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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="math_toolkit.c99"></a><a class="link" href="c99.html" title="C99 C Functions">C99 C Functions</a>
</h2></div></div></div>
<h5>
<a name="math_toolkit.c99.h0"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="math_toolkit.c99.supported_c99_functions"></a></span><a class="link" href="c99.html#math_toolkit.c99.supported_c99_functions">Supported
C99 Functions</a>
</h5>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">tr1</span><span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">extern</span> <span class="string">"C"</span><span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">unspecified</span> <span class="identifier">float_t</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">unspecified</span> <span class="identifier">double_t</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">acosh</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">acoshf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">acoshl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">asinh</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">asinhf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">asinhl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">atanh</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">atanhf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">atanhl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">cbrt</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">cbrtf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">cbrtl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">copysign</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">copysignf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">copysignl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">erf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">erff</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">erfl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">erfc</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">erfcf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">erfcl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">expm1</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">expm1f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">expm1l</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">fmax</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">fmaxf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">fmaxl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">fmin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">fminf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">fminl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">hypot</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">hypotf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">hypotl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">lgamma</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">lgammaf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">lgammal</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="identifier">llround</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="identifier">llroundf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="identifier">llroundl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">log1p</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">log1pf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">log1pl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="identifier">lround</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="identifier">lroundf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="identifier">lroundl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">nextafter</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">nextafterf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">nextafterl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">nexttoward</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">nexttowardf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">nexttowardl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">round</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">roundf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">roundl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">tgamma</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">tgammaf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">tgammal</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">trunc</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">truncf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">truncl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}}}}</span> <span class="comment">// namespaces</span>
</pre>
<p>
In addition sufficient additional overloads of the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">double</span></code>
versions of the above functions are provided, so that calling the function
with any mixture of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">float</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">double</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">long</span>
<span class="keyword">double</span></code>, or <span class="emphasis"><em>integer</em></span>
arguments is supported, with the return type determined by the <a class="link" href="result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>result
type calculation rules</em></span></a>.
</p>
<p>
For example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">acoshf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">2.0f</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// float version, returns float.</span>
<span class="identifier">acosh</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">2.0f</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// also calls the float version and returns float.</span>
<span class="identifier">acosh</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">2.0</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// double version, returns double.</span>
<span class="identifier">acoshl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">2.0L</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// long double version, returns a long double.</span>
<span class="identifier">acosh</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">2.0L</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// also calls the long double version.</span>
<span class="identifier">acosh</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// integer argument is treated as a double, returns double.</span>
</pre>
<h5>
<a name="math_toolkit.c99.h1"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="math_toolkit.c99.quick_reference"></a></span><a class="link" href="c99.html#math_toolkit.c99.quick_reference">Quick
Reference</a>
</h5>
<p>
More detailed descriptions of these functions are available in the C99 standard.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">unspecified</span> <span class="identifier">float_t</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">unspecified</span> <span class="identifier">double_t</span><span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
In this implementation <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">float_t</span></code>
is the same as type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">float</span></code>, and
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">double_t</span></code> the same as type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">double</span></code> unless the preprocessor
symbol FLT_EVAL_METHOD is defined, in which case these are set as follows:
</p>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
FLT_EVAL_METHOD
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
float_t
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
double_t
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
0
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
float
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
double
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
1
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
double
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
double
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
2
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
long double
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
long double
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">acosh</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">acoshf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">acoshl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span>.
</p>
<p>
See also <a class="link" href="inv_hyper/acosh.html" title="acosh">acosh</a> for the
full template (header only) version of this function.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">asinh</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">asinhf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">asinhl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span>.
</p>
<p>
See also <a class="link" href="inv_hyper/asinh.html" title="asinh">asinh</a> for the
full template (header only) version of this function.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">atanh</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">atanhf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">atanhl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span>.
</p>
<p>
See also <a class="link" href="inv_hyper/atanh.html" title="atanh">atanh</a> for the
full template (header only) version of this function.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">cbrt</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">cbrtf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">cbrtl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Returns the cubed root of <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span>.
</p>
<p>
See also <a class="link" href="powers/cbrt.html" title="cbrt">cbrt</a> for the full
template (header only) version of this function.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">copysign</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">copysignf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">copysignl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Returns a value with the magnitude of <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span> and the sign of
<span class="emphasis"><em>y</em></span>.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">erf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">erff</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">erfl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Returns the error function of <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span>:
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../equations/erf1.svg"></span>
</p></blockquote></div>
<p>
See also <a class="link" href="sf_erf/error_function.html" title="Error Function erf and complement erfc">erf</a> for
the full template (header only) version of this function.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">erfc</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">erfcf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">erfcl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Returns the complementary error function of <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">erf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span></code>
without the loss of precision implied by the subtraction.
</p>
<p>
See also <a class="link" href="sf_erf/error_function.html" title="Error Function erf and complement erfc">erfc</a> for
the full template (header only) version of this function.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">expm1</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">expm1f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">expm1l</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Returns <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">exp</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)-</span><span class="number">1</span></code>
without the loss of precision implied by the subtraction.
</p>
<p>
See also <a class="link" href="powers/expm1.html" title="expm1">expm1</a> for the full
template (header only) version of this function.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">fmax</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">fmaxf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">fmaxl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Returns the larger (most positive) of <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>y</em></span>.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">fmin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">fminf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">fminl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Returns the smaller (most negative) of <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>y</em></span>.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">hypot</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">hypotf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">hypotl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Returns <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">sqrt</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">x</span>
<span class="special">+</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span></code>
without the danger of numeric overflow implied by that formulation.
</p>
<p>
See also <a class="link" href="powers/hypot.html" title="hypot">hypot</a> for the full
template (header only) version of this function.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">lgamma</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">lgammaf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">lgammal</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Returns the log of the gamma function of <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span>.
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../equations/lgamm1.svg"></span>
</p></blockquote></div>
<p>
See also <a class="link" href="sf_gamma/lgamma.html" title="Log Gamma">lgamma</a> for the
full template (header only) version of this function.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="identifier">llround</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="identifier">llroundf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="identifier">llroundl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Returns the value <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span> rounded to the nearest integer as
a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">long</span></code>:
equivalent to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">floor</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="number">0.5</span><span class="special">)</span></code>
</p>
<p>
See also <a class="link" href="rounding/round.html" title="Rounding Functions">round</a> for the full
template (header only) version of this function.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">log1p</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">log1pf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">log1pl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Returns the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">log</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">+</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">)</span></code> without the loss of precision implied by that
formulation.
</p>
<p>
See also <a class="link" href="powers/log1p.html" title="log1p">log1p</a> for the full
template (header only) version of this function.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="identifier">lround</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="identifier">lroundf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="identifier">lroundl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Returns the value <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span> rounded to the nearest integer as
a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">long</span></code>: equivalent to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">floor</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span>
<span class="special">+</span> <span class="number">0.5</span><span class="special">)</span></code>
</p>
<p>
See also <a class="link" href="rounding/round.html" title="Rounding Functions">round</a> for the full
template (header only) version of this function.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">nextafter</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">nextafterf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">nextafterl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Returns the next representable floating point number after <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span>
in the direction of <span class="emphasis"><em>y</em></span>, or <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span> if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">y</span></code>.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">nexttoward</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">nexttowardf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">nexttowardl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
As <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">nextafter</span></code>, but with <span class="emphasis"><em>y</em></span>
always expressed as a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span></code>.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">round</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">roundf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">roundl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Returns the value <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span> rounded to the nearest integer: equivalent
to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">floor</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="number">0.5</span><span class="special">)</span></code>
</p>
<p>
See also <a class="link" href="rounding/round.html" title="Rounding Functions">round</a> for the full
template (header only) version of this function.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">tgamma</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">tgammaf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">tgammal</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Returns the gamma function of <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span>:
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../equations/gamm1.svg"></span>
</p></blockquote></div>
<p>
See also <a class="link" href="sf_gamma/tgamma.html" title="Gamma">tgamma</a> for the
full template (header only) version of this function.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">trunc</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">truncf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">truncl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Returns <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span> truncated to the nearest integer.
</p>
<p>
See also <a class="link" href="rounding/trunc.html" title="Truncation Functions">trunc</a> for the full
template (header only) version of this function.
</p>
<p>
See also <a href="http://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG14/www/docs/n1124.pdf" target="_top">C99
ISO Standard</a>
</p>
</div>
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<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright © 2006-2021 Nikhar Agrawal, Anton Bikineev, Matthew Borland,
Paul A. Bristow, Marco Guazzone, Christopher Kormanyos, Hubert Holin, Bruno
Lalande, John Maddock, Evan Miller, Jeremy Murphy, Matthew Pulver, Johan Råde,
Gautam Sewani, Benjamin Sobotta, Nicholas Thompson, Thijs van den Berg, Daryle
Walker and Xiaogang Zhang<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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