaptureLogsYet;
using ::testing::AnyNumber;
using ::testing::ScopedMockLog;
...
ScopedMockLog log(kDoNotCaptureLogsYet);
EXPECT_CALL(log, Log).Times(AnyNumber());
EXPECT_CALL(log, Log(ERROR, _, _))
.Times(0);
log.StartCapturingLogs();
... code that LOG()s ...
```
To test that a particular message is logged at least once (and there can be
other log messages):
```cpp
using ::testing::_;
using ::testing::kDoNotCaptureLogsYet;
using ::testing::AnyNumber;
using ::testing::AtLeast;
using ::testing::ScopedMockLog;
...
ScopedMockLog log(kDoNotCaptureLogsYet);
EXPECT_CALL(log, Log).Times(AnyNumber());
EXPECT_CALL(log, Log(INFO, _, "Expected message"))
.Times(AtLeast(1));
log.StartCapturingLogs();
... code that LOG()s ...
```
To test that three LOG()s occur sequentially:
```cpp
using ::testing::_;
using ::testing::kDoNotCaptureLogsYet;
using ::testing::InSequence;
using ::testing::ScopedMockLog;
...
ScopedMockLog log(kDoNotCaptureLogsYet);
{
InSequence s;
EXPECT_CALL(log, Log(INFO, _, "Log #1"));
EXPECT_CALL(log, Log(WARNING, _, "Log #2"));
EXPECT_CALL(log, Log(INFO, _, "Log #3"));
}
log.StartCapturingLogs();
... code that LOG()s ...
```
To test that the log message contains a certain sub-string:
```cpp
using ::testing::_;
using ::testing::kDoNotCaptureLogsYet;
using ::testing::HasSubstr;
using ::testing::ScopedMockLog;
...
ScopedMockLog log(kDoNotCaptureLogsYet);
EXPECT_CALL(log, Log(WARNING, _, HasSubstr("needle")));
log.StartCapturingLogs();
... code that LOG()s ...
```
To test that a given module generates a specific log:
```cpp
using ::testing::kDoNotCaptureLogsYet;
using ::testing::ScopedMockLog;
...
ScopedMockLog log(kDoNotCaptureLogsYet);
EXPECT_CALL(log, Log(WARNING, "path/to/my_module.cc", "Expected warning."));
log.StartCapturingLogs();
... code that LOG()s ...
```
To test that code doesn't log anything at all:
```cpp
using ::testing::_;
using ::testing::kDoNotCaptureLogsYet;
using ::testing::ScopedMockLog;
...
ScopedMockLog log(kDoNotCaptureLogsYet);
EXPECT_CALL(log, Log).Times(0);
log.StartCapturingLogs();
... code that does not LOG() ...
```
**Warning:** For robust tests, either ignore unexpected logs (loose), or ignore
logs in other modules (tight), otherwise your test may break if their logging
changes.
```cpp
using ::testing::_;
using ::testing::AnyNumber;
using ::testing::kDoNotCaptureLogsYet;
using ::testing::Not;
using ::testing::ScopedMockLog;
// ...
// Simple robust setup, ignores unexpected logs.
ScopedMockLog log(kDoNotCaptureLogsYet);
EXPECT_CALL(log, Log).Times(AnyNumber()); // Ignore unexpected logs.
EXPECT_CALL(log, Log(ERROR, "path/to/my_file.cc", _))
.Times(3); // Verifies logs from my_file.cc.
log.StartCapturingLogs();
// ... code that LOG()s ...
// ...
// Tighter alternative.
ScopedMockLog log(kDoNotCaptureLogsYet);
EXPECT_CALL(log, Log(_, Not("path/to/my_file.cc"), _))
.Times(AnyNumber()); // Ignores other modules.
EXPECT_CALL(log, Log(ERROR, "path/to/my_file.cc", _))
.Times(3); // Verifies logs from my_file.cc.
log.StartCapturingLogs();
// ... code that LOG()s ...
```
To test `LOG(DFATAL)`, use
[`EXPECT_DFATAL`](/third_party/googletest/googletest/docs/google3_faq#testing-death-in-debug-mode)
instead.

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#### Testing Code that Uses a Stubby Server
(Contributed by JonWray on 2008/3/11; updated by ZhanyongWan later.)
I'm testing a C++ frontend that calls several different backends, but I'll just
include an example for one to keep this relatively short. This example is
mocking a `CacheServer` backend. An explanation follows the code.
```cpp
using ::testing::_;
using ::testing::BeDone;
using ::testing::EqualsProto;
using ::testing::RespondWith;
class MockCacheServer : public CacheServerRPC {
public:
MockCacheServer(HTTPServer *hs) {
rpc2::EnableRPC2(this, rpc2::ServiceParameters());
CacheServerRPC::ExportService(hs);
ON_CALL(*this, Insert).WillByDefault(BeDone());
ON_CALL(*this, Lookup).WillByDefault(BeDone());
}
MOCK_METHOD(void, Insert,
(RPC*, const CacheInsertCommandProto*, CacheInsertResultsProto*,
Closure*),
(override));
MOCK_METHOD(void, Lookup,
(RPC*, const CacheLookupCommandProto*, CacheLookupResultsProto*,
Closure*),
(override));
};
...
// This is in the test fixture.
MockCacheServer cacheserver_;
...
// Now the code that uses it:
CacheLookupCommandProto command;
// Init command
CacheLookupResultsProto results;
// Init results
EXPECT_CALL(cacheserver_, Lookup(_, EqualsProto(command), _, _))
.WillOnce(RespondWith(results));
```
In the success case, the command matches the `EXPECT_CALL`, so results is set
and the callback is called.
In the failure case, the command matches the default `ON_CALL`, the results are
not set, and the done closure is called (don't want the test to hang).
So it's a bit ugly, but given that I need to mock five backends, I think it's
better than doing this manually. The best part is the nicely formatted error
messages when the expected call is incorrect. Once all this scaffolding is in
place, it's easy to churn out test suites.
**Discussions:**
* ZhanyongWan: `StubbySimulator` by Mike Bland might also be useful:
google3/testing/lib/net/rpc/stubby_simulator.h.
* JonWray: This is turning a mock into a fake, isn't it? All requests are
accepted, and you can write logic to set the reply conditionally on the
request. The interesting thing is the logic moves from the mock class into
the test suite.
* MikeBland: It's sort of a Frankenstein, but it works well for my purposes.
It collaborates with a mock Stubby server, which sets the expectation and
does the actual intercepting of the args, and then gives you the freedom to
fiddle with the results while the RPC is conceptually "in flight". This is
especially handy for "pausing" the RPC and having it return a state other
than `RPC::OK`. This sort of approach to splitting RPC calls into separate
objects from ControlFlows was first explored in
[TotT Episode 46](http://tott/2007/06/episode-46-encapsulated-rpcs-or.html).
* PiotrKaminski: The [Service Mocker](http://go/servicemocker) is a gMock-like
framework that specializes in mocking Stubby services. It allows for small,
in-process tests, doesn't require manually writing a service mock, and can
deal with async clients, streaming and testing for cancellations.

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### Useful Matchers Defined Outside of gMock
#### std::tuple
**deps:** `"//util/tuple:matchers"` <br>
`#include "util/tuple/matchers.h"` <br>
In namespace `util::tuple::testing`:
<a name="table21"></a>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1">
<tr>
<td> `Tuple(m0, m1, ..., mn)` </td>
<td> `argument` is a `std::tuple` const reference with `n + 1` elements, where the i-th element matches `std::get*(argument)` </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `FieldPairsAre(m0, m1, ..., mn)` </td>
<td> matches a pair (2-tuple) of tuples where matcher `mi` matches the i-th fields of the tuples; usually for use inside `Pointwise()` or `UnorderedPointwise()` </td>
</tr>
</table>
#### Web
**deps:** `"//webutil/url:test_utils"` <br>
`#include "webutil/url/test_utils.h"`
<a name="table23"></a>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1">
<tr>
<td> `webutil_url::testing::HasUrlArg(key)` </td>
<td> `argument` is a URL string that has a query argument whose name is `key`. E.g. `http://foo.com/bar?key=value` </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `webutil_url::testing::HasUrlArg(key, m)` </td>
<td> `argument` is a URL string that has a query argument whose name is `key` and whose value matches `m`. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `webutil_url::testing::HasUrlPathParam(key)` </td>
<td> `argument` is a URL string that has a path parameter whose name is `key`. E.g. `http://foo.com/bar;key=value` </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> `webutil_url::testing::HasUrlPathParam(key, m)` </td>
<td> `argument` is a URL string that has a path parameter whose name is `key` and whose value matches `m`. </td>
</tr>
</table>
**deps:** `"//third_party/jsoncpp:testing"` <br>
`#include "third_party/jsoncpp/testing.h"`
<a name="table24"></a>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1">
<tr>
<td> `Json::testing::EqualsJson(json)` </td>
<td> `argument` is a string that represents the same Json value as the `json` string does. </td>
</tr>
</table>
#### Encoding
**deps:** `"//testing/lib/util/coding:varint"` <br>
`#include "testing/lib/util/coding/varint.h"`
<a name="table25"></a>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1">
<tr>
<td> `testing_lib_util_coding::EncodesVarint64(n)` </td>
<td> `argument` is a string that represents a Varint encoding of `n`, a `uint64` value. </td>
</tr>
</table>
#### XPath
**deps:** `"//template/prototemplate/testing:xpath_matcher"` <br>
`#include "template/prototemplate/testing/xpath_matcher.h"`
<a name="table26"></a>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1">
<tr>
<td> `prototemplate::testing::MatchesXPath(str)` </td>
<td> `argument` is a well-formed HTML/XML string that matches the given [XPath](http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath/#contents) expression. </td>
</tr>
</table>
#### Flume
**deps:** `"//pipeline/flume/contrib:matchers"` <br>
`#include "pipeline/flume/contrib/matchers.h"`
<a name="table27"></a>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1">
<tr>
<td> `flume::testing::Kv(key_matcher, value_matcher)` </td>
<td> `argument` is a `KV` where the key matches `key_matcher` and the value matches `value_matcher`. </td>
</tr>
</table>
#### i18n strings
**deps:** `"///i18n/testing/public:expecti18n"` <br>
`#include "google3/i18n/testing/public/expecti18n.h"`
<a name="table28"></a>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1">
<tr>
<td> `i18n_testing::I18nEq(utf8)` </td>
<td> `argument` is a `absl::string_view` whose content matches `utf8` allowing for locale data changes.
In case it does not match, the error message contains both a readable version of both strings and the list of
decoded codepoints.</td>
</tr>
</table>

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See also the [Wrap External APIs](http://go/d4tg/wrap-external.html) chapter of
the
*[Design for Testability Guide](http://www.corp.google.com/eng/howto/testing/testability_guide/)*.

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# Content Moved
We are working on updates to the GoogleTest documentation, which has moved to
the top-level [docs](../../docs) directory.