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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="heap.concepts"></a><a class="link" href="concepts.html" title="Concepts &amp; Interface">Concepts &amp; Interface</a>
</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="section"><a href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.basic">Basic Priority Queue Interface</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.iterators">Priority Queue Iterators</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.comparing">Comparing Priority Queues &amp;
Equivalence</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.merge">Merging Priority Queues</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.mutability">Mutability</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.stability">Stability</a></span></dt>
</dl></div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="heap.concepts.basic"></a><a class="link" href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.basic" title="Basic Priority Queue Interface">Basic Priority Queue Interface</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Priority queues are queues of objects, that are ordered by their priority.
They support the operations of adding nodes to the data structure, accessing
the top element (the element with the highest priority), and removing the
top element.
</p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
<code class="literal">boost.heap</code> implements priority queues as max-heaps to
be consistent with the STL heap functions. This is in contrast to the typical
textbook design, which uses min-heaps.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
<h6>
<a name="heap.concepts.basic.h0"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="heap.concepts.basic.synopsis"></a></span><a class="link" href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.basic.synopsis">Synopsis</a>
</h6>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="special">...</span><span class="identifier">Options</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">priority_queue</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// types</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="identifier">value_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>unspecified</em></span> <span class="identifier">size_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>unspecified</em></span> <span class="identifier">difference_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>unspecified</em></span> <span class="identifier">allocator_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>unspecified</em></span> <span class="identifier">value_compare</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>unspecified</em></span> <span class="identifier">reference</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>unspecified</em></span> <span class="identifier">const_reference</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>unspecified</em></span> <span class="identifier">pointer</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>unspecified</em></span> <span class="identifier">const_pointer</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="comment">// construct/copy/destruct</span>
<span class="keyword">explicit</span> <span class="identifier">priority_queue</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">value_compare</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">value_compare</span><span class="special">());</span>
<span class="identifier">priority_queue</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">priority_queue</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;);</span>
<span class="identifier">priority_queue</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">=(</span><span class="identifier">priority_queue</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;);</span>
<span class="identifier">priority_queue</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">priority_queue</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;);</span> <span class="comment">// move semantics (C++11 only)</span>
<span class="identifier">priority_queue</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">=(</span><span class="identifier">priority_queue</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;);</span> <span class="comment">// move semantics (C++11 only)</span>
<span class="comment">// public member functions</span>
<span class="emphasis"><em>unspecified</em></span> <span class="identifier">push</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">const_reference</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// push new element to heap</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span><span class="special">...</span> <span class="identifier">Args</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">emplace</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Args</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;...);</span> <span class="comment">// push new element to heap, C++11 only</span>
<span class="identifier">const_reference</span> <span class="identifier">top</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// return top element</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">pop</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="comment">// remove top element</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">clear</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="comment">// clear heap</span>
<span class="identifier">size_type</span> <span class="identifier">size</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// number of elements</span>
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">empty</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// priority queue is empty</span>
<span class="identifier">allocator_type</span> <span class="identifier">get_allocator</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// return allocator</span>
<span class="identifier">size_type</span> <span class="identifier">max_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// maximal possible size</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">reserve</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">size_type</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// reserve space, only available if (has_reserve == true)</span>
<span class="comment">// heap equivalence</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">HeapType</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">==(</span><span class="identifier">HeapType</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">HeapType</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">!=(</span><span class="identifier">HeapType</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="comment">// heap comparison</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">HeapType</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;(</span><span class="identifier">HeapType</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">HeapType</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">HeapType</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">HeapType</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&gt;=(</span><span class="identifier">HeapType</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">HeapType</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;=(</span><span class="identifier">HeapType</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="comment">// public data members</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">constant_time_size</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// size() has constant complexity</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">has_ordered_iterators</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// priority queue has <a class="link" href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.iterators" title="Priority Queue Iterators">ordered iterators</a></span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">is_mergable</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// priority queue is efficiently <a class="link" href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.merge" title="Merging Priority Queues">mergable</a></span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">is_stable</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// priority queue has a <a class="link" href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.stability" title="Stability">stable heap order</a></span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">has_reserve</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// priority queue has a reserve() member</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<h6>
<a name="heap.concepts.basic.h1"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="heap.concepts.basic.example"></a></span><a class="link" href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.basic.example">Example</a>
</h6>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">// PriorityQueue is expected to be a max-heap of integer values</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">PriorityQueue</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">basic_interface</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">PriorityQueue</span> <span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"Priority Queue: popped elements"</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">top</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">" "</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// 3</span>
<span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">pop</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">top</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">" "</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// 2</span>
<span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">pop</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">top</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">" "</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// 1</span>
<span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">pop</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="heap.concepts.iterators"></a><a class="link" href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.iterators" title="Priority Queue Iterators">Priority Queue Iterators</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="section"><a href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.iterators.ordered_iterators">Ordered
Iterators</a></span></dt></dl></div>
<h6>
<a name="heap.concepts.iterators.h0"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="heap.concepts.iterators.synopsis"></a></span><a class="link" href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.iterators.synopsis">Synopsis</a>
</h6>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">iteratable_heap_interface</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="comment">// types</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>unspecified</em></span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>unspecified</em></span> <span class="identifier">const_iterator</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>unspecified</em></span> <span class="identifier">ordered_iterator</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="comment">// public member functions</span>
<span class="identifier">iterator</span> <span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">iterator</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">ordered_iterator</span> <span class="identifier">ordered_begin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">ordered_iterator</span> <span class="identifier">ordered_end</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
Priority queues provide iterators, that can be used to traverse their elements.
All heap iterators are const_iterators, that means they cannot be used to
modify the values, because changing the value of a heap node may corrupt
the heap order. Details about modifying heap nodes are described in the section
about the <a class="link" href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.mutability" title="Mutability">mutability interface</a>.
</p>
<p>
Iterators do not visit heap elements in any specific order. Unless otherwise
noted, all non-const heap member functions invalidate iterators, while all
const member functions preserve the iterator validity.
</p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
Some implementations require iterators, that contain a set of elements,
that are <span class="bold"><strong>discovered</strong></span>, but not <span class="bold"><strong>visited</strong></span>. Therefore copying iterators can be inefficient
and should be avoided.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
<h6>
<a name="heap.concepts.iterators.h1"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="heap.concepts.iterators.example"></a></span><a class="link" href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.iterators.example">Example</a>
</h6>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">// PriorityQueue is expected to be a max-heap of integer values</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">PriorityQueue</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">iterator_interface</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">PriorityQueue</span> <span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">PriorityQueue</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span> <span class="identifier">begin</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">PriorityQueue</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span> <span class="identifier">end</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"Priority Queue: iteration"</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">PriorityQueue</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span> <span class="identifier">it</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">it</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">it</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">it</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">" "</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// 1, 2, 3 in unspecified order</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="heap.concepts.iterators.ordered_iterators"></a><a class="link" href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.iterators.ordered_iterators" title="Ordered Iterators">Ordered
Iterators</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
Except for <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/heap/priority_queue.html" title="Class template priority_queue">boost::heap::priority_queue</a></code>
all <code class="literal">boost.heap</code> data structures support ordered iterators,
which visit all elements of the heap in heap-order. The implementation
of these <code class="literal">ordered_iterator</code>s requires some internal bookkeeping,
so iterating the a heap in heap order has an amortized complexity of O(N*log(N)).
</p>
<h6>
<a name="heap.concepts.iterators.ordered_iterators.h0"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="heap.concepts.iterators.ordered_iterators.example"></a></span><a class="link" href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.iterators.ordered_iterators.example">Example</a>
</h6>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">// PriorityQueue is expected to be a max-heap of integer values</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">PriorityQueue</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">ordered_iterator_interface</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">PriorityQueue</span> <span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">PriorityQueue</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ordered_iterator</span> <span class="identifier">begin</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ordered_begin</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">PriorityQueue</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ordered_iterator</span> <span class="identifier">end</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ordered_end</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"Priority Queue: ordered iteration"</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">PriorityQueue</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ordered_iterator</span> <span class="identifier">it</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">it</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">it</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">it</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">" "</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// 3, 2, 1 (i.e. 1, 2, 3 in heap order)</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="heap.concepts.comparing"></a><a class="link" href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.comparing" title="Comparing Priority Queues &amp; Equivalence">Comparing Priority Queues &amp;
Equivalence</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
The data structures of <code class="literal">boost.heap</code> can be compared with
standard comparison operators. The comparison is performed by comparing two
heaps element by element using <code class="literal">value_compare</code>.
</p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
Depending on the heap type, this operation can be rather expensive, because
both data structures need to be traversed in heap order. On heaps without
ordered iterators, the heap needs to be copied internally. The typical
complexity is O(n log(n)).
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="heap.concepts.merge"></a><a class="link" href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.merge" title="Merging Priority Queues">Merging Priority Queues</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<h4>
<a name="heap.concepts.merge.h0"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="heap.concepts.merge.mergable_priority_queues"></a></span><a class="link" href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.merge.mergable_priority_queues">Mergable
Priority Queues</a>
</h4>
<h6>
<a name="heap.concepts.merge.h1"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="heap.concepts.merge.synopsis"></a></span><a class="link" href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.merge.synopsis">Synopsis</a>
</h6>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">mergable_heap_interface</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="comment">// public member functions</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">merge</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">mergable_heap_interface</span> <span class="special">&amp;);</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
<code class="literal">boost.heap</code> has a concept of a Mergable Priority Queue.
A mergable priority queue can efficiently be merged with a different instance
of the same type.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="heap.concepts.merge.h2"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="heap.concepts.merge.example"></a></span><a class="link" href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.merge.example">Example</a>
</h6>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">// PriorityQueue is expected to be a max-heap of integer values</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">PriorityQueue</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">merge_interface</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">PriorityQueue</span> <span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">5</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">PriorityQueue</span> <span class="identifier">pq2</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">pq2</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">pq2</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">4</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">pq2</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">merge</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">pq2</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"Priority Queue: merge"</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"first queue: "</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">while</span> <span class="special">(!</span><span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">empty</span><span class="special">())</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">top</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">" "</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// 5 4 3 2 1 0</span>
<span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">pop</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"second queue: "</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">while</span> <span class="special">(!</span><span class="identifier">pq2</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">empty</span><span class="special">())</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">pq2</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">top</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">" "</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// 4 2 0</span>
<span class="identifier">pq2</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">pop</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<h4>
<a name="heap.concepts.merge.h3"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="heap.concepts.merge.heap_merge_algorithms"></a></span><a class="link" href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.merge.heap_merge_algorithms">Heap
Merge Algorithms</a>
</h4>
<p>
<code class="literal">boost.heap</code> provides a <code class="literal">heap_merge()</code>
algorithm that is can be used to merge different kinds of heaps. Using this
algorithm, all <code class="literal">boost.heap</code> data structures can be merged,
although some cannot be merged efficiently.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="heap.concepts.merge.h4"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="heap.concepts.merge.example0"></a></span><a class="link" href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.merge.example0">Example</a>
</h6>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">// PriorityQueue is expected to be a max-heap of integer values</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">PriorityQueue</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">heap_merge_algorithm</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">PriorityQueue</span> <span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">5</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">PriorityQueue</span> <span class="identifier">pq2</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">pq2</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">pq2</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">4</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">pq2</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">heap</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">heap_merge</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">pq2</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"Priority Queue: merge"</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"first queue: "</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">while</span> <span class="special">(!</span><span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">empty</span><span class="special">())</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">top</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">" "</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// 5 4 3 2 1 0</span>
<span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">pop</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"second queue: "</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">while</span> <span class="special">(!</span><span class="identifier">pq2</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">empty</span><span class="special">())</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">pq2</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">top</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">" "</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// 4 2 0</span>
<span class="identifier">pq2</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">pop</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="heap.concepts.mutability"></a><a class="link" href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.mutability" title="Mutability">Mutability</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Some priority queues of <code class="literal">boost.heap</code> are mutable, that means
the priority of their elements can be changed. To achieve mutability, <code class="literal">boost.heap</code>
introduces the concept of <span class="bold"><strong>handles</strong></span>, which
can be used to access the internal nodes of the priority queue in order to
change its value and to restore the heap order.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="heap.concepts.mutability.h0"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="heap.concepts.mutability.synopsis"></a></span><a class="link" href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.mutability.synopsis">Synopsis</a>
</h6>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">mutable_heap_interface</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>unspecified</em></span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">handle_type</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">value_type</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">*()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">handle_type</span> <span class="identifier">s_iterator_to_handle</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;);</span>
<span class="comment">// priority queue interface</span>
<span class="identifier">handle_type</span> <span class="identifier">push</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="comment">// update element via assignment and fix heap</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">update</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">handle_type</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">value_type</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">increase</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">handle_type</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">value_type</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">decrease</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">handle_type</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">value_type</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="comment">// fix heap after element has been changed via the handle</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">update</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">handle_type</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">increase</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">handle_type</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">decrease</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">handle_type</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<div class="warning"><table border="0" summary="Warning">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Warning]" src="../../../doc/src/images/warning.png"></td>
<th align="left">Warning</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
Incorrect use of <code class="literal">increase</code> or <code class="literal">decrease</code>
may corrupt the priority queue data structure. If unsure use <code class="literal">update</code>
can be used at the cost of efficiency.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
<h6>
<a name="heap.concepts.mutability.h1"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="heap.concepts.mutability.example"></a></span><a class="link" href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.mutability.example">Example</a>
</h6>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">// PriorityQueue is expected to be a max-heap of integer values</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">PriorityQueue</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">mutable_interface</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">PriorityQueue</span> <span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">PriorityQueue</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">handle_type</span> <span class="identifier">handle_t</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">handle_t</span> <span class="identifier">t3</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">handle_t</span> <span class="identifier">t5</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">5</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">handle_t</span> <span class="identifier">t1</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">update</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">t3</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">increase</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">t5</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">7</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">decrease</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">t1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"Priority Queue: update"</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">while</span> <span class="special">(!</span><span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">empty</span><span class="special">())</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">top</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">" "</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// 7, 4, 0</span>
<span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">pop</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p>
Note that handles can be stored inside the <code class="literal">value_type</code>:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">heap_data</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">fibonacci_heap</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">heap_data</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">handle_type</span> <span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">payload</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">heap_data</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="identifier">payload</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;(</span><span class="identifier">heap_data</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">rhs</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">payload</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">rhs</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">payload</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">mutable_interface_handle_in_value</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">fibonacci_heap</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">heap_data</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">heap</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">heap_data</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">fibonacci_heap</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">heap_data</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">handle_type</span> <span class="identifier">handle</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">heap</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">handle</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// store handle in node</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<h4>
<a name="heap.concepts.mutability.h2"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="heap.concepts.mutability.the_fixup_interface"></a></span><a class="link" href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.mutability.the_fixup_interface">The
Fixup Interface</a>
</h4>
<p>
There are two different APIs to support mutability. The first family of functions
provides update functionality by changing the current element by assigning
a new value. The second family of functions can be used to fix the heap data
structure after an element has been changed directly via a handle. While
this provides the user with a means to modify the priority of queue elements
without the need to change their non-priority part, this needs to be handled
with care. The heap needs to be fixed up immediately after the priority of
the element has been changed.
</p>
<p>
Beside an <code class="literal">update</code> function, two additional functions <code class="literal">increase</code>
and <code class="literal">decrease</code> are provided, that are generally more efficient
than the generic <code class="literal">update</code> function. However the user has
do ensure, that the priority of an element is changed to the right direction.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="heap.concepts.mutability.h3"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="heap.concepts.mutability.example0"></a></span><a class="link" href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.mutability.example0">Example</a>
</h6>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">// PriorityQueue is expected to be a max-heap of integer values</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">PriorityQueue</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">mutable_fixup_interface</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">PriorityQueue</span> <span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">PriorityQueue</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">handle_type</span> <span class="identifier">handle_t</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">handle_t</span> <span class="identifier">t3</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">handle_t</span> <span class="identifier">t5</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">5</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">handle_t</span> <span class="identifier">t1</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">t3</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">update</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">t3</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">t5</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">7</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">increase</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">t5</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">t1</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">decrease</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">t1</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"Priority Queue: update with fixup"</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">while</span> <span class="special">(!</span><span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">empty</span><span class="special">())</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">top</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">" "</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// 7, 4, 0</span>
<span class="identifier">pq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">pop</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p>
Iterators can be converted to handles using the static member function <code class="literal">s_handle_from_iterator</code>.
However most implementations of <code class="literal">update</code> invalidate all
iterators. The most notable exception is the <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/heap/fibonacci_heap.html" title="Class template fibonacci_heap">fibonacci
heap</a></code>, providing a lazy update function, that just invalidates
the iterators, that are related to this handle.
</p>
<div class="warning"><table border="0" summary="Warning">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Warning]" src="../../../doc/src/images/warning.png"></td>
<th align="left">Warning</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
After changing the priority via a handle, the heap needs to be fixed by
calling one of the update functions. Otherwise the priority queue structure
may be corrupted!
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="heap.concepts.stability"></a><a class="link" href="concepts.html#heap.concepts.stability" title="Stability">Stability</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
A priority queue is `stable', if elements with the same priority are popped
from the heap, in the same order as they are inserted. The data structures
provided by <code class="literal">boost.heap</code>, can be configured to be stable
at compile time using the <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/heap/stable.html" title="Struct template stable">boost::heap::stable</a></code>
policy. Two notions of stability are supported. If a heap is configured with
<span class="bold"><strong>no stability</strong></span>, the order of nodes of the
same priority is undefined, if it is configured as <span class="bold"><strong>stable</strong></span>,
nodes of the same priority are ordered by their insertion time.
</p>
<p>
Stability is achieved by associating an integer version count with each value
in order to distinguish values with the same node. The type of this version
count defaults to <code class="literal">boost::uintmax_t</code>, which is at least
64bit on most systems. However it can be configured to use a different type
using the <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/heap/stability_counter_type.html" title="Struct template stability_counter_type">boost::heap::stability_counter_type</a></code>
template argument.
</p>
<div class="warning"><table border="0" summary="Warning">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Warning]" src="../../../doc/src/images/warning.png"></td>
<th align="left">Warning</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
The stability counter is prone to integer overflows. If an overflow occurs
during a <code class="literal">push()</code> call, the operation will fail and an
exception is thrown. Later <code class="literal">push()</code> call will succeed,
but the stable heap order will be compromised. However an integer overflow
at 64bit is very unlikely: if an application would issue one <code class="literal">push()</code>
operation per microsecond, the value will overflow in more than 500000
years.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright © 2010, 2011 Tim Blechmann<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
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