diff --git a/include/chaiscript/chaiscript_stdlib.hpp b/include/chaiscript/chaiscript_stdlib.hpp
index ca0214a..50aa087 100644
--- a/include/chaiscript/chaiscript_stdlib.hpp
+++ b/include/chaiscript/chaiscript_stdlib.hpp
@@ -40,19 +40,20 @@ namespace chaiscript
       {
         using namespace bootstrap;
 
-        ModulePtr lib = Bootstrap::bootstrap();
+        auto lib = std::make_shared<Module>();
+        Bootstrap::bootstrap(*lib);
 
-        lib->add(standard_library::vector_type<std::vector<Boxed_Value> >("Vector"));
-        lib->add(standard_library::string_type<std::string>("string"));
-        lib->add(standard_library::map_type<std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value> >("Map"));
-        lib->add(standard_library::pair_type<std::pair<Boxed_Value, Boxed_Value > >("Pair"));
+        standard_library::vector_type<std::vector<Boxed_Value> >("Vector", *lib);
+        standard_library::string_type<std::string>("string", *lib);
+        standard_library::map_type<std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value> >("Map", *lib);
+        standard_library::pair_type<std::pair<Boxed_Value, Boxed_Value > >("Pair", *lib);
 
 #ifndef CHAISCRIPT_NO_THREADS
-        lib->add(standard_library::future_type<std::future<chaiscript::Boxed_Value>>("future"));
+        standard_library::future_type<std::future<chaiscript::Boxed_Value>>("future", *lib);
         lib->add(chaiscript::fun([](const std::function<chaiscript::Boxed_Value ()> &t_func){ return std::async(std::launch::async, t_func);}), "async");
 #endif
 
-        lib->add(json_wrap::library());
+        json_wrap::library(*lib);
 
         lib->eval(ChaiScript_Prelude::chaiscript_prelude() /*, "standard prelude"*/ );
 
diff --git a/include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bootstrap.hpp b/include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bootstrap.hpp
index 1f519dc..4bee74d 100644
--- a/include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bootstrap.hpp
+++ b/include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bootstrap.hpp
@@ -52,12 +52,12 @@ namespace chaiscript
     }
 
     template<typename T, typename = typename std::enable_if<std::is_array<T>::value>::type >
-      ModulePtr array(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+      void array(const std::string &type, Module& m)
       {
         typedef typename std::remove_extent<T>::type ReturnType;
         const auto extent = std::extent<T>::value;
-        m->add(user_type<T>(), type);
-        m->add(fun(
+        m.add(user_type<T>(), type);
+        m.add(fun(
               [extent](T& t, size_t index)->ReturnType &{
                 if (extent > 0 && index >= extent) {
                   throw std::range_error("Array index out of range. Received: " + std::to_string(index)  + " expected < " + std::to_string(extent));
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
               ), "[]"
             );
 
-        m->add(fun(
+        m.add(fun(
               [extent](const T &t, size_t index)->const ReturnType &{
                 if (extent > 0 && index >= extent) {
                   throw std::range_error("Array index out of range. Received: " + std::to_string(index)  + " expected < " + std::to_string(extent));
@@ -79,33 +79,29 @@ namespace chaiscript
               ), "[]"
             );
 
-        m->add(fun(
+        m.add(fun(
               [extent](const T &) {
                 return extent;
               }), "size");
-
-
-        return m;
       }
 
     /// \brief Adds a copy constructor for the given type to the given Model
     /// \param[in] type The name of the type. The copy constructor will be named "type".
     /// \param[in,out] m The Module to add the copy constructor to
     /// \tparam T The type to add a copy constructor for
-    /// \returns The passed in ModulePtr, or the newly constructed one if the default param is used
+    /// \returns The passed in Module
     template<typename T>
-    ModulePtr copy_constructor(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+    void copy_constructor(const std::string &type, Module& m)
     {
-      m->add(constructor<T (const T &)>(), type);
-      return m;
+      m.add(constructor<T (const T &)>(), type);
     }
 
     /// \brief Add all comparison operators for the templated type. Used during bootstrap, also available to users.
     /// \tparam T Type to create comparison operators for
     /// \param[in,out] m module to add comparison operators to
-    /// \returns the passed in ModulePtr or the newly constructed one if the default params are used.
+    /// \returns the passed in Module.
     template<typename T>
-    ModulePtr opers_comparison(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+    void opers_comparison(Module& m)
     {
       operators::equal<T>(m);
       operators::greater_than<T>(m);
@@ -113,7 +109,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
       operators::less_than<T>(m);
       operators::less_than_equal<T>(m);
       operators::not_equal<T>(m);
-      return m;
     }
 
 
@@ -122,15 +117,14 @@ namespace chaiscript
     /// \param[in] type The name of the type to add the constructors for.
     /// \param[in,out] m The Module to add the basic constructors to
     /// \tparam T Type to generate basic constructors for
-    /// \returns The passed in ModulePtr, or the newly constructed one if the default param is used
+    /// \returns The passed in Module
     /// \sa copy_constructor
     /// \sa constructor
     template<typename T>
-    ModulePtr basic_constructors(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+    void basic_constructors(const std::string &type, Module& m)
     {
-      m->add(constructor<T ()>(), type);
+      m.add(constructor<T ()>(), type);
       copy_constructor<T>(type, m);
-      return m;
     }
 
     /// \brief Adds a constructor for a POD type 
@@ -138,10 +132,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
     /// \param[in] type The name of the type
     /// \param[in,out] m The Module to add the constructor to
     template<typename T>
-    ModulePtr construct_pod(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+    void construct_pod(const std::string &type, Module& m)
     {
-      m->add(fun(&detail::construct_pod<T>), type);
-      return m;
+      m.add(fun(&detail::construct_pod<T>), type);
     }
 
 
@@ -185,14 +178,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
     /// Add all common functions for a POD type. All operators, and
     /// common conversions
     template<typename T>
-    ModulePtr bootstrap_pod_type(const std::string &name, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+    void bootstrap_pod_type(const std::string &name, Module& m)
     {
-      m->add(user_type<T>(), name);
-      m->add(constructor<T()>(), name);
+      m.add(user_type<T>(), name);
+      m.add(constructor<T()>(), name);
       construct_pod<T>(name, m);
 
-      m->add(fun(&parse_string<T>), "to_" + name);
-      return m;
+      m.add(fun(&parse_string<T>), "to_" + name);
     }
 
 
@@ -261,41 +253,41 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
 
       /// Add all arithmetic operators for PODs
-      static void opers_arithmetic_pod(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+      static void opers_arithmetic_pod(Module& m)
       {
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::equals), "==");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::less_than), "<");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::greater_than), ">");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::greater_than_equal), ">=");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::less_than_equal), "<=");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::not_equal), "!=");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::equals), "==");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::less_than), "<");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::greater_than), ">");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::greater_than_equal), ">=");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::less_than_equal), "<=");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::not_equal), "!=");
 
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::pre_decrement), "--");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::pre_increment), "++");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::sum), "+");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::unary_plus), "+");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::unary_minus), "-");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::difference), "-");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_bitwise_and), "&=");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign), "=");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_bitwise_or), "|=");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_bitwise_xor), "^=");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_remainder), "%=");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_shift_left), "<<=");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_shift_right), ">>=");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::bitwise_and), "&");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::bitwise_complement), "~");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::bitwise_xor), "^");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::bitwise_or), "|");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_product), "*=");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_quotient), "/=");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_sum), "+=");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_difference), "-=");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::quotient), "/");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::shift_left), "<<");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::product), "*");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::remainder), "%");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::shift_right), ">>");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::pre_decrement), "--");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::pre_increment), "++");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::sum), "+");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::unary_plus), "+");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::unary_minus), "-");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::difference), "-");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_bitwise_and), "&=");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign), "=");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_bitwise_or), "|=");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_bitwise_xor), "^=");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_remainder), "%=");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_shift_left), "<<=");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_shift_right), ">>=");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::bitwise_and), "&");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::bitwise_complement), "~");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::bitwise_xor), "^");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::bitwise_or), "|");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_product), "*=");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_quotient), "/=");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_sum), "+=");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::assign_difference), "-=");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::quotient), "/");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::shift_left), "<<");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::product), "*");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::remainder), "%");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::shift_right), ">>");
 
 
      }
@@ -403,57 +395,57 @@ namespace chaiscript
     public:
       /// \brief perform all common bootstrap functions for std::string, void and POD types
       /// \param[in,out] m Module to add bootstrapped functions to
-      /// \returns passed in ModulePtr, or newly created one if default argument is used
-      static ModulePtr bootstrap(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+      /// \returns passed in Module
+      static void bootstrap(Module& m)
       {
-        m->add(user_type<void>(), "void");
-        m->add(user_type<bool>(), "bool");
-        m->add(user_type<Boxed_Value>(), "Object");
-        m->add(user_type<Boxed_Number>(), "Number");
-        m->add(user_type<Proxy_Function>(), "Function");
-        m->add(user_type<dispatch::Assignable_Proxy_Function>(), "Assignable_Function");
-        m->add(user_type<std::exception>(), "exception");
+        m.add(user_type<void>(), "void");
+        m.add(user_type<bool>(), "bool");
+        m.add(user_type<Boxed_Value>(), "Object");
+        m.add(user_type<Boxed_Number>(), "Number");
+        m.add(user_type<Proxy_Function>(), "Function");
+        m.add(user_type<dispatch::Assignable_Proxy_Function>(), "Assignable_Function");
+        m.add(user_type<std::exception>(), "exception");
 
-        m->add(fun(&dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base::get_arity), "get_arity");
-        m->add(fun(&dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base::annotation), "get_annotation");
-        m->add(fun(&dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base::operator==), "==");
+        m.add(fun(&dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base::get_arity), "get_arity");
+        m.add(fun(&dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base::annotation), "get_annotation");
+        m.add(fun(&dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base::operator==), "==");
 
 
-        m->add(fun(return_boxed_value_vector(&dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base::get_param_types)), "get_param_types");
-        m->add(fun(return_boxed_value_vector(&dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base::get_contained_functions)), "get_contained_functions");
+        m.add(fun(return_boxed_value_vector(&dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base::get_param_types)), "get_param_types");
+        m.add(fun(return_boxed_value_vector(&dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base::get_contained_functions)), "get_contained_functions");
 
 
-        m->add(user_type<std::out_of_range>(), "out_of_range");
-        m->add(user_type<std::logic_error>(), "logic_error");
-        m->add(chaiscript::base_class<std::exception, std::logic_error>());
-        m->add(chaiscript::base_class<std::logic_error, std::out_of_range>());
-        m->add(chaiscript::base_class<std::exception, std::out_of_range>());
+        m.add(user_type<std::out_of_range>(), "out_of_range");
+        m.add(user_type<std::logic_error>(), "logic_error");
+        m.add(chaiscript::base_class<std::exception, std::logic_error>());
+        m.add(chaiscript::base_class<std::logic_error, std::out_of_range>());
+        m.add(chaiscript::base_class<std::exception, std::out_of_range>());
 
-        m->add(user_type<std::runtime_error>(), "runtime_error");
-        m->add(chaiscript::base_class<std::exception, std::runtime_error>());
+        m.add(user_type<std::runtime_error>(), "runtime_error");
+        m.add(chaiscript::base_class<std::exception, std::runtime_error>());
 
-        m->add(constructor<std::runtime_error (const std::string &)>(), "runtime_error");
-        m->add(fun(std::function<std::string (const std::runtime_error &)>(&what)), "what");
+        m.add(constructor<std::runtime_error (const std::string &)>(), "runtime_error");
+        m.add(fun(std::function<std::string (const std::runtime_error &)>(&what)), "what");
 
-        m->add(user_type<dispatch::Dynamic_Object>(), "Dynamic_Object");
-        m->add(constructor<dispatch::Dynamic_Object (const std::string &)>(), "Dynamic_Object");
-        m->add(constructor<dispatch::Dynamic_Object ()>(), "Dynamic_Object");
-        m->add(fun(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_type_name), "get_type_name");
-        m->add(fun(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_attrs), "get_attrs");
-        m->add(fun(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::set_explicit), "set_explicit");
-        m->add(fun(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::is_explicit), "is_explicit");
-        m->add(fun(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::has_attr), "has_attr");
+        m.add(user_type<dispatch::Dynamic_Object>(), "Dynamic_Object");
+        m.add(constructor<dispatch::Dynamic_Object (const std::string &)>(), "Dynamic_Object");
+        m.add(constructor<dispatch::Dynamic_Object ()>(), "Dynamic_Object");
+        m.add(fun(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_type_name), "get_type_name");
+        m.add(fun(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_attrs), "get_attrs");
+        m.add(fun(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::set_explicit), "set_explicit");
+        m.add(fun(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::is_explicit), "is_explicit");
+        m.add(fun(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::has_attr), "has_attr");
 
-        m->add(fun(static_cast<Boxed_Value & (dispatch::Dynamic_Object::*)(const std::string &)>(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_attr)), "get_attr");
-        m->add(fun(static_cast<const Boxed_Value & (dispatch::Dynamic_Object::*)(const std::string &) const>(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_attr)), "get_attr");
+        m.add(fun(static_cast<Boxed_Value & (dispatch::Dynamic_Object::*)(const std::string &)>(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_attr)), "get_attr");
+        m.add(fun(static_cast<const Boxed_Value & (dispatch::Dynamic_Object::*)(const std::string &) const>(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_attr)), "get_attr");
 
-        m->add(fun(static_cast<Boxed_Value & (dispatch::Dynamic_Object::*)(const std::string &)>(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::method_missing)), "method_missing");
-        m->add(fun(static_cast<const Boxed_Value & (dispatch::Dynamic_Object::*)(const std::string &) const>(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::method_missing)), "method_missing");
+        m.add(fun(static_cast<Boxed_Value & (dispatch::Dynamic_Object::*)(const std::string &)>(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::method_missing)), "method_missing");
+        m.add(fun(static_cast<const Boxed_Value & (dispatch::Dynamic_Object::*)(const std::string &) const>(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::method_missing)), "method_missing");
 
-        m->add(fun(static_cast<Boxed_Value & (dispatch::Dynamic_Object::*)(const std::string &)>(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_attr)), "[]");
-        m->add(fun(static_cast<const Boxed_Value & (dispatch::Dynamic_Object::*)(const std::string &) const>(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_attr)), "[]");
+        m.add(fun(static_cast<Boxed_Value & (dispatch::Dynamic_Object::*)(const std::string &)>(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_attr)), "[]");
+        m.add(fun(static_cast<const Boxed_Value & (dispatch::Dynamic_Object::*)(const std::string &) const>(&dispatch::Dynamic_Object::get_attr)), "[]");
 
-        m->eval(R"chaiscript(
+        m.eval(R"chaiscript(
           def Dynamic_Object::clone() { 
             auto &new_o = Dynamic_Object(this.get_type_name()); 
             for_each(this.get_attrs(), fun[new_o](x) { new_o.get_attr(x.first) = x.second; } ); 
@@ -490,37 +482,37 @@ namespace chaiscript
           }
         )chaiscript");
 
-        m->add(fun(&has_guard), "has_guard");
-        m->add(fun(&get_guard), "get_guard");
+        m.add(fun(&has_guard), "has_guard");
+        m.add(fun(&get_guard), "get_guard");
 
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_undef), "is_var_undef");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_null), "is_var_null");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_const), "is_var_const");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_ref), "is_var_reference");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_pointer), "is_var_pointer");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_return_value), "is_var_return_value");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::reset_return_value), "reset_var_return_value");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_type), "is_type");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::get_attr), "get_var_attr");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::copy_attrs), "copy_var_attrs");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::clone_attrs), "clone_var_attrs");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_undef), "is_var_undef");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_null), "is_var_null");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_const), "is_var_const");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_ref), "is_var_reference");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_pointer), "is_var_pointer");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_return_value), "is_var_return_value");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Value::reset_return_value), "reset_var_return_value");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Value::is_type), "is_type");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Value::get_attr), "get_var_attr");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Value::copy_attrs), "copy_var_attrs");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Value::clone_attrs), "clone_var_attrs");
 
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::get_type_info), "get_type_info");
-        m->add(user_type<Type_Info>(), "Type_Info");
-        m->add(constructor<Type_Info (const Type_Info &)>(), "Type_Info");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Value::get_type_info), "get_type_info");
+        m.add(user_type<Type_Info>(), "Type_Info");
+        m.add(constructor<Type_Info (const Type_Info &)>(), "Type_Info");
 
 
         operators::equal<Type_Info>(m);
 
-        m->add(fun(&Type_Info::is_const), "is_type_const");
-        m->add(fun(&Type_Info::is_reference), "is_type_reference");
-        m->add(fun(&Type_Info::is_void), "is_type_void");
-        m->add(fun(&Type_Info::is_undef), "is_type_undef");
-        m->add(fun(&Type_Info::is_pointer), "is_type_pointer");
-        m->add(fun(&Type_Info::is_arithmetic), "is_type_arithmetic");
-        m->add(fun(&Type_Info::name), "cpp_name");
-        m->add(fun(&Type_Info::bare_name), "cpp_bare_name");
-        m->add(fun(&Type_Info::bare_equal), "bare_equal");
+        m.add(fun(&Type_Info::is_const), "is_type_const");
+        m.add(fun(&Type_Info::is_reference), "is_type_reference");
+        m.add(fun(&Type_Info::is_void), "is_type_void");
+        m.add(fun(&Type_Info::is_undef), "is_type_undef");
+        m.add(fun(&Type_Info::is_pointer), "is_type_pointer");
+        m.add(fun(&Type_Info::is_arithmetic), "is_type_arithmetic");
+        m.add(fun(&Type_Info::name), "cpp_name");
+        m.add(fun(&Type_Info::bare_name), "cpp_bare_name");
+        m.add(fun(&Type_Info::bare_equal), "bare_equal");
 
 
         basic_constructors<bool>("bool", m);
@@ -528,14 +520,14 @@ namespace chaiscript
         operators::equal<bool>(m);
         operators::not_equal<bool>(m);
 
-        m->add(fun([](const std::string &s) -> std::string { return s; }), "to_string");
-        m->add(fun(&Bootstrap::bool_to_string), "to_string");
-        m->add(fun(&unknown_assign), "=");
-        m->add(fun(&throw_exception), "throw");
-        m->add(fun(&what), "what");
+        m.add(fun([](const std::string &s) -> std::string { return s; }), "to_string");
+        m.add(fun(&Bootstrap::bool_to_string), "to_string");
+        m.add(fun(&unknown_assign), "=");
+        m.add(fun(&throw_exception), "throw");
+        m.add(fun(&what), "what");
 
-        m->add(fun(&to_string<char>), "to_string");
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Number::to_string), "to_string");
+        m.add(fun(&to_string<char>), "to_string");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Number::to_string), "to_string");
 
         bootstrap_pod_type<double>("double", m);
         bootstrap_pod_type<long double>("long_double", m);
@@ -565,38 +557,38 @@ namespace chaiscript
         opers_arithmetic_pod(m);
 
 
-        m->add(fun(&print), "print_string");
-        m->add(fun(&println), "println_string");
+        m.add(fun(&print), "print_string");
+        m.add(fun(&println), "println_string");
 
-        m->add(dispatch::make_dynamic_proxy_function(&bind_function), "bind");
+        m.add(dispatch::make_dynamic_proxy_function(&bind_function), "bind");
 
-        m->add(fun(&shared_ptr_unconst_clone<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base>), "clone");
-        m->add(fun(&ptr_assign<std::remove_const<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base>::type>), "=");
-        m->add(fun(&ptr_assign<std::add_const<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base>::type>), "=");
-        m->add(chaiscript::base_class<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, dispatch::Assignable_Proxy_Function>());
-        m->add(fun(
+        m.add(fun(&shared_ptr_unconst_clone<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base>), "clone");
+        m.add(fun(&ptr_assign<std::remove_const<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base>::type>), "=");
+        m.add(fun(&ptr_assign<std::add_const<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base>::type>), "=");
+        m.add(chaiscript::base_class<dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base, dispatch::Assignable_Proxy_Function>());
+        m.add(fun(
                   [](dispatch::Assignable_Proxy_Function &t_lhs, const std::shared_ptr<const dispatch::Proxy_Function_Base> &t_rhs) {
                     t_lhs.assign(t_rhs);
                   }
                 ), "="
               );
 
-        m->add(fun(&Boxed_Value::type_match), "type_match");
+        m.add(fun(&Boxed_Value::type_match), "type_match");
 
 
-        m->add(chaiscript::fun(&has_parse_tree), "has_parse_tree");
-        m->add(chaiscript::fun(&get_parse_tree), "get_parse_tree");
+        m.add(chaiscript::fun(&has_parse_tree), "has_parse_tree");
+        m.add(chaiscript::fun(&get_parse_tree), "get_parse_tree");
 
-        m->add(chaiscript::base_class<std::runtime_error, chaiscript::exception::eval_error>());
+        m.add(chaiscript::base_class<std::runtime_error, chaiscript::exception::eval_error>());
 
-        m->add(chaiscript::user_type<chaiscript::exception::arithmetic_error>(), "arithmetic_error");
-        m->add(chaiscript::base_class<std::runtime_error, chaiscript::exception::arithmetic_error>());
+        m.add(chaiscript::user_type<chaiscript::exception::arithmetic_error>(), "arithmetic_error");
+        m.add(chaiscript::base_class<std::runtime_error, chaiscript::exception::arithmetic_error>());
 
 
 //        chaiscript::bootstrap::standard_library::vector_type<std::vector<std::shared_ptr<chaiscript::AST_Node> > >("AST_NodeVector", m);
 
 
-        chaiscript::utility::add_class<chaiscript::exception::eval_error>(*m,
+        chaiscript::utility::add_class<chaiscript::exception::eval_error>(m,
             "eval_error",
             { },
             { {fun(&chaiscript::exception::eval_error::reason), "reason"},
@@ -611,7 +603,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
             );
 
 
-        chaiscript::utility::add_class<chaiscript::File_Position>(*m,
+        chaiscript::utility::add_class<chaiscript::File_Position>(m,
             "File_Position",
             { constructor<File_Position()>(),
               constructor<File_Position(int, int)>() },
@@ -620,7 +612,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
             );
 
 
-        chaiscript::utility::add_class<AST_Node>(*m, 
+        chaiscript::utility::add_class<AST_Node>(m,
             "AST_Node",
             {  },
             { {fun(&AST_Node::text), "text"},
@@ -641,16 +633,12 @@ namespace chaiscript
             );
 
 
-        chaiscript::utility::add_class<parser::ChaiScript_Parser>(*m,
+        chaiscript::utility::add_class<parser::ChaiScript_Parser>(m,
             "ChaiScript_Parser",
             { constructor<parser::ChaiScript_Parser ()>() },
             { {fun(&parser::ChaiScript_Parser::parse), "parse"},
               {fun(&parser::ChaiScript_Parser::ast), "ast"} }
             );
-
-
-
-        return m;
       }
     };
   }
diff --git a/include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bootstrap_stl.hpp b/include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bootstrap_stl.hpp
index 1823c9d..7ba588b 100644
--- a/include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bootstrap_stl.hpp
+++ b/include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/bootstrap_stl.hpp
@@ -177,22 +177,20 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
         /// Add Bidir_Range support for the given ContainerType
         template<typename Bidir_Type>
-          ModulePtr input_range_type_impl(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+          void input_range_type_impl(const std::string &type, Module& m)
           {
-            m->add(user_type<Bidir_Type>(), type + "_Range");
+            m.add(user_type<Bidir_Type>(), type + "_Range");
 
             copy_constructor<Bidir_Type>(type + "_Range", m);
 
-            m->add(constructor<Bidir_Type (typename Bidir_Type::container_type &)>(), "range_internal");
+            m.add(constructor<Bidir_Type (typename Bidir_Type::container_type &)>(), "range_internal");
 
-            m->add(fun(&Bidir_Type::empty), "empty");
-            m->add(fun(&Bidir_Type::pop_front), "pop_front");
-            m->add(fun(&Bidir_Type::front), "front");
-            m->add(fun(&Bidir_Type::pop_back), "pop_back");
-            m->add(fun(&Bidir_Type::back), "back");
-
-            return m;
-          } 
+            m.add(fun(&Bidir_Type::empty), "empty");
+            m.add(fun(&Bidir_Type::pop_front), "pop_front");
+            m.add(fun(&Bidir_Type::front), "front");
+            m.add(fun(&Bidir_Type::pop_back), "pop_back");
+            m.add(fun(&Bidir_Type::back), "back");
+          }
 
 
         /// Algorithm for inserting at a specific position into a container
@@ -230,10 +228,16 @@ namespace chaiscript
       }
 
       template<typename ContainerType>
-        ModulePtr input_range_type(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void input_range_type(const std::string &type, Module& m)
         {
           detail::input_range_type_impl<Bidir_Range<ContainerType> >(type,m);
           detail::input_range_type_impl<Const_Bidir_Range<ContainerType> >("Const_" + type, m);
+        }
+      template<typename ContainerType>
+        ModulePtr input_range_type(const std::string &type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          input_range_type<ContainerType>(type, *m);
           return m;
         }
 
@@ -241,11 +245,11 @@ namespace chaiscript
       /// Add random_access_container concept to the given ContainerType
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/RandomAccessContainer.html
       template<typename ContainerType>
-        ModulePtr random_access_container_type(const std::string &/*type*/, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void random_access_container_type(const std::string &/*type*/, Module& m)
         {
           //In the interest of runtime safety for the m, we prefer the at() method for [] access,
           //to throw an exception in an out of bounds condition.
-          m->add(
+          m.add(
               fun(
                 [](ContainerType &c, int index) -> typename ContainerType::reference {
                   /// \todo we are prefering to keep the key as 'int' to avoid runtime conversions
@@ -253,25 +257,37 @@ namespace chaiscript
                   return c.at(static_cast<typename ContainerType::size_type>(index));
                 }), "[]");
 
-          m->add(
+          m.add(
               fun(
                 [](const ContainerType &c, int index) -> typename ContainerType::const_reference {
                   /// \todo we are prefering to keep the key as 'int' to avoid runtime conversions
                   /// during dispatch. reevaluate
                   return c.at(static_cast<typename ContainerType::size_type>(index));
                 }), "[]");
-
+        }
+      template<typename ContainerType>
+        ModulePtr random_access_container_type(const std::string &type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          random_access_container_type<ContainerType>(type, *m);
           return m;
         }
 
 
+
       /// Add assignable concept to the given ContainerType
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/Assignable.html
       template<typename ContainerType>
-        ModulePtr assignable_type(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void assignable_type(const std::string &type, Module& m)
         {
           copy_constructor<ContainerType>(type, m);
           operators::assign<ContainerType>(m);
+        }
+      template<typename ContainerType>
+        ModulePtr assignable_type(const std::string &type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          assignable_type<ContainerType>(type, *m);
           return m;
         }
 
@@ -279,33 +295,44 @@ namespace chaiscript
       /// Add container concept to the given ContainerType
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/Container.html
       template<typename ContainerType>
-        ModulePtr container_type(const std::string &/*type*/, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void container_type(const std::string &/*type*/, Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(fun([](const ContainerType *a) { return a->size(); } ), "size");
-          m->add(fun([](const ContainerType *a) { return a->empty(); } ), "empty");
-          m->add(fun([](ContainerType *a) { a->clear(); } ), "clear");
-          return m;
+          m.add(fun([](const ContainerType *a) { return a->size(); } ), "size");
+          m.add(fun([](const ContainerType *a) { return a->empty(); } ), "empty");
+          m.add(fun([](ContainerType *a) { a->clear(); } ), "clear");
         }
+      template <typename ContainerType>
+        ModulePtr container_type(const std::string& type)
+      {
+        auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+        container_type<ContainerType>(type, *m);
+        return m;
+      }
 
 
       /// Add default constructable concept to the given Type
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/DefaultConstructible.html
       template<typename Type>
-        ModulePtr default_constructible_type(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void default_constructible_type(const std::string &type, Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(constructor<Type ()>(), type);
+          m.add(constructor<Type ()>(), type);
+        }
+      template <typename Type>
+        ModulePtr default_constructible_type(const std::string& type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          default_constructible_type<Type>(type, *m);
           return m;
         }
 
 
 
-
       /// Add sequence concept to the given ContainerType
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/Sequence.html
       template<typename ContainerType>
-        ModulePtr sequence_type(const std::string &/*type*/, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void sequence_type(const std::string &/*type*/, Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(fun(&detail::insert_at<ContainerType>), 
+          m.add(fun(&detail::insert_at<ContainerType>),
               []()->std::string{
                 if (typeid(typename ContainerType::value_type) == typeid(Boxed_Value)) {
                   return "insert_ref_at";
@@ -314,27 +341,31 @@ namespace chaiscript
                 }
               }());
 
-          m->add(fun(&detail::erase_at<ContainerType>), "erase_at");
-
+          m.add(fun(&detail::erase_at<ContainerType>), "erase_at");
+        }
+      template <typename ContainerType>
+        ModulePtr sequence_type(const std::string &type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          sequence_type<ContainerType>(type, *m);
           return m;
         }
 
-
       /// Add back insertion sequence concept to the given ContainerType
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/BackInsertionSequence.html
       template<typename ContainerType>
-        ModulePtr back_insertion_sequence_type(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void back_insertion_sequence_type(const std::string &type, Module& m)
         {
           typedef typename ContainerType::reference (ContainerType::*backptr)();
 
-          m->add(fun(static_cast<backptr>(&ContainerType::back)), "back");
+          m.add(fun(static_cast<backptr>(&ContainerType::back)), "back");
 
 
           typedef void (ContainerType::*push_back)(const typename ContainerType::value_type &);
-          m->add(fun(static_cast<push_back>(&ContainerType::push_back)),
+          m.add(fun(static_cast<push_back>(&ContainerType::push_back)),
               [&]()->std::string{
               if (typeid(typename ContainerType::value_type) == typeid(Boxed_Value)) {
-                m->eval(
+                m.eval(
                     "# Pushes the second value onto the container while making a clone of the value\n"
                     "def push_back(" + type + " container, x)\n"
                     "{ \n"
@@ -353,7 +384,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
                 }
               }());
 
-          m->add(fun(&ContainerType::pop_back), "pop_back");
+          m.add(fun(&ContainerType::pop_back), "pop_back");
+        }
+      template<typename ContainerType>
+        ModulePtr back_insertion_sequence_type(const std::string &type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          back_insertion_sequence_type<ContainerType>(type, *m);
           return m;
         }
 
@@ -362,20 +399,20 @@ namespace chaiscript
       /// Front insertion sequence
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/FrontInsertionSequence.html
       template<typename ContainerType>
-        ModulePtr front_insertion_sequence_type(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void front_insertion_sequence_type(const std::string &type, Module& m)
         {
           typedef typename ContainerType::reference (ContainerType::*front_ptr)();
           typedef typename ContainerType::const_reference (ContainerType::*const_front_ptr)() const;
           typedef void (ContainerType::*push_ptr)(typename ContainerType::const_reference);
           typedef void (ContainerType::*pop_ptr)();
 
-          m->add(fun(static_cast<front_ptr>(&ContainerType::front)), "front");
-          m->add(fun(static_cast<const_front_ptr>(&ContainerType::front)), "front");
+          m.add(fun(static_cast<front_ptr>(&ContainerType::front)), "front");
+          m.add(fun(static_cast<const_front_ptr>(&ContainerType::front)), "front");
 
-          m->add(fun(static_cast<push_ptr>(&ContainerType::push_front)),
+          m.add(fun(static_cast<push_ptr>(&ContainerType::push_front)),
               [&]()->std::string{
                 if (typeid(typename ContainerType::value_type) == typeid(Boxed_Value)) {
-                  m->eval(
+                  m.eval(
                       "# Pushes the second value onto the front of container while making a clone of the value\n"
                       "def push_front(" + type + " container, x)\n"
                       "{ \n"
@@ -393,7 +430,13 @@ namespace chaiscript
                 }
               }());
 
-          m->add(fun(static_cast<pop_ptr>(&ContainerType::pop_front)), "pop_front");
+          m.add(fun(static_cast<pop_ptr>(&ContainerType::pop_front)), "pop_front");
+        }
+      template<typename ContainerType>
+        ModulePtr front_insertion_sequence_type(const std::string &type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          front_insertion_sequence_type<ContainerType>(type, *m);
           return m;
         }
 
@@ -401,20 +444,25 @@ namespace chaiscript
       /// bootstrap a given PairType
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/pair.html
       template<typename PairType>
-        ModulePtr pair_type(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void pair_type(const std::string &type, Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(user_type<PairType>(), type);
+          m.add(user_type<PairType>(), type);
 
 
           typename PairType::first_type PairType::* f = &PairType::first;
           typename PairType::second_type PairType::* s = &PairType::second;
 
-          m->add(fun(f), "first");
-          m->add(fun(s), "second");
+          m.add(fun(f), "first");
+          m.add(fun(s), "second");
 
           basic_constructors<PairType>(type, m);
-          m->add(constructor<PairType (const typename PairType::first_type &, const typename PairType::second_type &)>(), type);
-
+          m.add(constructor<PairType (const typename PairType::first_type &, const typename PairType::second_type &)>(), type);
+        }
+      template<typename PairType>
+        ModulePtr pair_type(const std::string &type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          pair_type<PairType>(type, *m);
           return m;
         }
 
@@ -424,10 +472,15 @@ namespace chaiscript
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/PairAssociativeContainer.html
 
       template<typename ContainerType>
-        ModulePtr pair_associative_container_type(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void pair_associative_container_type(const std::string &type, Module& m)
         {
           pair_type<typename ContainerType::value_type>(type + "_Pair", m);
-
+        }
+      template<typename ContainerType>
+        ModulePtr pair_associative_container_type(const std::string &type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          pair_associative_container_type<ContainerType>(type, *m);
           return m;
         }
 
@@ -435,17 +488,17 @@ namespace chaiscript
       /// Add unique associative container concept to the given ContainerType
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/UniqueAssociativeContainer.html
       template<typename ContainerType>
-        ModulePtr unique_associative_container_type(const std::string &/*type*/, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void unique_associative_container_type(const std::string &/*type*/, Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(fun(detail::count<ContainerType>), "count");
+          m.add(fun(detail::count<ContainerType>), "count");
 
           typedef size_t (ContainerType::*erase_ptr)(const typename ContainerType::key_type &);
 
-          m->add(fun(static_cast<erase_ptr>(&ContainerType::erase)), "erase");
+          m.add(fun(static_cast<erase_ptr>(&ContainerType::erase)), "erase");
 
-          m->add(fun(&detail::insert<ContainerType>), "insert");
+          m.add(fun(&detail::insert<ContainerType>), "insert");
 
-          m->add(fun(&detail::insert_ref<ContainerType>), 
+          m.add(fun(&detail::insert_ref<ContainerType>),
               []()->std::string{
                 if (typeid(typename ContainerType::mapped_type) == typeid(Boxed_Value)) {
                   return "insert_ref";
@@ -453,8 +506,12 @@ namespace chaiscript
                   return "insert";
                 }
               }());
-
-
+        }
+      template<typename ContainerType>
+        ModulePtr unique_associative_container_type(const std::string &type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          unique_associative_container_type<ContainerType>(type, *m);
           return m;
         }
 
@@ -462,21 +519,21 @@ namespace chaiscript
       /// Add a MapType container
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/Map.html
       template<typename MapType>
-        ModulePtr map_type(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void map_type(const std::string &type, Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(user_type<MapType>(), type);
+          m.add(user_type<MapType>(), type);
 
           typedef typename MapType::mapped_type &(MapType::*elem_access)(const typename MapType::key_type &);
           typedef const typename MapType::mapped_type &(MapType::*const_elem_access)(const typename MapType::key_type &) const;
 
-          m->add(fun(static_cast<elem_access>(&MapType::operator[])), "[]");
+          m.add(fun(static_cast<elem_access>(&MapType::operator[])), "[]");
 
-          m->add(fun(static_cast<elem_access>(&MapType::at)), "at");
-          m->add(fun(static_cast<const_elem_access>(&MapType::at)), "at");
+          m.add(fun(static_cast<elem_access>(&MapType::at)), "at");
+          m.add(fun(static_cast<const_elem_access>(&MapType::at)), "at");
 
           if (typeid(MapType) == typeid(std::map<std::string, Boxed_Value>))
           {
-            m->eval(R"(
+            m.eval(R"(
                     def Map::`==`(Map rhs) {
                        if ( rhs.size() != this.size() ) {
                          return false;
@@ -504,7 +561,12 @@ namespace chaiscript
           unique_associative_container_type<MapType>(type, m);
           pair_associative_container_type<MapType>(type, m);
           input_range_type<MapType>(type, m);
-
+        }
+      template<typename MapType>
+        ModulePtr map_type(const std::string &type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          map_type<MapType>(type, *m);
           return m;
         }
 
@@ -512,9 +574,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
       /// hopefully working List type
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/List.html
       template<typename ListType>
-        ModulePtr list_type(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void list_type(const std::string &type, Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(user_type<ListType>(), type);
+          m.add(user_type<ListType>(), type);
 
           front_insertion_sequence_type<ListType>(type, m);
           back_insertion_sequence_type<ListType>(type, m);
@@ -523,7 +585,12 @@ namespace chaiscript
           default_constructible_type<ListType>(type, m);
           assignable_type<ListType>(type, m);
           input_range_type<ListType>(type, m);
-
+        }
+      template<typename ListType>
+        ModulePtr list_type(const std::string &type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          list_type<ListType>(type, m);
           return m;
         }
 
@@ -531,15 +598,15 @@ namespace chaiscript
       /// Create a vector type with associated concepts
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/Vector.html
       template<typename VectorType>
-        ModulePtr vector_type(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void vector_type(const std::string &type, Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(user_type<VectorType>(), type);
+          m.add(user_type<VectorType>(), type);
 
           typedef typename VectorType::reference (VectorType::*frontptr)();
           typedef typename VectorType::const_reference (VectorType::*constfrontptr)() const;
 
-          m->add(fun(static_cast<frontptr>(&VectorType::front)), "front");
-          m->add(fun(static_cast<constfrontptr>(&VectorType::front)), "front");
+          m.add(fun(static_cast<frontptr>(&VectorType::front)), "front");
+          m.add(fun(static_cast<constfrontptr>(&VectorType::front)), "front");
 
 
           back_insertion_sequence_type<VectorType>(type, m);
@@ -552,7 +619,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
           if (typeid(VectorType) == typeid(std::vector<Boxed_Value>))
           {
-            m->eval(R"(
+            m.eval(R"(
                     def Vector::`==`(Vector rhs) {
                        if ( rhs.size() != this.size() ) {
                          return false;
@@ -573,16 +640,21 @@ namespace chaiscript
                    } )"
                  );
           } 
-
+        }
+      template<typename VectorType>
+        ModulePtr vector_type(const std::string &type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          vector_type<VectorType>(type, *m);
           return m;
         }
 
       /// Add a String container
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/basic_string.html
       template<typename String>
-        ModulePtr string_type(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void string_type(const std::string &type, Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(user_type<String>(), type);
+          m.add(user_type<String>(), type);
           operators::addition<String>(m);
           operators::assign_sum<String>(m);
           opers_comparison<String>(m);
@@ -594,7 +666,7 @@ namespace chaiscript
           input_range_type<String>(type, m);
 
           //Special case: add push_back to string (which doesn't support other back_insertion operations
-          m->add(fun(&String::push_back), 
+          m.add(fun(&String::push_back),
               []()->std::string{
                 if (typeid(typename String::value_type) == typeid(Boxed_Value)) {
                   return "push_back_ref";
@@ -604,21 +676,26 @@ namespace chaiscript
               }());
 
 
-          m->add(fun([](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->find(f, pos); } ), "find");
-          m->add(fun([](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->rfind(f, pos); } ), "rfind");
-          m->add(fun([](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->find_first_of(f, pos); } ), "find_first_of");
-          m->add(fun([](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->find_last_of(f, pos); } ), "find_last_of");
-          m->add(fun([](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->find_last_not_of(f, pos); } ), "find_last_not_of");
-          m->add(fun([](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->find_first_not_of(f, pos); } ), "find_first_not_of");
+          m.add(fun([](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->find(f, pos); } ), "find");
+          m.add(fun([](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->rfind(f, pos); } ), "rfind");
+          m.add(fun([](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->find_first_of(f, pos); } ), "find_first_of");
+          m.add(fun([](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->find_last_of(f, pos); } ), "find_last_of");
+          m.add(fun([](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->find_last_not_of(f, pos); } ), "find_last_not_of");
+          m.add(fun([](const String *s, const String &f, size_t pos) { return s->find_first_not_of(f, pos); } ), "find_first_not_of");
 
-          m->add(fun([](String *s) { s->clear(); } ), "clear");
-          m->add(fun([](const String *s) { return s->empty(); } ), "empty");
-          m->add(fun([](const String *s) { return s->size(); } ), "size");
-
-          m->add(fun([](const String *s) { return s->c_str(); } ), "c_str");
-          m->add(fun([](const String *s) { return s->data(); } ), "data");
-          m->add(fun([](const String *s, size_t pos, size_t len) { return s->substr(pos, len); } ), "substr");
+          m.add(fun([](String *s) { s->clear(); } ), "clear");
+          m.add(fun([](const String *s) { return s->empty(); } ), "empty");
+          m.add(fun([](const String *s) { return s->size(); } ), "size");
 
+          m.add(fun([](const String *s) { return s->c_str(); } ), "c_str");
+          m.add(fun([](const String *s) { return s->data(); } ), "data");
+          m.add(fun([](const String *s, size_t pos, size_t len) { return s->substr(pos, len); } ), "substr");
+        }
+      template<typename String>
+        ModulePtr string_type(const std::string &type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          string_type<String>(type, *m);
           return m;
         }
 
@@ -627,14 +704,19 @@ namespace chaiscript
       /// Add a MapType container
       /// http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/Map.html
       template<typename FutureType>
-        ModulePtr future_type(const std::string &type, ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void future_type(const std::string &type, Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(user_type<FutureType>(), type);
-
-          m->add(fun([](const FutureType &t) { return t.valid(); }), "valid");
-          m->add(fun(&FutureType::get), "get");
-          m->add(fun(&FutureType::wait), "wait");
+          m.add(user_type<FutureType>(), type);
 
+          m.add(fun([](const FutureType &t) { return t.valid(); }), "valid");
+          m.add(fun(&FutureType::get), "get");
+          m.add(fun(&FutureType::wait), "wait");
+        }
+      template<typename FutureType>
+        ModulePtr future_type(const std::string &type)
+        {
+          auto m = std::make_shared<Module>();
+          future_type<FutureType>(type, *m);
           return m;
         }
     }
diff --git a/include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/dispatchkit.hpp b/include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/dispatchkit.hpp
index 352b086..b480809 100644
--- a/include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/dispatchkit.hpp
+++ b/include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/dispatchkit.hpp
@@ -178,12 +178,6 @@ namespace chaiscript
         return *this;
       }
 
-      Module &add(const std::shared_ptr<Module> &m)
-      {
-        m->apply(*this, *this);
-        return *m;
-      }
-
       template<typename Eval, typename Engine>
         void apply(Eval &t_eval, Engine &t_engine) const
         {
diff --git a/include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/operators.hpp b/include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/operators.hpp
index 2d4401e..8dc54ba 100644
--- a/include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/operators.hpp
+++ b/include/chaiscript/dispatchkit/operators.hpp
@@ -229,234 +229,201 @@ namespace chaiscript
 
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr assign(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void assign(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign<T &, const T&>), "=");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign<T &, const T&>), "=");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr assign_bitwise_and(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void assign_bitwise_and(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign_bitwise_and<T &, const T&>), "&=");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign_bitwise_and<T &, const T&>), "&=");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr assign_xor(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void assign_xor(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign_xor<T &, const T&>), "^=");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign_xor<T &, const T&>), "^=");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr assign_bitwise_or(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void assign_bitwise_or(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign_bitwise_or<T &, const T&>), "|=");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign_bitwise_or<T &, const T&>), "|=");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr assign_difference(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void assign_difference(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign_difference<T &, const T&>), "-=");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign_difference<T &, const T&>), "-=");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr assign_left_shift(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void assign_left_shift(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign_left_shift<T &, const T&>), "<<=");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign_left_shift<T &, const T&>), "<<=");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr assign_product(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void assign_product(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign_product<T &, const T&>), "*=");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign_product<T &, const T&>), "*=");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr assign_quotient(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void assign_quotient(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign_quotient<T &, const T&>), "/=");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign_quotient<T &, const T&>), "/=");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr assign_remainder(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void assign_remainder(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign_remainder<T &, const T&>), "%=");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign_remainder<T &, const T&>), "%=");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr assign_right_shift(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void assign_right_shift(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign_right_shift<T &, const T&>), ">>=");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign_right_shift<T &, const T&>), ">>=");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr assign_sum(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void assign_sum(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign_sum<T &, const T&>), "+=");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::assign_sum<T &, const T&>), "+=");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr prefix_decrement(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void prefix_decrement(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::prefix_decrement<T &>), "--");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::prefix_decrement<T &>), "--");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr prefix_increment(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void prefix_increment(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::prefix_increment<T &>), "++");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::prefix_increment<T &>), "++");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr equal(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void equal(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::equal<const T&, const T&>), "==");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::equal<const T&, const T&>), "==");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr greater_than(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void greater_than(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::greater_than<const T&, const T&>), ">");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::greater_than<const T&, const T&>), ">");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr greater_than_equal(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void greater_than_equal(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::greater_than_equal<const T&, const T&>), ">=");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::greater_than_equal<const T&, const T&>), ">=");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr less_than(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void less_than(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::less_than<const T&, const T&>), "<");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::less_than<const T&, const T&>), "<");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr less_than_equal(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void less_than_equal(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::less_than_equal<const T&, const T&>), "<=");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::less_than_equal<const T&, const T&>), "<=");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr logical_compliment(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void logical_compliment(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::logical_compliment<const T &>), "!");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::logical_compliment<const T &>), "!");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr not_equal(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void not_equal(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::not_equal<const T &, const T &>), "!=");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::not_equal<const T &, const T &>), "!=");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr addition(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void addition(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::addition<const T &, const T &>), "+");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::addition<const T &, const T &>), "+");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr unary_plus(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void unary_plus(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::unary_plus<const T &>), "+");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::unary_plus<const T &>), "+");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr subtraction(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void subtraction(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::subtraction<const T &, const T &>), "-");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::subtraction<const T &, const T &>), "-");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr unary_minus(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void unary_minus(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::unary_minus<const T &>), "-");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::unary_minus<const T &>), "-");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr bitwise_and(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void bitwise_and(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::bitwise_and<const T &, const T &>), "&");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::bitwise_and<const T &, const T &>), "&");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr bitwise_compliment(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void bitwise_compliment(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::bitwise_compliment<const T &>), "~");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::bitwise_compliment<const T &>), "~");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr bitwise_xor(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void bitwise_xor(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::bitwise_xor<const T &, const T &>), "^");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::bitwise_xor<const T &, const T &>), "^");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr bitwise_or(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void bitwise_or(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::bitwise_or<const T &, const T &>), "|");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::bitwise_or<const T &, const T &>), "|");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr division(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void division(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::division<const T &, const T &>), "/");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::division<const T &, const T &>), "/");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr left_shift(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void left_shift(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::left_shift<const T &, const T &>), "<<");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::left_shift<const T &, const T &>), "<<");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr multiplication(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void multiplication(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::multiplication<const T &, const T &>), "*");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::multiplication<const T &, const T &>), "*");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr remainder(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void remainder(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::remainder<const T &, const T &>), "%");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::remainder<const T &, const T &>), "%");
         }
 
       template<typename T>
-        ModulePtr right_shift(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+        void right_shift(Module& m)
         {
-          m->add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::right_shift<const T &, const T &>), ">>");
-          return m;
+          m.add(chaiscript::fun(&detail::right_shift<const T &, const T &>), ">>");
         }
     }
   }
diff --git a/include/chaiscript/utility/json_wrap.hpp b/include/chaiscript/utility/json_wrap.hpp
index aec927b..c0af1cd 100644
--- a/include/chaiscript/utility/json_wrap.hpp
+++ b/include/chaiscript/utility/json_wrap.hpp
@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ namespace chaiscript
   {
     public:
 
-      static ModulePtr library(ModulePtr m = std::make_shared<Module>())
+      static Module& library(Module& m)
       {
 
-        m->add(chaiscript::fun([](const std::string &t_str) { return from_json(t_str); }), "from_json");
-        m->add(chaiscript::fun(&json_wrap::to_json), "to_json");
+        m.add(chaiscript::fun([](const std::string &t_str) { return from_json(t_str); }), "from_json");
+        m.add(chaiscript::fun(&json_wrap::to_json), "to_json");
 
         return m;
 
diff --git a/include/chaiscript/utility/utility.hpp b/include/chaiscript/utility/utility.hpp
index 17950e2..1ca0dfb 100644
--- a/include/chaiscript/utility/utility.hpp
+++ b/include/chaiscript/utility/utility.hpp
@@ -78,10 +78,9 @@ namespace chaiscript
         t_module.add(chaiscript::constructor<Enum (const Enum &)>(), t_class_name);
 
         using namespace chaiscript::bootstrap::operators;
-        t_module.add([](){
-              // add some comparison and assignment operators
-              return assign<Enum>(not_equal<Enum>(equal<Enum>()));
-            }());
+        equal<Enum>(t_module);
+        not_equal<Enum>(t_module);
+        assign<Enum>(t_module);
 
         t_module.add(chaiscript::fun([](const Enum &e, const int &i) { return e == i; }), "==");
         t_module.add(chaiscript::fun([](const int &i, const Enum &e) { return i == e; }), "==");
diff --git a/src/stl_extra.cpp b/src/stl_extra.cpp
index ec38db7..d3ee375 100644
--- a/src/stl_extra.cpp
+++ b/src/stl_extra.cpp
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@
 
 CHAISCRIPT_MODULE_EXPORT chaiscript::ModulePtr create_chaiscript_module_stl_extra()
 {
-
-  auto module = chaiscript::bootstrap::standard_library::list_type<std::list<chaiscript::Boxed_Value> >("List");
-  module->add(chaiscript::bootstrap::standard_library::vector_type<std::vector<uint16_t> >("u16vector"));
+  auto module = std::make_shared<chaiscript::Module>();
+  chaiscript::bootstrap::standard_library::list_type<std::list<chaiscript::Boxed_Value> >("List", *module);
+  chaiscript::bootstrap::standard_library::vector_type<std::vector<uint16_t> >("u16vector", *module);
   module->add(chaiscript::vector_conversion<std::vector<uint16_t>>());
   return module;
 }
diff --git a/src/test_module.cpp b/src/test_module.cpp
index 589437e..731e327 100644
--- a/src/test_module.cpp
+++ b/src/test_module.cpp
@@ -189,9 +189,9 @@ CHAISCRIPT_MODULE_EXPORT  chaiscript::ModulePtr create_chaiscript_module_test_mo
   m->add(chaiscript::fun(&TestBaseType::set_string_val), "set_string_val");
 
   m->add(chaiscript::fun(&TestBaseType::mdarray), "mdarray");
-  m->add(chaiscript::bootstrap::array<int[2][3][5]>("IntArray_2_3_5"));
-  m->add(chaiscript::bootstrap::array<int[3][5]>("IntArray_3_5"));
-  m->add(chaiscript::bootstrap::array<int[5]>("IntArray_5"));
+  chaiscript::bootstrap::array<int[2][3][5]>("IntArray_2_3_5", *m);
+  chaiscript::bootstrap::array<int[3][5]>("IntArray_3_5", *m);
+  chaiscript::bootstrap::array<int[5]>("IntArray_5", *m);
 
   // member that is a function
   m->add(chaiscript::fun(&TestBaseType::func_member), "func_member");